r 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


I 


I 


50 


BOYNTON,  Charles  Brandon,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  12  June,  1806 ;   d.  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  27  April,  1883.    He  entered  Williams 
in  the  class  of  1827,  but,  owing  to  illness,  was 
obliged  to  leave  college  during  his  senior  year.    He 
took  up  the  study  of  law,  and,  after  filling  one  or 
two  local  offices,  was  elected  to  the  Massachusetts 
legislature.     While  studying  law  he  became  inter- 
ested in  religion,  qualified  himself  for  the  minis- 
try, and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  at  Housatonic,  Conn.,  in  1840.     Thence, 
after  a  stay  of  three  years,  he  removed  successive- 
ly to  Lansingburg,  Pittsfield,  and  in  1846  to  Cin- 
cinnati, and  remained  there  until  1877,  with  the 
exception  of  his  terms  of  service  as  chaplain  of  the 
house  of  representatives  in  the  39th  and  40th  con- 
gresses.   For  a  time  he  was  pastor  of  the  Congre- 
gational church  at  Washington,  D.  C.    He  bore  an 
important   part   in   the  anti-slaverv.  controversy, 
which  was  fiercely  waged  in  Cincinnati  during  the 
early  years  of  his  pastorate.    His  published  books 
are  "Journey  through  Kansas,   with   Sketch  of 
Nebraska  "  (Cincinnati,  1855) ;  "  The  Russian  Em- 
pire "  (1856) ;  "  The  Pour  Great  Powers— England, 
France,  Russia,  and  America;   their  Policy,  Re- 
sources, and  Probable  Future"  (1866);  "History 
of  the  Navy  during  the  Rebellion"  (New  York, 
1868).    He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Mari- 
etta college  in  recognition  of  his  acquirements  as 
a  biblical  scholar. — His  son,  Henry  Van  Ness, 
soldier,  b.  in  West  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  22  July, 
1835,  removed  to  Ohio  when  a  young  man,  and 
was  graduated  at  the  Woodward  high  school,  Cin- 
cinnati, in  June,  1855.     Thence  he  went  to  the 
Kentucky    military    institute,   where    he    passed 
through  a  semi-military  course  of  training  that 
prepared  him  for  subsequent  service  in  the  field, 
and  became  a  civil  engineer.    At  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  commissioned  major  of  the 
35th  Ohio  volunteer  infantry  (27  July,  1861).    He 
was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  19  July,  1863, 
commanded  the  regiment  during  the  Tennessee 
campaigns,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier  for  good 
conduct  at  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Mission- 
ary Ridge.    He  is  the  author  of  the  most  notable  of 
the  criticisms  called  out  by  Gen.  William  T.  Sher- 
man's "  Memoirs,"  namely,  "  Sherman's  Historical 
Raid ;  the  Memoirs  in  the  Light  of  the  Record ;  a 
Review  based  upon  Compilations  from  the  Files  of 
the  War  Office  A  (Cincinnati,  1875). 


THE  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK 


CH1CKAMAUGA— CHATTANOOGA. 


AN  HISTORICAL  GUIDE, 


WITH     MAP'S    AND    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


BY 


H.  V.  BOYNTON. 


CINCINNATI: 

THE    ROBERT    CLARKE    COMPANY. 
1895. 


COPYRIGHT,  1895. 
BY  H.  V.  BOYNTON.* 


PREFACE. 


Chattanooga  was  an  objective  of  the  Union  armies  of  the 

central  west  from  an  early  period  of  the  war.     Gen.  Thomas, 

in  November,  1861,  asked  for  a  force  of  20,000  with  which 

he  designed  to  advance  through   Cumberland  Gap  on  Knox- 

^     ville,  and  thence  to   Chattanooga.     Gen.  Buell,  after  having 

La      been  turned  aside  from   Nashville  to  co-operate   with  Gen. 

to 

.        Grant   toward  Corinth,   was   sent   eastward   from  the  latter 

5?      point  against  Chattanooga.     The  objects  of  Gen.  Rosecrans' 

en      advance  from  Nashville  were  to  clear  Tennessee  and  occupy 

•^  Chattanooga.  While  other  elements,  such  as  securing  Nash- 
ville, and  re-establishing  a  Union  State  Government  there, 

Sf      entered  into  previous  campaigns,  Chattanooga  was  the  direct 

ID     objective  of  the  Chickamauga  campaign. 

The  battle  of  Chickamauga  was  one  of  the  best  illustrations 

*     of  the  pluck,  endurance,  and  prowess  of  the  American  sol- 
dier which  the  war  afforded.      Measured  by  the  percentages 
j     of  losses,  and  the  duration  of  the  fighting  for  the  various  por- 

5     tions  of  each  army,  it  was  the  deadliest  battle  of  modern  times. 

^     Its  strategy  will  always  be  notable  in  the  history  of  wars. 

$      So  far  as  the  occupation  of   the    field  is  concerned  it  was 

w      a  Confederate  victory.     Considering  the  objects  of  the  cam- 

3      paign  it  was  a  Union  triumph. 

<  The  battle  of  "Chattanooga  was  the  grandest  spectacular 
engagement  of  the  war.  Its  features  appear  in  as  bold  re- 
lief as  do  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  Ridge  upon  the 
fields  which  they  dominate. 

Twenty-nine  of  the   thirty-three  States  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  which  comprised  the  Union  at  the  outbreak  of 

(iii) 


461488 


IV  PREFACE. 

the  war,  had  troops  engaged  in  these  campaigns,  and  five  of 
these  were  represented  on  both  sides.  The  latter  were  Ken- 
tucky, Missouri,  Tennessee,  West  Virginia,  and  Maryland. 
Three  Union  armies  took  part  in  the  campaign  for  Chat- 
tanooga, the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  in  its  entirety,  four 
divisions  from  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  under  Gen.  Sher- 
man, and  four  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  under  Gen. 
Hooker.  On  the  Confederate  side  Gen.  Bragg  was  re-enforced 
by  Gen.  Longstreet's  Corps  from  the  Army  of  North  Virginia, 
by  troops  from  Gen.  Johnson  in  Mississippi,  and  by  Gen. 
Buckner's  Corps  from  East  Tennessee.  Thus  the  whole 
country  was  directly  and  largely  interested  in  the  campaign 
and  battles  for  Chattanooga,  while  on  each  side  were  many 
of  the  most  distinguished  and  prominent  officers  of  the  war. 

It  was  this  universal  interest  of  the  country  and  its  armies 
in  these  battles,  the  brilliancy  of  the  strategy,  the  unsurpassed 
pluck  of  the  fighting,  and  the  wonderful  natural  features  of 
the  fields  of  battle,  which  made  it  possible  to  secure  the 
unanimous  support  of  Congress  for  the  project  of  establishing 
the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park. 

It  was  the  pioneer  project  in  giving  impartial  representa- 
tion to  both  sides  in  preserving  the  history  of  the  fields  and 
marking  the  lines  of  battle.  The'  Gettysburg  Memorial  As- 
sociation soon  followed  and  the  act  establishing  a  Park  at 
Shiloh,  the  work  of  preserving  the  field  at  Antietam,  and  the 
proposed  completion  of  Gettysburg  under  the  Government 
are  proceeding  upon  the  methods  inaugurated  at  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga. 

It  is  proposed  in  this  volume  to  present  such  concise  his- 
tory of  the  Park  project,  and  the  battles  for  Chattanooga, 
as  its  limits  will  admit ;  also  a  comprehensive  guide  to  all 
parts  of  these  fields. 

The  great  extent  of  the  Park,  the  fact  that  it  can  be  vis- 
ited from  several  directions,  each  of  which  requires  a  differ- 
ent route,  and  that  many  visitors  will  have  time  only  to  make 
themselves  familiar  with  the  more  prominent  features  of  the 


PREFACE.  V 

movements  and  battles,  render  repetitions   necessary  in  de- 
scribing the  general  features  for  the  benefit  of  all  visitors. 

In  order  to  fix  the  field  in  mind  as  it  was  at  the  time  of  the 
battle  it  is  well  to  remember  : 

1.  All  the  roads  were  surface  roads,  without  cuts  or  fills. 

2.  Most  of  the  forest  was  thickly  obstructed  with  under- 
brush. 

3.  Some  of  the  present  fields  were  woods. 

A  list  of  .the  fields  cleared  since  the  battle  will  be  found  in 
the  body  of  the  book. 

Owing  to  the  intricacies  of  movements,  and  the  absence  of 
many  important  reports,  the  studies  of  these  extended  fields 
are  far  from  complete.  The  valuable  aid  of  state  commis- 
sions has  supplied  many  of  these  lacks,  and  greatly  facilitated 
this  branch  of  the  work.  The  author  will  regard  it  as  a  spe- 
cial favor  if  those  who  discover  errors  in  this  volume  will 
notify  him. 


_, 


WAR  RKMIS  FROM  SXOIKJRASS  HILL.     (Sec  page  xi.) 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

GUIDE  TO  THE  CHICKAMAUGA  FIELD 167 

VISITING  CHICKAMAUGA  FROM  CHATTANOOGA 195 

GUIDE  TO  THE  CHATTANOOGA   FIELDS 207 


CHAPTER  I. 

General  Description  of  the  Park i 

Table  of  Distances 12 

CHAPTER  II. 

The  Chickamauga  Campaign — Rosecrans'  Strategy 15 

CHAPTER  III. 
Bragg  in  McLemore's  Cove — Rosecrans'  Concentration 21 

CHAPTER   IV. 
Battle  of  Chickamauga — First  Day,  Saturday,  Sept.  19,  1863.. .'    29 

CHAPTER  V. 

Battle  of  Chickamauga — Second  Day,  Sunday,  Sept.  20,  1863..     41 

CHAPTER   VI. 

Roster  of  the  Union  and  the  Confederate  Armies  at  Chicka- 
mauga      60 

CHAPTER    VII. 
Rjsecrans  at  Chattanooga — Bragg's  Investment 89 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

The  Chickamauga  Campaign  Skeletonized 95 

(vii) 


yjii  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   IX. 

PAGE 

Re-opening  the  Tennessee  River — The  Brown's  Ferry  Affair. .     99 

CHAPTER  X. 
Re-opening  the  Tennessee  River— Battle  of  Wauhatchie 105 

CHAPTER   XI. 

Battle  of  Chattanooga — Orchard  Knob — Lookout  Mountain — 

Missionary  Ridge 109 

CHAPTER   XII. 
Rosters  of  the  Union  and  Confederate  Armies  at  Chattanooga.   140 

CHAPTER   XIII. 

Guide  to  the  Chickamauga  Field — Approaching  from  Crawfish 

Springs 167 

CHAPTER   XIV. 
Visiting  Chickamauga  from  Chattanooga 195 

CHAPTER   XV. 
Guide  to  the  Chattanooga  Fields 207 

CHAPTER   XVI. 

Origin  and  Development  of  the  Park  Project — The  Chicka- 
mauga Memorial  Association 219 

CHAPTER   XVII. 

Development  of  the  Park  Project — The  Plan  Changed — A 
National  Military  Park  Supplants  the  Memorial  Associa- 
tion   251 


CONTENTS.  IX 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

PACE 

Establishing  the   Park — Organization   and    Prosecution  of  the     .' 
Work — The   Park  Commission 272 

CHAPTER   XIX. 

State  Commissioners  and  State  Troops 275 

The  Friendly  Governors 275 

CHAPTER    XX. 
Points  of  Discussion  and  Dispute 287 


LIST  OF    MAPS.  j 

PAGE 

THE  NATIONAL  PARK  AND  ITS  APPROACHES i 

THEATER  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN  FOR  CHATTANOOGA 14 

MOVEMENTS  IN  MCLEMORE'S  COVE J22 

BATTLE  OF  CHICKAMAUGA — FIRST  DAY 30 

BATTLE  OF  CHICKAMAUGA — SECOND  DAY 42 

KELLY  FIELD,  SNODGRASS  HILL,  AFTERNOON  SECOND  DAY.     51 

CHATTANOOGA,  LOOKOUT,  MISSIONARY  RIDGE 88 

CHICKAMAUGA  CAMPAIGN  SKELETONIZED 96 

BROWN'S  FERRY  MOVEMENT — BATTLE  OF  WAVHATCHIE.  .  100 

CHATTANOOGA,  LOOKOUT,  MISSIONARY  RIDGE no 


€*** 

r* 


**** 


,    * 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

WITH    DESCRIPTIONS 


PAGE 

LOOKOUT  MOUNTAIN    FROM   THE    MOUTH    OF  CHATTA- 
NOOGA  CREEK Frontispiece. 

This  view  is  from  the  Chattanooga  or  eastern  side  of 
the  mountain.  The  slope  shown  against  the  sky  at  the 
right  of  the  picture  is  the  line  along  which  Hooker's  flags 
first  came  into  view  from  the  city  as  his  troops  advanced 
from  the  west  side  of  the  mountain.  The  high  ground  to 
the  right,  in  the  foreground,  is  on  Moccasin  Point. 

RELICS  FROM  SNODGRASS    HILL 6 

These  limbs  of  oak  trees  were  cut  on  Snodgrass  Hill 
in  iSSS,  two  vears  before  the  Park  was  established.  The 
trees  from  which  they  were  taken  stood  at  the  foot  of  the 
slope  where  Steedman's  Division  went  into  action  when 
it  reached  Thomas'  line  Sunday  afternoon.  The  firing 
was  from  Confederate  batteries  at  Steedman's  lines. 

PYRAMIDAL  MONUMENTS  OF  EIGHT  INCH  SHELL 10 

These  are  erected  to  mark  the  spots  where  those  exer- 
cising the  command  of  general  officers  were  killed  or 
mortally  wounded.  There  were  four  of  these  on  each  side, 
all  commanding  bridages:  Brig.-Gen.  W.  H.  Lytle  and 
Cols.  P.  P.  Baldwin,  H.  C.  Heg,  and  E.  A.  King,  on  the 
Union  side;  and  Brig.-Gens.  Jas.  Deshler,  B.  H.  Helm  and 
Preston  Smith  and  Col.  P.  H.  Colquitt,  of  the  Confed- 
erates. 

LEE  AND  GORDON'S  MILL 33 

The  La  Fayette  Road  runs  upon  high  ground  which 
looks  down  upon  the  front  of  the  Mill  at  a  distance  of 
about  300  yards,  and  crosses  the  Chickamauga  a  little 
to  the  right  (above)  the  Mill. 

(xi) 


Xli  LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

KELLY  FIELD,  LOOKING  NORTH 46 

The  telegraph  poles  at  the  left  are  on  the  La  Fay- 
ette  Road,  the  west  side  of  the  field.  Breckinridge's 
Division,  after  turning  the  Union  left,  marched  out  of 
the  woods  on  the  north  full  into  the  Union  rear.  John 
Realty's  Brigade  resisted  Breckinridge  on  the  La  Fayette 
Road  beyond  the  break  in  the  forest,  Stanley's  Brigade  in 
the  forest  to  the  left  of  the  field,  and  Van  Derveer's,  which 
finally  repulsed  him  after  Stanley's  Brigade  had  been  sent 
to  Snodgrass  Hill,  advanced  from  the  forest  on  the  west 
side  into  the  field,  wheeled  north,  and  pressed  Breckinridge 
back  over  the  ground  of  his  advance. 

THE  BROTHERTON  HOUSE 48 

This  house  fronts  on  the  La  Fayette  Road.  The  Union 
line  Sunday  morning  was  parallel  to  the  road  and  in  the 
edge  of  the  woods  back  of  the  house.  Longstreet's  column- 
of  three  divisions  was  in  the  woods  in  front  of  the  house, 
•  Negley's  Division  first  held  the  line  back  of  the  house,  and 
was  relieved  by  Wood's.  As  the  latter  was  moving  to 
his  left  under  orders,  and  before  the  gap  was  filled,  Long- 
street's  column  pressed  into  it,  broke  the  Union  center  and 
forced  its  lines  back  to  Snodgrass  Hill. 

DYER'S  FIELD,  LOOKING  NORTH 50 

The  flag  marks  the  present  Park  Headquarters,  which 
are  at  the  Dyer  House.  The  tower  to  the  right  of  it  is 
back  of  the  first  ridge,  and  stands  at  the  high  point  of 
Snodgrass  Hill,  on  the  ground  which  was  Brannan's  right 
before  Granger's  troops  arrived.  The  woods  to  the  right 
skirt  the  eastern  side  of  the  field.  The  La  Fayette  Road 
runs  parallel  to  this  line  of  forest,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
east  of  it.  The  Brotherton  House  where  Longstreet's  cen- 
ter pierced  the  Union  line,  is  directly  east  of  the  monu- 
ment at  the  right.  The  ridge  at  the  extreme  north  end 
of  the  field  in  the  center  of  the  picture,  is  where  Harker's 
Brigade  checked  Law's  advance.  Over  the  same  ridge 
Kershaw's  Brigade,  forcing  Ilarker  back,  advanced  to  the 
assault  of  Snodgrass  Hill  with  Humphrey's  Brigade  on  its 
right.  Upon  the  ridge  to  the  left,  Bushrod  Johnson's  Di- 
vision captured  fifteen  guns,  and  went  on  to  the  assault 
of  Snodgrass  Hill  from  the  Viditoe  House.  The  tablet  in 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  Xlll 

the  center  of  the  field  marks  the  point  at  the  site  of  the 
old  Tan  Yard  to  which  Clayton's  Brigade  of  Stewart's 
Division  penetrated  Saturday  at  4:30  P.  M.,  after  forcing 
Van  Cleve's  two  brigades  back  from  their  line  in  front 
of  Brotherton's,  and  subsequently  breaking  the  Union 
line  at  the  latter  point.  The  line  was  restored  bv  the  ad- 
vance of  Negley's  Division  into  the  south  end  of  the  field, 
and  of  Brannan's  into  its  northern  extremitv. 

VIDITOE  HOUSE — LINE   OF   JOHNSON    AND    HINDMAN'S 

ASSAULT  ON  SNODGRASS  HILL 54 

The  Viditoe  House  stands  at  the  left  near  the  gorge 
through  which  the  Crawfish  Springs  Road  passes  toward 
McFarland's  Gap.  In  the  assault  on  the  Ridge,  the  left  of 
Hindman's  Division  extended  into  the  gorge,  and  his  right 
about  to  the  middle  of  the  picture.  There  Bushrod  John- 
son's line  began,  and  ran  along  the  road  at  the  base  of 
the  Ridge  for  a  considerable  distance  to  the  right. 

CHATTANOOGA  IN  1863 91 

The  arched  railroad  depot  still  stands.  To  its  right,  the 
long  low  building  with  chimneys  is  the  Crutchfield  House, 
where  a  deposit  of  a  dollar  was  required  to  secure  a  towel 
and  a  piece  of  soap.  The  cluster  of  white  buildings  on 
the  hill  in  the  direction  of  Lookout  are  the  thirteen  hos- 
pitals which  were  used  in  succession  bv  both  armies. 

CHATTANOOGA    AND    BROWN'S    FERRY    FROM    LOOKOUT 

MOUNTAIN 102 

Brown's  Ferry,  where  the  bridge  was  thrown  as  the  pre- 
liminary move  in  opening  the  lines  of  supply,  lies  near  the 
lower  point  of  the  low  range  parallel  to  the  river  at  the 
left  of  the  picture.  The  point  of  landing  was  just  opposite 
the  line  of  trees  which  run  down  to  the  bank  perpendicular 
to  the  direction  of  the  stream  and  just  above  the  lower 
point  of  the  range.  The  large  island  below  Brown's 
Ferrj'  is  William's  Island.  The  center  of  the  picture  is 
occupied  by  Moccasin  Point.  The  toe  is  at  the  right,  the 
heel  at  the  left,  and  the  ankle  is  the  narrow  neck  between 
Brown's  Ferry  and  Chattanooga.  Sherman's  troops 
crossed  first  at  Brown's  Ferry,  and  again,  the  night  of 
November  2  jd,  at  the  last  bend  where  a  glimpse  of  the 


XIV  LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

river  is  seen  at  the  right.  The  slope  of  Lookout  in  the 
foreground  extends  from  the  foot  of  the  palisades  to  the 
river  bluff  a  width  of  a  mile  and  a  half.  The  Craven  House, 
which  was  Gen.  Walthall's  Headquarters,  stands  at  the 
right  end  of  the  heavy  clump  of  trees  close  to  and  over  the 
word  "  Lookout  Mt. "  in  the  title.  The  highest  point  in 
the  woods  near  the  toe  of  the  Moccasin  was  occupied  by 
Union  batteries,  which  raked  the  entire  Craven  House 
slope. 

ORCHARD     KNOB— HEADQUARTERS     OF     GRANT     AND 

THOMAS,  NOVEMBER  25™ 115 

The  view  is  from  the  Chattanooga  side  looking  toward 
Missionary  Ridge.  It  stands  half  way  between  the  eastern 
limits  of  the  city  and  the  Ridge.  It  was  carried  by  the 
Union  forces  in  the  first  day's  operations.  It  commands 
a  view  of  both  Union  and  Confederate  lines  from  Lookout 
Mountain  to  Sherman  Heights.  It  was  the  headquarters 
of  Grant,  Thomas,  and  Gordon  Granger  during  the  last 
day's  battle.  The  monument  to  the  left  was  erected  by 
Massachusetts  to  her  Second  and  Thirty-third  regiments. 
The  western  portion  of  the  Knob,  the  whole  of  which  is 
part  of  the  National  Park,  is  set  apart  for  monuments  to 
such  troops  as  served  in  the  campaign,  but  were  not  en- 
gaged within  the  legal  limits  of  the  Park. 

HOOKER'S  BATTLE  FIELD  ON  LOOKOUT  MOUNTAIN 118 

Hooker's  troops  formed  about  two  miles  south  of  the 
point  of  the  mountain  on  such  ground  as  is  shown  in  the 
cut,  his  lines  reaching  from  the  palisades  to  the  base. 
They  then  moved  north  and  swept  around  the  point  of  the 
mountain  and  over  the  lower  slope  shown  to  the  left. 
Across  the  river  at^he  left  is  Moccasin  Point. 

TUNNEL  HILL  AND  SHERMAN  HEIGHTS...  124 

The  high  ground  to  the  right,  now  marked  by  the  True- 
blood  House,  is  Tunnel  Hill.  The  Tunnel  is  a  little  over  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  right.  The  house  on  the  lower 
bench  of  the  ridge  to  the  left  of  Tunnel  Hill  is  Moon's. 
The  woods  at  the  extreme  left  of  the  picture  are  the  foot 
of  the  slope  of  the  detached  range  occupied  by  Gen.  Sher- 
man in  his  first  day's  advance.  In  the  battle  of  Novem- 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XV 

her  25th,  Cleburne  held  Tunnel  Hill,  and  the  Confederate 
line  extended  heyond  the  Tunnel.  Corse's  Brigade  as- 
saulted from  the  ravine  at  the  left  and  effected  a  lodgment 
on  the  extreme  point;  Loomis',  Raum's,  Matthies',  and 
Bushbeck's  Brigades  on  the  line  from  the  north  point  of 
the  Ridge  to  the  Tunnel;  and  Giles  A.  Smith's  Brigade, 
assisted  by  three  regiments  of  Lightburn's,  from  the 
ravine  to  the  left  of  Corse.  The  Crest  Road,  which 
terminates  just  to  the  left  of  the  Moon  House,  marks  the 
north  point  of  Missionary  Ridge.  This  Park  road,  con- 
structed on  a  fiftv-foot  right  of  way,  extends  twenty  miles 
to  Crawfish  Springs.  There  were  no  houses  at  the  base  in 
1862.  The  whole  of  the  crest  shown  in  the  picture  now 
belongs  to  the  Park. 

MISSIONARY  RIDGE  FROM  ORCHARD  KNOB 135 

The  view  is  taken  from  the  eastern  base  of  Orchard 
Knob.  It  takes  in  that  portion  of  the  Ridge  which  was 
carried  November  25th  by  Baird's  and  Wood's  Divisions, 
and  extends  on  the  right  slightly  over  the  left  of  Sheridan's 
Division.  The  tower  at  the  left  is  at  the  De  Long  Place, 
and  marks  the  point  where  the  center  of  Baird's  Division 
gained  the  crest.  At  this  point  the  Government  owns  be- 
tween five  and  six  acres  on  the  crest. 

KELLY  HOUSE  AND   FIELD,  LOOKING  EAST 171 

The  La  Fayette  Road  was  immediate!}'  in  front  of  the 
tree  to  the  left  in  the  foreground,  and  parallel  to  the  fence. 
On  this  ground,  and  in  a  field  directly  opposite  the  house, 
Brannan's  Division  halted  at  sunrise,  September  igth,  in 
its  march  from  Pond  Spring,  and  almost  at  once  proceeded 
northward  to  the  McDonald  House  and  eastward  to  the 
vicinity  of  Jay's  Mill,  where  it  opened  the  battle.  On 
Sunday,  Gen.  Reynolds'  Division  reached  from  the  La 
Fayette  Road  around  the  south-east  corner  of  the  field, 
Palmer's  held  the  line  150  yards  inside  the  woods  to 
about  the  center  of  the  picture,*and  Johnson's,  the  ground 
thence  nearly  to  the  left  of  the  picture.  There  Baird's  line 
began  and  ran  around  the  north-east  corner  of  the  field, 
and  half  way  back  to  the  La  Fayette  Road. 


XVI  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

BLOODY  POND — WIDOW  GLENN'S 174 

This  Pond  lies  on  the  Crawfish  Springs  Road  a  few  hun- 
dred yards  north  of  Widow  Glenn's,  which  is  on  the  higher 
ground  in  the  woods  to  the  right.  It  was  the  only  water 
for  a  considerable  distance  in  either  direction,  and  its 
banks  during  the  battle  were  covered  with  wounded  men 
and  animals.  The  low  line  of  forest  on  the  right  in  the 
distance  is  just  bevond  and  parallel  to  the  La  Fayette 
Road.  Viniard's  Is  on  that  road  a  few  hundred  vards 
south  of  the  high  timber  on  the  right  of  the  picture.  Lytle 
Hill  is  a  short  distance  to  the  left  of  the  line  of  woods  at 
the  left  of  the  picture. 

JAY'S  MILL,  LOOKING  NORTH-WEST 180 

The  site  of  the  steam  saw  mill  is  marked  bj  the  small 
tablet  toward  the  left.  At  the  time  of  the  battle  the  field 
did  not  extend  quite  to  the  large  cedar  in  its  center.  The 
spring  which  Dan  McCook's  Brigade  of  J.  D.  Morgan's 
Division  tried  to  reach  at  daylight  is  at  the  loose  pile  of 
stones  in  front  of  the  fence.  Forrest's  Cavalrv  formed 
parallel  to  this  fence  to  meet  Croxton's  Brigade  of  Bran- 
nan's  Division,  which  was  advancing  through  the  woods 
on  the  left,  and  came  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  the 
spring.  The  left  brigade  of  Brannan  (Van  Derveer's) 
fought  on  the  high  ground  in  the  woods  west  and  north 
of  the  field.  Dibbrell's  Cavalrv  Brigade,  dismounted,  and 
Ector's  Infantry  Brigade  advanced  to  the  attack  from  the 
line  of  the  spring.  At  6  p.  M.,  Cleburne's  Division  formed 
with  its  right  at  the  Mill  and  advanced  westward  to  the 
night  attack  on  Baird's  and  Johnson's  Divisions. 

SNODGRASS  HOUSE — FRONT  VIEW 191 

The  Union  line  was  re-formed  in  front  of  this  house 
after  Longstreet  had  broken  it  at  Brotherton's  Sunday 
morning.  Gen.  Thomas'  Headquarters  were  under  the 
crest  to  the  right  and  rear  of  it  throughout  the  afternoon. 
Horeshoe  Ridge  begins  a  short  distance  to  the  left  of  the 
house. 

•BRAGG'S  HEADQUARTERS,  MISSIONARY  RIDGE,  AND  OB- 
SERVATION TOWER 196 

The  tall  poplars  at  the  right  mark  the  site  of  the  small 
house  which  was  Bragg's  Headquarters.  The  steel  ob- 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XV11 

servation  tower  is  seventy  feet  to  the  upper  platform. 
There  are  five  of  these  in  the  Park.  A  section  of  the 
Crest  Road  shows  in  the  foreground. 

REAR   OF    SNODGRASS   HOUSE — GEN.    THOMAS'    HEAD- 
QUARTERS    205 

The  Union  left,  on  Sunday  afternoon,  September  2oth, 
ran  on  the  open  crest  to  the  left  of  the  barn,  past  the 
Snodgrass  House,  and  along  the  Ridge  to  the  right  for 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  Granger's  troops  arrived  from 
the  left,  passed  to  the  right  in  front  of  the  fence,  and,  as- 
cending the  Ridge  from  the  rear,  carried  it,  and  prolonged 
Thomas's  right  something  over  half  a  mile.  Gen.  Thomas' 
Headquarters  were  to  the  left  of  and  a  little  below  the  tree 
in  the  field  at  the  left. 

CHATTANOOGA   AND   SHERMAN    HEIGHTS,   FROM    LOOK- 
OUT     210 

Moccasin  Point  is  in  the  bend  of  the  river  to  the  right. 
The  high  ground  in  the  city  to  the  left  is  Cameron  Hill. 
The  prominent  white  building  to  the  right  of  the  center 
of  the  city  is  the  post-office  and  custom  house.  It  stands 
a  short  distance  to  the  left  and  rear  of  the  site  of  Fort 
Negley.  The  faint  column  of  steam  near  the  bend  of  the 
river  to  the  right  is  Citico  Furnace.  The  second  bend  in 
the  river  marks  the  point  of  Sherman  Crossing,  and  the 
first  low  range  seen  beyond  the  first  bend  above  the  city 
marks  the  line  of  Missionary  Ridge  near  Sherman 
Heights. 

SCALING   THE   PALISADES,    DAYLIGHT,    NOVEMBER    25, 

1863 212 

The  cliff  shown  in  the  picture  is  west  of  and  immedi- 
ately south  of  the  point  of  the  mountain  as  seen  from 
Chattanooga.  The  ladders  to  the  left,  over  which  soldiers 
are  seen  climbing,  are  on  a  line  where  a  detachment  of  the 
Eighth  Kentucky  scaled  the  cliff  at  daylight  after  Hooker's 
occupation  of  the  Craven  House  plateau,  and  at  sunrise 
unfurled  their  flag  on  the  point  shown  in  the  illustration 
described  in  the  preceding  paragraph. 


XV111  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

MISSIONARY   RIDGE — BAIRD'S  ASSAULT.. 217 

The  tower  on  the  Ridge  stands  on  the  jutting  point 
(now  De  Long  place)  where  Van  Derveer's  Brigade,  the 
center  of  Baird's  Division,  scaled  the  Ridge  in  the  assault 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  Phelps'  Brigade  as- 
saulted through  the  ravine  to  the  left,  where  the  ground  is 
still  more  precipitous,  and  Turchin's  Brigade  along  the 
open  slope  to.  the  right.  The  Crest  Road  of  the  Park  is 
seen  at  the  right,  just  in  front  of  the  houses  on  the  summit. 

REED'S  BRIDGE,  LONGSTREET'S  CROSSING  PLACE 185 

By  this  bridge,  coming  from  the  east  (left),  the  first  Con- 
federate troops,  Bushrod  Johnson's,  with  a  portion  of 
Longstreet's,  reached  the  battle  field,  Friday  afternoon, 
September  iSth.  The  crossing  was  resisted  by  Minty's 
Cavalry  Brigade,  assisted  by  troops  from  Wilder's  Bri- 
gade of  Mounted  Infantry.  The  bridge  is  as  it  was  at  the 
time  of  the  battle.  Alexander's  Bridge  was  a  similar 
structure  three  miles  up  the  stream.  The  latter  was  success- 
fully defended  by  Wilder  on  the  i8th  and  dismantled  but 
restored  and  used  by  the  Confederates  on  the  igth  and  2oth. 

CRAWFISH    SPRINGS — THE  OLD  WHEEL  AND  MILL 168 

Nearly  the  whole  of  the  Fourteenth  and  Twentieth 
Corps  of  Rosecrans'  army  filled  their  canteens  at  this 
spring,  or  the  stream  below  it,  as  they  passed  during  the 
night  march  of  September  iSth  from  McLemore's  Cove 
to  Kelly's.  The  road  ran  upon  the  high  bank  a  short  dis- 
tance back  of  the  spring.  The  stream  from  the  spring 
was  about  twenty -five  feet  wide  and  six  inches  deep,  and 
the  flow  rapid.  After  the  battle,  it  furnished  water  to  a 
large  proportion  of  the  wounded  of  both  armies. 

CRAVEN    HOUSE,     LOOKOUT    MOUNTAIN — WALTHALL'S 

HEADQUARTERS 130 

The  Craven,  or  White  House,  was  Gen.  WalthalPs 
Headquarters  at  the  time  of  Hooker's  assault.  Its  relative 
position  is  best  shown  in  the  Frontispiece,  under  the  branch 
which  hangs  below  the  summit.  The  palisades  range 
from  75  to  150  feet  high.  The  Union  flag  was  un- 
furled at  daylight,  November  251(1,  from  the  top  of  the 
cliff  to  the  right.  The  slope  is  very  steep  from  the  foot  of 
the  palisades  and  is  accurately  shown  in  the  view  of 
Hooker's  battle  field,  page  118. 


THE  NATIONAL  PARK  AND  ITS  APPROACHES. 


THE  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 


CHAPTER   I. 

GENERAL    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    PARK. 

The  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military 
Park  consists  of  two  distinct  parts,  as  shown  by  the  map  on 
the  opposite  page,  the  Park  proper,  which  embraces  the 
entire  battle  field  of  Chickamauga,  and  the  Approaches. 
The  area  within  the  legal  limits  of  the  Park  is  about  fifteen 
square  miles.  The  aggregate  length  of  the  roads  forming 
the  Approaches  is  thirty-six  miles,  made  up  as  follows : 

MILES. 

Missionary  Ridge  Crest  Road  from  Rossville. . . .  '. . . .  8.46 

Crest  Road  to  La  Fayette  Road i  .00 

Rossville  to  Lookout  Mountain 3-3° 

East  base  of  Lookout  to  Lookout  Creek 2.40 

Rossville  to  Northern  Line  of  Park 3«oo 

Rossville  to  McFarland  s  Gap 2-77 

McFarland's  Gap  to  Crawfish  Springs 6.23 

Reed's  Bridge  to  Ringgold 6.00 

Crawfish  Springs  to  Glass'  Mill 2  •  75 

35-91 

Aside  from  the  Approaches,  the  legal  boundaries  of  the 
Park  are  these :  An  east  and  west  line,  crossing  the  La 
Fayette  Road  at  a  point  about  600  yards  north  of  the  Cloud 
House,  and  extending  from  the  McFarland's  Gap  road  to  the 
Chickamauga  River,  forms  the  northern  boundary.  The 

(0 


2  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Chickamauga  River  bounds  it  on  the  east,  the  road  from  Lee 
and  Gordon's  Mill  to  the  Crawfish  Springs  road  is  its  southern 
limit,  and  the  Crawfish  Springs  road  from  the  Lee  &  Gordon's 
Mill  road  to  McFarland's  Gap  is  its  western  boundary. 

The  Approaches  in  the  vicinity  of  Chickamauga  are  mainly 
roads  over  which  the  armies  reached  and  left  the  field.  Those 
about  Chattanooga  lie  mainly  along  lines  of  battle.  Those 
over  Lookout  cross  Hooker's  battle  field  and  lie  near  Wal- 
thall's,  while  the  Crest  Road  along  Missionary  Ridge  follows 
Bragg's  line  of  battle  in  front  of  Gen.  Thomas'  Army  of  the 
Cumberland  and  Gen.  Sherman's  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

Nearly  all  these  Approaches,  as  well  as  the  roads  within 
the  Park,  have  been  rebuilt  by  the  government  in  the  most 
solid  manner.  The  Crest  Road  and  the  La  Fayette,  or  State 
road  from  Rossville  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill,  are  both  con- 
structed on  a  fifty  foot  right  of  way.  The  drive  over  this 
magnificent  boulevard  from  Sherman  Heights  to  Glass'  Mill, 
which  was  the  Confederate  left  flank  in  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga, is  twenty  miles.  The  scenery  alone,  over  eight  miles 
of  its  extent,  from  the  northern  extremity  of  Missionary 
Ridge  to  Rossville,  is  such  as  will  give  the  drive  a  national 
reputation.  When  to  these  remarkable  charms  of  valleys, 
city,  river,  and  bold  mountains,  we  add  a  comprehensive  and 
distinct  view  of  the  battle  fields  of  Lookout  Mountain, 
Orchard  Knob,  and  Missionary  Ridge,  this  drive  becomes 
one  that  is  without  parallel.  The  remaining  twelve  miles 
of  the  boulevard  run  through  the  center,  and  touch  both 
flanks  of  the  Chickamauga  field,  and  the  whole  passes  through 
or  in  plain  sight  of  the  hot  fighting  ground  of  five  day's  bat- 
tle between  great  armies.  The  boulevard,  when  completed, 
like  the  other  roads  and  approaches  of  the  Park,  will  have 
historical  tablets  or  monuments,  or  both,  to  illustrate  every 
important  point  of  action  on  each  side  in  these  battles. 

The  government  has  acquired  the  site  of  Bragg's  Head- 
quarters on  Missionary  Ridge  and  about  three  acres  sur- 
rounding it.  It  has  also  purchased  a  spur  of  the  Ridge 


GENERAL    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    PARK.  3 

which  juts  out  toward  Chattanooga,  opposite  the  left  of  the 
line  of  assault  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  This  tract 
contains  five  and  a  half  acres,  and  from  it  the  face  of  the 
Ridge  to  a  point  within  a  division  front  of  the  right  of  the 
line  of  assault  can  be  seen.  Upon  each  of  these  tracts 
stands  one  of  the  five  observation  towers  which  have  been 
erected  in  the  Park.  Besides  these,  the  whole  of  Orchard 
Knob  has  been  acquired.  This  was  the  headquarters  of 
Gens.  Grant,  Thomas,  and  Gordon  Granger  during  the  battle 
of  Missionary  Ridge.  It  is  an  isolated  knoll  about  six  acres, 
in  extent  and  about  sixty  feet  above  the  plain,  standing  half" 
way  between  Chattanooga  and  the  Ridge.  The  Confederate 
works,  and  those  erected  after  the  Union  forces  captured 
it,  are  still  well  defined,  and  the  general  appearance  of  the 
knoll  remains  unchanged.  See  note,  page  13. 

Except  in  the  growth  of  timber,  the  features  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga  field  have  changed  but  little  since  the  battle.  There 
have  been  few  clearings  in  the  extensive  woods  where  the 
heavy  fighting  occurred,  but  several  of  the  fields  in  these 
forests  had  grown  up  with  heavy  timber,  and,  in  consequence, 
the  first  studies  of  the  lines  were  quite  puzzling. 

The  plan  of  establishing  the  Park  contemplates  a  restora- 
tion of  the  whole  field,  as  near  as  may  be,  to  its  condition 
at  the  time  of  the  battle.  This  involves  clearing  out  the 
recent  growths  of  timber  and  replanting  clearings  so  that 
they  may  grow  up  to  forest. 

The  old  roads,  which  were  those  of  the  battle,  have  been 
re-opened  and  improved,  and  roads  opened  since  the  battle 
have  been  closed  and  abandoned.  The  only  natural  feature 
existing  at  the  time  of  the  fight,  which  has  been  changed,  is 
the  cutting  out  of  the  underbrush.  This  was  absolutely 
necessary  in  order  to  bring  the  lines  of  battle  into  view,  and 
to  show  the  topography  of  the  field.  As  a  result  of  this 
work,  carriages  can  now  drive  in  all  directions  through  the 
great  forests  and  along  the  various  lines  of  battle. 

Thus  far  five  iron  and  steel  observation  towers,  each  seventy 


4  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

feet  to  the  upper  platform,  have  been  erected  at  prominent 
points  of  the  Park.  Three  of  these  are  on  the  Chickamauga 
field,  and  two  on  Missionary  Ridge.  Of  the  former,  one  is 
near  Hall's  Ford,  on  the  ground  where  Bragg's  army  first 
formed  for  battle,  one  is  near  Jay's  saw-mill,  where  the  battle 
actually  begrfn,  and  the  third  is  on  Snodgrass  Hill.  All  the 
towers  are  in  sight  of  each  other,  and  they  thus  serve  to  in- 
dicate the  relative  positions  of  the  various  points  of  the  fields 
of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga.  The  strategy  of  the 
campaigns  and  the  movements  of  the  battles  are  readily  un- 
derstood by  the  views  afforded  from  them. 

The  plan  of  marking  the  lines  of  battle  is  to  designate  them 
both  by  monuments  and  historical  tablets.  The  govern- 
ment erects  the  monuments  to  the  regular  regiments  and  bat- 
teries and  the  tablets.  The  erection  of  monuments  to  mark 
the  positions  of  volunteer  organizations  is  left  to  the  States. 

The  historical  tablets  are  of  iron  with  the  lettering  cast  as 
part  of  the  plate.  They  are  each  four  feet  by  three.  They 
are  of  several  classes — as,  those  for  army  headquarters,  corps, 
divisions,  and  brigades.  The  first  named  show  the  corps  which 
make  up  the  armies  with  their  commanders ;  the  corps  tablets 
show  the  divisions  and  their  commanders  ;  the  division  tablets 
show  the  brigades  which  compose  them  and  their  command- 
ers ;  while  the  brigade  tablets  carry  the  organization  to  the 
individual  regiments  and  batteries  and  their  commanders  in 
the  battle.  There  are  also  staff  tablets  of  uniform  size  with 
the  others  giving  the  names  of  the  respective  staff  officers. 
The  historical  tablets  each  present  from  200  to  300  words  of 
text  setting  forth  in  condensed  yet  comprehensive  form  the 
movements  at  the  points  where  they  are  erected.  Both  sides 
have  equal  attention  in  the  erection  of  these  tablets.  The 
only  distinctive  mark  is  the  letter  "  U  "  for  Union  in  the  up- 
per right  hand  corner,  and  the  letter  "  C  "  for  Confederate. 
Following  are  specimens  of  several  hundred  tablets  erected 
on  the  field  : 


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GENERAL    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    PARK.  II 

Besides  the  large  historical  tablets,  there  are  guide  tablets 
at  every  crossroads  giving  distances  and  direction  to  the 
prominent  points  of  the  field,  and  many  locality  tablets 
marking  the  sites  of  houses  and  fields  which  were  landmarks 
in  the  battle,  points  where  prominent  officers  were  wounded, 
and  where  notable  captures  of  prisoners  or  guns  occurred. 

The  fighting  positions  of  all  batteries  will  be  marked,  as 
they  are  identified,  by  guns  of  the  same  kind  used  in  the. 
battle  by  the  battery,  mounted  upon  cast  iron  carriages 
painted  so  as  to  be  an  exact  representation  of  the  carriage 
of  1861.  The  Chief  of  Ordnance,  Gen.  D.  W.  Flagler,  and 
his  assistant,  Capt.  V.  McNally,  took  every  pains  to  procure 
from  the  stock  of  old  guns  on  hand  in  the  various  arsenals, 
enough  of  the  kinds  used  by  the  thirty-five  Union  and  the 
thirty-nine  Confederate  batteries  engaged,  to  carry  out  the 
plan. 

The  spots  where  general  officers,  or  those  exercising  the 
command  of  a  general  officer,  were  killed  or  mortally 
wounded,  are  marked  by  triangular  pyramids  of  eight  inch 
shells,  ten  feet  in  height.  A  tablet  on  each  gives  name, 
rank,  and  army  of  the  officer  killed.  There  were  four  of 
these  on  each  side,  all  commanding  brigades,  namely :  Col. 
Philemon  P.  Baldwin,  Col.  Hans  C.  Heg,  Col.  Edward  A. 
King,  and  Brig. -Gen.  William  H.  Lytle,  on  the  Union  side; 
and  Col.  Peyton  H.  Colquitt,  Brig.-Gen.  Ben  Hardin  Helm, 
Brig. -Gen.  James  Deshler,  and  Brig.-Gen.  Preston  Smith,  on 
the  Confederate. 

The  lines  of  the  rude  works  used  by  each  side  in  various 
parts  of  the  field  have  been  found  and  are  to  be  restored. 

All  the  lines  of  each  day's  battle  are  being  marked.  As  a 
rule,  the  regimental  monuments  are  erected  where  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  regiments  think  the  organizations  made  the 
most  notable  record.  Other  positions  are  then  to  be  desig- 
nated by  granite  markers.  Those  adopted  by  the  Ohio  Com- 
mission, the  first  to  erect  them,  are  fifteen  inches  square,  and 
three  feet  high,  one  face  being  polished  to  receive  the  desig- 


12  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

nation  of  the  organization,  and  the  day  and  time  it  occupied 
the  position. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  field  is  being  thoroughly 
marked,  and  that  not  only  general  movements,  but  those  of 
every  regiment  and  battery  can  be  followed  through  the 
battle,  and  that  the  Park,  when  fully  established,  will  be  a 
most  complete  object  lesson  in  war. 

Table  of  Distances. 

MILES. 

Chattanooga  to  Rossville 4.00 

"  Cloud   House . .   7 .  ;o 

Kelly's 8.54 

"  Viniard's 10.52 

Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill 12.04 

Snodgrass  House 9-94 

Crawfish  Springs  via  Lee  and  Gordon's. 14.01 

"  La  Fayette 25 . 29 

Rossville  to  McFarland's  Gap 2  .77 

Rossville  via  McFarland's  Gap  to  Widow  Glenn's. . .   6.00 
"  '•  "  "       Crawfish  Springs.   9.00 

Rossville  to  Kellv's 4-54 

"  Bragg's  Headquarters,  Missionary  Ridge  3.80 

"  De  Long's  place  (Tower) 5-5° 

"  Tunnel , 7 .82 

"  North  end  Missionary  Ridge 8.46 

"  West  foot  of  Lookout 3-33 

"  Lookout  Creek 5-73 

Crawfish  Springs  to  Glass'  Mill 2 . 75 

"  "  Widow  Glenn's 3-oo 

Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill i  .97 

Ringgold  to  Reed's  Bridge 6.25 

Distances  on  the  Chickamauga  Field: 

Clouds'  to  McDamel's 52 

McDaniel's  to  Kelly's 82 

Kelly's  to  Poe's 72 

Poe's  to  Brotherton's 24 

Brotherton's  to  Viniard's 1.02 

Viniard's  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill 1.52 

Lee  and  Gordon's  to  La  Fayette 1 3 . 25 


GENERAL    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    PARK.  13 

Lee  and  Gordon's  to  Crawfish  Springs  Road 97 

Lee  and  Gordon's  to  Crawfish  Spring? i  .97 

McDonald's  to  Reed's  Bridge 2 . 50 

"  Jay's  Mill 2.12 

Kelly's  to  "  2.00 

Brotherton's  to  " 2 .00 

Viniard's  to  Hall's  Ford i  .09 

"  Jav's  Mill 2.80 

"  Alexander's  Bridge 2-45 

Alexander's  Bridge  to  Jay's  Mill 1.55 

"  "  McDonald's 3-l5 

McDonald's  to  McFarland's  Gap 2-25 

Snodgrass  Hill  to  "  ''  2-45 

Hall's  Ford  to  Jay's  Mill 2 .80 

Widow  Glenn's  to  Kelly's 2.00 

Kelly's  to  Snodgrass  House 62 

Brotherton's  to  Snodgrass  House i  .30 

McDonald's  to  "  "  I-34 

NOTE. — Since  the  plates  for  this  chapter  were  electrotyped  the 
Park  Commission  has  purchased  44  acres  at  the  north  end  of  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  including  the  Tunnel  Hill  position  defended  by  Gen. 
Hardee,  and  the  points  assaulted  by  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  un- 
der Gen.  Sherman. 


R  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN  FOR  CHATTANOOGA. 


THE    CHICK  AM  AUGA    CAMPAIGN.  15 


CHAPTER    II. 

THE    CHICKAMAUGA    CAMPAIGN GEN.    ROSECRANS'    STRATEGY. 

To  understand  the  full  value  and  significance  of  the  mili- 
tary history  preserved  at  the  National  Park,  a  study  of  the 
campaigns  and  battles  which  occurred  in  and  about  it  be- 
comes necessary. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Chickamauga  campaign,  the  objec- 
tive of  which  was  Chattanooga,  Gen.  Rosecrans'  army  lay 
along  the  western  base  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  while 
Gen.  Bragg's  forces  held  Chattanooga,  the  south  bank  of  the 
Tennessee,  and  the  mountain  passes  above  and  below  the 
city. 

The  Union  army  was  composed  of  three  corps  of  infantry : 
the  Fourteenth,  Maj.-Gen.  George  H.  Thomas;  the  Twen- 
tieth, Maj.-Gen.  Thomas  L.  Crittenden;  and  the  Twenty- 
first,  Maj.-Gen.  Alexander  McD.  McCook;  and  one  corps 
of  cavalry,  Maj.-Gen.  David  S.  Stanley,  Chief  of  Cavalry, 
Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

The  Confederate  army  consisted  of  three  corps  of  infan- 
try :  Folk's  Corps,  Lieut. -Gen.  Leonidas  Polk ;  Hill's  Corps, 
Lieut.-Gen.  Daniel  H.  Hill;  and  Buckner's  Corps,  Maj.-Gen. 
Simon  Bolivar  Buckner ;  and  two  corps  of  cavalry :  Forrest's 
Corps,  Brig. -Gen.  Nathan  B.  Forrest;  and  Wheeler's  Corps, 
Maj.-Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler.  Before  Bragg's  withdrawal 
from  Chattanooga,  he  was  reinforced  by  Walker's  Corps, 
mainly  from  Mississippi ;  and  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga, 
by  Longstreet's  Corps,  from  Virginia. 

Gen.  Rosecrans'  Headquarters  were  at  Winchester,  where 
the  Twentieth  Corps  was  established.  The  Fourteenth 
Corps  was  at  Decherd,  and  the  Twenty-first  Corps  at 


l6  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

McMinnville.  The  Union  army  was  113  miles  from  its 
secondary  base  at  Nashville.  The  Tullahoma  campaign,  by 
which  Bragg  had  been  forced  out  of  Central  Tennessee  by  a 
campaign  of  strategy  involving  a  loss  to  the  Union  army  of 
only  570  killed  and  wounded,  ended  July  4,  1863.  The  or- 
der of  that  day,  halting  the  army,  contained  directions  to 
immediately  prepare  .for  a  forward  campaign.  The  most 
vigorous  efforts  to  that  end  continued  day  and  night  unre- 
mittingly until  August  1 6th,  when  the  Chickamauga  cam- 
paign began. 

Gen.  Rosecrans  had  decided  to  make  an  imposing  feint  on 
his  left,  by  throwing  Crittenden's  Corps  over  the  Cumberland 
Mountains  and  Walden's  Ridge  into  the  Tennessee  Valley, 
opposite  and  above  Chattanooga,  to  create  the  belief  that  he 
intended  to  attack  the  city  from  that  direction,  while  he  threw 
the  main  body  of  his  army  over  the  river  in  the  vicinity  of 
Bridgeport,  thirty-five  miles  below  the  city,  and  thence  in 
succession  over  the  Raccoon  Mountains  and  the  Lookout 
Range  into  the  rear  of  Chattanooga,  whence  he  could  ad- 
vance upon  the  city,  and  either  shut  Bragg  up  in  it,  or  com- 
pel him  to  come  out  of  it  to  protect  his  lines  of  communica- 
tion. 

The  success  of  such  a  diversion  was  rendered  the  more 
probable  from  the  fact  that  any  movement  in  that  direction 
would  naturally  be  construed  to  indicate  a  purpose  to  effect  a 
junction  with  Gen.  Burnside's  forces,  which  were  then  ad- 
vancing from  Kentucky  toward  East  Tennessee. 

The  map  will  disclose  both  the  strength  of  Gen.  Bragg's 
position,  and  the  serious  character  of  the  natural  obstacles  to 
military  movements  which  lay  in  Gen.  Rosecrans'  path. 

He  must  first  cross  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  having  a 
general  elevation  of  2,200  feet.  These,  and  all  the  other 
ranges  in  his  path,  were  very  steep  and  rugged,  and  devoid 
of  roads  that  were  more  than  mountain  trails,  and  their 
summits  at  all  points  terminated  in  palisades  of  formidable 
proportions.  Next,  for  the  main  body  of  the  army,  came 


THE    CHICKAMAUGA    CAMPAIGN.  17 

the  Tennessee  River,  a  deep  stream,  1,254  feet  wide  at 
Caperton's  and  2,700  feet  at  Bridgeport,  where  the  bridges 
for  crossing  it  were  to  be  thrown.  Crittenden's  Corps, 
which  was  the  diverting  column  on  the  north  side  of  the 
river,  after  crossing  the  Cumberlands,  had  still  to  cross  the 
precipitous  range  of  Walden's  Ridge,  1,300  feet  high,  before 
it  could  reach  the  Tennessee  above  Chattanooga. 

South  of  the  Tennessee,  before  the  main  body,  rose  Rac- 
coon Mountains,  and  beyond  them  the  formidable  Lookout 
Range.  Both  had  the  same  general  altitude  of  the  Cumber- 
lands,  namely,  2,200  feet.  The  Cumberlands  averaged 
about  thirty  miles  in  width  on  the  roads  traveled,  Walden's 
Ridge  about  fifteen,  Raccoon  Mountains  about  twenty,  and 
Lookout  about  fifteen. 

The  campaign  involved  cutting  loose  from  the  base  at 
Stevenson,  carrying  twenty-five  days'  rations  and  ammuni- 
tion sufficient  for  two  battles,  crossing  a  wide  river  with  most 
inadequate  facilities  into  the  enemy's  country,  and  throwing 
an  army  over  two  precipitous  and  exceedingly  difficult 
mountain  ranges  into  the  rear  of  Chattanooga. 

The  campaign  for  Chattanooga  opened  August  i6th. 
Crittenden's  Corps  moved  from  Hillsboro,  Manchester,  and 
McMinnville  for  the  Tennessee  Valley  above  Chattanooga. 
Minty's  cavalry  operated  on  the  extreme  left  through  Sparta 
and  Pikeville,  and  pushed  a  force  of  the  enemy's  cavalry 
under  Gen.  Dibrell  across  the  river  at  Kingston.  Minty 
then  proceeded  to  make  most  energetic  commotion  along  the 
river  for  thirty  miles  above  Blythe's  Ferry.  Crittenden,  who 
had  occupied  the  Sequatchee  Valley  with  Wood's  Division  at 
Anderson,  Palmer's  at  Dunlap,  and  Van  Cleve's  at  Pikeville, 
threw  Hazen's  Brigade  of  Palmer's  Division,  and  Wagner's  of 
Wood's,  over  Walden's  Ridge  into  the  Tennessee  Valley,  where 
Wilder's  Brigade  of  mounted  infantry  of  Reynolds'  Division 
of  the  Fourteenth  Corps  joined  them.  Tents  were  pitched 
for  many  miles  along  the  edge  of  the  escarpment  of  the 
ridge,  and  fires  lighted  nightly  along  the  crest.  Bugles  were 


l8  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

blown  at  evening  and  morning  near  all  fords  for  a  long  dis- 
tance up  the  river,  ends  of  boards  and  timbers  were  sawed  off 
and  allowed  to  float  out  of  the  larger  streams,  to  create  the 
impression  that  bridges  were  under  construction.  A  few 
batteries,  by  continuous  circling  from  the  forests  through  open 
spaces  visible  from  the  enemy's  side  of  the  river,  strengthened 
the  idea  of  an  army  moving  to  occupy  the  other  side.  On 
August  2ist,  Wilder's  Brigade  appeared  on  Stringer's  Ridge, 
within  easy  range  of  the  city,  and  opened  fire  upon  it  with 
his  battery. 

The  diversion  proved  entirely  successful.  Bragg  was  com- 
pletely deceived.  He  withdrew  from  below  the  city  his  only 
infantry  brigade,  which  was  watching  the  river  at  Bridgeport, 
and  sent  his  forces  up  the  river  to  fortify  and  defend  its  cross- 
ings against  Rosecrans,  and  Buckner's  Corps  was  ordered 
toward  these  positions  from  East  Tennessee. 

Meantime  the  Fourteenth  and  Twenty-first  Corps,  and  the 
cavalry,  had  crossed  the  Cumberlands  to  the  Tennessee,  await- 
ing the  full  development  of  Crittenden's  diversion.  Reynolds' 
and  Brannan's  Divisions  were  at  the  mouth  of  Battle  Creek, 
Baird  and  Negley  near  Bridgeport,  McCook's  Corps  near 
Stevenson,  with  the  cavalry  on  its  right  below  that  point. 
The  train  which  brought  the  bridge  to  be  thrown  at  Caper- 
ton's  was  halted  in  the  forest  out  of  sight  where  the  troops 
that  were  to  lay  it  practiced  in  their  work.  The  cavalry  was 
extended  well  into  the  plain  country  below.  The  front  of 
Rosecrans'  movement  as  it  reached  the  Tennessee  Valley  was 
150  miles,  and  no  mistake  or  delay  had  attended  any  part  of  it. 

At  daybreak,  August  29th,  fifty  boats,  each  with  a  capacity 
for  fifty  men,  were  rushed  across  the  open  fields  back  of 
Caperton's,  launched,  and  rapidly  rowed  to  the  south  bank  of 
the  Tennessee,  the  small  cavalry  picket  of  the  enemy  driven 
off,  and  the  bridge  promptly  laid  without  opposition.  Davis' 
Division  crossed  and  camped  at  the  foot  of  Raccoon  Mount- 
ains. September  zd  he  had  crossed  this  range  with  John- 
son's Division  following,  and  two  days  later  he  had  seized  the 


THE    CHICKAMAUGA    CAMPAIGN.  19 

pass  at  Winston's  over  Lookout  Mountain,  forty-two  miles 
south  of  Chattanooga.  The  same  day  Stanley's  cavalry 
crossed  Lookout,  and  on  the  5th  descended  into  Broomtown 
Valley.  Sheridan  had  thrown  pontoons  at  Bridgeport, 
crossed,  and  followed  to  Valley  Head. 

Negley's  Division  of  Thomas'  Corps  crossed  with  McCook, 
and  Baird's  with  Sheridan.  Brannan  and  Reynolds  crossed 
August  3ist  at  Battle  Creek  and  Shellmound,  chiefly  on  rafts 
and  in  canoes,  while  such  of  the  men  as  could  swim  made 
light  rafts  of  rails  to  hold  part  of  their  clothes  and  equip- 
ments and  swam  over.  The  moment  the  crossing  of  the 
main  force  was  effected,  Crittenden  withdrew  that  part  of  his 
column  in  the  Sequatchee  Valley  to  Battle  Creek,  and  crossed 
September  3d  and  4th  with  the  rafts  and  canoes  used  by 
Brannan  and  Reynolds. 

The  head  of  Thomas'  Corps  was  over  Lookout  September 
8th,  crossing  twenty-six  miles  south  of  Chattanooga  by  John- 
son's Crook  to  Stevens'  Gap,  and  Crittenden  was  nearing 
Wauhatchie,  September  6th. 

September  -jth  Bragg  evacuated  Chattanooga,  and  set  all 
his  columns  from  the  city  and  the  valley  of  the  river  above 
it  in  motion  toward  La  Fayette  behind  Pigeon  Mountains. 

Of  the  Union  troops  in  the  Tennessee  Valley,  Wilder's 
Brigade  crossed  the  river  at  Friar's  Island  September  8th,  fol- 
lowed by  Hazen's  Brigade  at  the  same  crossing  on  the  loth, 
while  Wagner's  Brigade  crossed  directly  into  the  city  on  the 
afternoon  of  the  pth. 

Crittenden  on  the  9th  had  pushed  a  small  force  to  the  top 
of  Lookout,  and  discovered  that  Bragg  had  left  Chattanooga. 
The  remainder  of  Woods'  Division,  preceded  by  the  Ninety- 
second  Illinois  Mounted  Infantry  of  Wilder's  Brigade — Col. 
Smith  D.  Atkins  commanding — marched  into  the  city,  while 
Palmer's  and  Van  Cleve's  Divisions  passed  around  the  north 
point  of  Lookout,  and,  leaving  Chattanooga  three  miles  to 
the  left,  followed  after  Bragg,  and  camped  at  night  in  Ross- 
ville  Gap.  The  first  Union  troops  to  enter  Chattanooga  were 


20  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

those  of  the  Ninety-second  Illinois.  Wagner's  followed  im- 
•mediately  from  the  north  side  of  the  river. 

Thus,  in  three  weeks,  Rosecrans  had  repeated  his  Tulla- 
homa  campaign  on  a  greater  scale,  through  a  well-nigh  barren 
country,  crowded  with  military  obstacles  of  the  most  for- 
midable character,  and  compelled  the  enemy  to  evacuate 
its  mountain  stronghold.  This,  too,  had  been  accomplished 
with  a  total  loss  of  less  than  100  men,  most  of  this  occurring 
in  the  cavalry  operations,  and  mainly  in  Minty's  command. 

Upon  leaving  Chattanooga,  Folk's  and  Hill's  Corps  marched 
by  Rossville  and  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill  to  La  Fayette,  reach- 
ing the  latter  point  on  the  8th.  Walker's  and  Buckner's  Corps 
withdrew  from  Tyner's  Station  and  points  on  the  river  above 
it,  by  way  of  Graysville,  toward  La  Fayette,  while  the  forces 
at  Hiwassee  and  Chickamauga  Station  moved  by  way  of 
Ringgold.  Cleburne's  Division  was  thrown  forward  into 
the  gaps  of  Pigeon  Mountain.  Gen.  Bragg  had  not  moved 
his  headquarters  beyond  Lee  and  Gordon's,  and  on  the  night 
of  the  Qth  he  issued' orders  for  an  advance  of  Hindman's  and 
Cleburne's  Divisions  to  begin  at  midnight  against  the  head  of 
Gen.  Thomas'  column,  which  had  reached  Davis'  Cross-roads 
from  Stevens'  Gap. 


BRAGG  IN  MCLEMORE'S  COVE.          21 


CHAPTER   III. 

BRAGG  IN  MCLEMORE'S  COVE — ROSECRANS'   CONCENTRATION. 

The  generalship  of  Bragg  in  withdrawing  from  Chattanooga 
was  speedily  developed.  The  strategy  of  Rosecrans  had 
compelled  the  abandonment  of  the  city,  but  the  method  of 
executing  it  gave  promise  of  serious  work  for  the  Union 
forces.  With  his  main  body  at  La  Fayette,  and  his  right 
behind  the  point  of  Pigeon  Mountain,  a  few  miles  south  of 
Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill,  Bragg  looked  out  through  Blue  Bird, 
Dug.  and  Catlett's  Gaps  directly  upon  the  head  of  Rosecrans' 
center  column,  then  descending  Lookout  at  Stevens'  Gap. 
It  was  twenty  miles  to  Crittenden's  Corps  at  Rossville,  while 
McCook's  Corps,  in  the  vicinity  of  Alpine  and  Summerville, 
was  altogether  beyond  supporting  distance.  Crook's  Cavalry 
Division  with  this  column  had  pushed  to  within  three  miles 
of  La  Fayette.  As  has  been  heretofore  noted,  the  positions 
of  the  only  roads,  or  rather  trails,  over  Lookout,  practicable 
for  an  army,  compelled  this  separation  of  the  several  corps 
while  crossing. 

At  midnight  of  September  pth,  Bragg  ordered  Hindman's 
Division,  then  at  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill,  to  march  at  day- 
light to  Davis'  Cross-roads,  at  the  intersection  of  the  road 
from  La  Fayette  through  Dug  Gap  to  Stevens'  Gap.  Gen. 
Hill  was  at  the  same  time  ordered  to  send  Cleburne's  Division, 
then  in  the  gaps  in  front  of  La  Fayette,  to  make  a  junction 
with  Hindman  at  the  cross-roads,  and  both  were  to  attack 
the  troops  of  Gen.  Thomas,  then  advancing  from  Stevens' 
Gap. 

Had  these  orders  been  promptly  and  vigorously  executed, 
Negley's  Division  would  have  been  met  at  that  point,  and  in 


MOVEMENTS  IN   MCLEMORE'S  COVE. 


BRAGG  IN  McLEMORE  S  COVE.  2\ 

\J 

all  probability  overwhelmed,  since  his  nearest  support, 
Baird's  Division,  only  succeeded  after  a  very  hard  day's 
work  in  reaching  the  foot  of  the  mountain  at  10  p.  M.  of  the 
loth. 

But  Hill  sent  word  that  the  gaps  had  been  so  obstructed 
by  felled  timbers  that  they  could  not  be  cleared  in  less  than 
twenty-four  hours.  Bragg  then,  at  10  o'clock  of  September 
loth,  ordered  Buckner's  Corps  of  two  divisions  to  follow 
Hintlman  and  attack  with  him.  Hindman,  however,  halted 
his  command  at  Morgan's,  three  miles  north  of  Davis'  Cross 
Roads,  and  Buckner  joined  him  there  on  the  afternoon  of 
the  loth,  the  united  column  being  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Negley,  who  was  isolated.  To  hasten  the  attack  on  the 
Union  center,  Gen.  Bragg  moved  his  headquarters  to  La 
Fayette,  reaching  there  in  person  at  midnight  of  the  loth, 
and  at  once  directing  Walker's  Corps  to  join  Cleburne's  Di- 
vision at  Dug  Gap  and  unite  in  the  attack.  At  daylight  of 
the  nth,  Bragg  himself  proceeded  to  Cleburne's  position. 
The  day  was  spent  till  the  middle  of  the  afternoon  in  listen- 
ing for  Hindman's  expected  attack.  Meantime,  at  8  o'clock 
in  the  morning  of  the  nth,  Gen.  Baird's  Division  had  joined 
Negley's  at  the  cross-roads.  Repeated  orders  from  Bragg  to 
Hindman's  column  to  move  forward  did  not  secure  an  attack 
until  the  middle  of  the  afternoon.  Gen.  Hindman  was 
awaiting  co-operation  from  Gen.  Hill,  and  deemed  the  force 
reported  in  front  of  him  too  strong  for  his  column.  Under 
the  skillful  assistance  of  Gen.  Baird,  and  the  sagacious  dis- 
positions of  Gen.  Negley,  their  divisions  were  extricated 
after  sharp  fighting,  and  withdrew  to  the  base  of  Lookout. 
The  speedy  arrival  of  Brannan's  and  Reynolds'  Divisions 
rendered  the  Union  center  secure. 

Gen.  Bragg,  deeply  disappointed  at  the  failure  of  his  pro- 
jected attack  upon  the  Union  center,  turned  promptly  toward 
Crittenden's  Corps,  the  Union  left.  Folk's  and  Walker's 
Corps  were  withdrawn  to  La  Fayette,  and  moved  immedi- 
ately toward  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill.  At  this  time,  Critten- 


24  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

den's  Corps  was  divided,  one  division  having  been  sent  to 
Ringgold.  On  the  evening  of  September  i2th,  Polk  was  di- 
rected to  attack  Crittenden  at  daylight  of  the  131!!.  At  mid- 
night of  the  1 2th,  Polk  dispatched  that  he  had  taken  a  strong 
defensive  position,  and  asked  for  reinforcements.  He  was 
informed  that  his  force  exceeded  the  enemy's,  and  again  or- 
dered to  attack  at  daylight.  In  addition,  he  was  notified 
that  Buckner's  Corps  would  early  be  moved  within. support- 
ing distance.  Promptly  on  the  i3th,  Gen.  Bragg  rode  to 
the  front,  to  find  that  no  attack  had  been  made  on  Critten- 
ten,  and  that  the  latter  had  united  his  forces,  recrossed  the 
Chickamauga,  and  taken  a  strong  position  at  Lee  and  Gor- 
don's Mill.  This  result  caused  another  keen  disappointment 
to  Gen.  Bragg,  but  reinforcements  having  arrived  from  Mis- 
sissippi and  Virginia,  he  promptly  decided  to  move  down  the 
Chickamauga  to  points  well  below  Crittenden's  position,  cross 
the  river,  interpose  between  Rosecrans  and  Chattanooga,  and 
attack  Crittenden  at  Lee  and  Gordon's.  This  latter  corps 
was  then  the  left  of  Rosecrans,  and  Bragg's  plan  was  to 
drive  it  back  upon  the  Union  center,  which  was  still  in 
McLemore's  Cove  in  front  of  Stevens'  Gap,  and  force  the 
Union  army  into  the  mountains. 

When  Gen.  Rosecrans  discovered,  September  nth,  that 
the  Confederate  rear  guard  had  not  moved  south  of  Lee  and 
Gordon's,  and  that  Bragg's  left  was  firmly  established  near 
that  point,  he  saw  that  the  latter  was  concentrating  for  bat- 
tle. He  therefore  abandoned  his  offensive  movements  against 
Bragg  which  had  been  in  progress  upon  the  theory  that  he 
was  retreating  to  Rome,  and  began  most  active  work  to  con- 
centrate his  own  army  between  Bragg  and  Chattanooga.  As 
he  declared  in  his  official  report,  it  had  become  a  matter  of 
life  and  death  to  accomplish  this.  On  this  day,  September 
nth,  when  the  supreme  effort  of  his  campaign  began,  he  re- 
ceived a  telegram  from  Gen.  Halleck  at  Washington  saying 
that  it  was  there  reported  that  a  portion  of  Bragg's  army  was 
reinforcing  Lee,  and  that  it  was  important  to  ascertain  the 


BRAGG    IN   McLEMORE'S    COVE.  25 

truth  of  the  report.  He  was  also  informed  that  no  troops 
had  left  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  for  the  West.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  Longstreet's  Corps  had  been  for  four  days  on 
its  way  South,  and  was  nearing  its  junction  with  Bragg. 

Crittenden's  great  activity  east  of  the  Chickamauga,  and 
in  the  vicinity  of  Ringgold,  where  he  was  aided  by  Wilder's 
and  Minty's  mounted  force  fresh  from  their  feint  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Tennessee,  had  enabled  him  to  concentrate  his 
corps  at  Lee  and  Gordon's.  Thomas  stretched  toward  him 
from  Stevens'  Gap,  holding  on  to  the  latter  point  while 
awaiting  the  arrival  of  McCook's  Corps,  which  Rosecrans 
had  ordered  to  withdraw  to  Lookout  Mountain,  and  move  in 
haste  along  its  top  to  Stevens'  Gap.  McCook,  not  being 
able  to  assure  himself  that  there  was  a  practicable  road  on 
the  summit  9f  the  mountain,  felt  more  confident  of  effecting  a 
prompt  junction  with  Thomas  by  recrossing  Lookout  to  its 
western  base,  and  taking  the  road  which  he  knew  thence 
to  Stevens'  Gap.  After  crossing  the  mountain,  he  heard 
of  a  good  road  along  the  top,  and  directed  Davis'  and 
Johnson's  Divisions  to  reascend  and  move  in  haste  to  Ste- 
vens' Gap.  These  additional  crossings  of  Lookout  delayed 
the  junction  with  Gen.  Thomas  until  dusk  of  the  i6th. 
Stanley's  Cavalry  Corps,,  now  under  the  command  of  Gen. 
R.  B.  Mitchell,  Stanley  being  sick,  came  into  McLemore's 
Cove  through  Dougherty's  Gap  simultaneously  with  McCook's 
Corps.  Meantime  Crittenden  had  been  moved  toward  Thomas, 
and  put  in  strong  position  on  the  southern  spur  of  Missionary 
Ridge  to  await  the  arrival  of  McCook.  On  the  ijth  Thomas 
moved  toward  Crittenden,  and  on  the  evening  of  that  day 
the  three  corps  of  Rosecrans'  army  were  within  supporting 
distance. 

On  the  night  of  the  i7th  Bragg  issued  the  following  order 
for  crossing  his  army  over  the  Chickamauga,  turning  up  the 
stream  on  the  opposite  side,  and  attacking  at  Lee  and  Gor- 
don's, the  movement  to  begin  at  sunrise  : 


26  THE  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

HEADQUARTERS  ARMY  OF  THE  TENNESSEE. 
IN  THE  FIELD,  LEET'S  TAN  YARD,  September  18,  1863. 

1.  Johnson's  column  (Hood's)  on  crossing  at  or  near  Reed's 
Bridge  will  turn  to  the  left  by  the  most  practicable  route,  and 
sweep  up  the  Chickamauga  toward  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill. 

2.  Walker,  crossing  at  Alexander's   Bridge,   will  unite  in 
this  move,  and  push  vigorously  on  the  enemy's  flank  and  rear 
in  the  same  direction. 

3.  Buckner,  crossing  at  Thedford's  Ford,  will  join  in  the 
movement  to  the   left,  and   press  the  enemy  up  the  stream 
from  Folk's  front  at  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill. 

4.  Polk  will  press  his  forces  to  the  front  of  Lee  and  Gor- 
don's Mill,  and  if  met  by  too  much  resistance  to  cross,  will 
bear  to  the  right  and  cross  at  Dalton's  Ford,  or  at  Thedford's, 
as  may  be  necessary,  and  join  in  the  attack  wherever  the  en- 
emy may  be. 

5.  Hill  will  cover  our  left  flank  from  an  advance  of  the 
enemy  from  the  Cove,   and   by  pressing  the  cavalry  in  his 
front,  ascertain  if  the  enemy  is  re-inforcing  at  Lee  and  Gor- 
don's Mill,  in  which  event  he  will  attack  them  in  flank. 

6.  Wheeler's   Cavalry  will  hold  the  gaps  in  Pigeon  Moun- 
tain and  cover  our  rear  and  left,  and  bring  up  stragglers. 

7.  All  teams,  etc.,  not  with  troops  should  go  toward  Ring- 
gold   and    Dalton,    beyond   Taylor's    Ridge.      All    cooking 
should  be  done  at  the  trains.     Rations,  when   cooked,   will 
be  forwarded  to  the  troops. 

8.  The  above  movements  will  be  executed  with  the  utmost 
promptness,  vigor,  and  persistence. 

By  command  of  Gen.  Bragg. 

GEORGE  WM.  BRENT, 

Assistant  Adjutant-  General. 

The  narrow  roads  and  the  stubborn  resistance  of  Minty's 
Cavalry  Brigade  from  Pea  Vine  Creek  to  Reed's  Bridge,  and 
of  Wilder's  Mounted  Brigade  at  Alexander's  Bridge,  also  at 


ROSECRANS'    CONCENTRATION.  27 

.Reed's,  in  aiding  Minty,  so  delayed  Bragg's  columns  that  no 
general  attack  was  possible  on  the  i8th. 

On  the  night  of  that  day,  Crittenden's  Corps  was  returned 
to  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill,  and  took  position  along  the  La 
Fayette  Road  facing  east  toward  Bragg's  advance.  During 
the  same  night,  the  main  body  of  the  Confederate  army  com- 
pleted its  crossing,  and  early  on  the  ipth  formed  in  line  of 
battle  confronting  Crittenden,  and  at  7  o'clock  stood  ready 
to  deliver  its  attack.  Five  divisions  were  thus  formed,  and 
two  others  were  moving  into  position  to  drive  Rosecrans'  left 
back  into  McLemore's  Cove  upon  his  center  and  right,  which 
were  still  supposed  to  be  in  the  vicinity  of  Pond  Spring  and 
Stevens'  Gap.  Three  brigades  of  Forrest's  Cavalry  had 
been  sent  at  daylight  from  Alexander's  House  to  Jay's  Mill 
to  guard  Bragg's  right  and  rear  against  Gordon  Granger's 
forces  further  down  the  Chickamauga  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
McAfee's  Church. 

Suddenly  and  unexpectedly,  just  as  the  Confederate  lines 
of  battle  were  about  to  advance  on  Crittenden's  position, 
furious  righting  broke  out  at  Jay's  Mill,  two  miles  to  Bragg's 
right  and  rear.  The  cause  was  not  understood.  Gen.  For- 
rest soon  appeared  asking  for  infantry.  The  nearest  brigade 
(Wilson's)  was  given  him.  Shortly  after,  he  asked  for  and 
received  another  (Ector's).  Then  Walker's  Division  was 
dispatched  as  the  resounding  battle  increased  in  intensity. 
Next,  Bragg's  reserve  (Cheatham's  Division)  was  hurried  to 
the  left,  and  soon  after  Stewart's  Division  was  sent  forward 
to  assist  this  reserve.  Bragg's  plan  of  battle  had  been  re- 
placed by  these  unexpected  movements  which  the  emergency 
demanded.  The  explanation  of  the  changed  conditions  is 
simple. 

During  the  night  Rosecrans  had  inverted  his  army,  and 
soon  after  sunrise,  Crittenden's  Corps,  which  was  the  left  at 
sundown,  had  become  the  right ;  Thomas,  with  the  head  of 
his  column  near  Reed's  Bridge,  the  left;  and  the  Union 
army  was  between  Bragg  and  Chattanooga. 


28  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Toward  evening  of  the  i8th,  Thomas'  Corps  had  left  Pond 
Spring,  followed  by  McCook's,  moving  toward  Crittenden. 
As  soon  as  dusk  obscured  the  columns,  they  were  pressed 
rapidly  to  the  left.  Upon  reaching  Crawfish  Springs,  Neg- 
ley's  Division  was  turned  off  to  Glass'  Mill  to  guard  the  flank 
of  the  movement,  and  Thomas  with  his  three  remaining  di- 
visions pushed  on  all  night  by  way  of  Widow  Glenn's  to  the 
La  Fayette  Road  at  the  Kelly  Farm.  Here  Baird's  Division 
took  position  at  daylight,  while  Brannan's,  at  sunrise,  with- 
out taking  time  for  breakfast,  moved  rapidly  northward  to 
McDonald's,  then  turned  eastward  toward  Reed's  Bridge, 
struck  Forrest  at  Jay's  Mill,  at  half  after  7  o'clock,  immedi- 
ately became  hotly  engaged  and  opened  the  battle  of  Chick- 
amauga.  .With  Rosecrans  between  Bragg  and  Chattanooga, 
the  dawning  struggle  resolved  itself  into  a  direct  battle  for 
that  city. 


BATTLE    OF    CHICKAMAUGA FIRST    DAY.  29 


CHAPTER  IV. 

BATTLE    OF    CHICKAMAUGA FIRST     DAY,    SATURDAY,    SEPTEM- 
BER   Ip,    1863. 

Before  considering  the  movements  of  the  opposing  forces, 
it  is  well  to  remember  that  at  the  time  of  the  battle,  a  num- 
ber of  the  present  fields  were  woods. 

Beginning  on  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  McDonald's,  the 
present  field  east  of  that  and  north  of  the  Ringgold  Road 
was  partially  in  forest. 

The  clearing  on  the  east  side  of  the  road  south  of  Brother- 
ton's  and  north  of  Viniard's  was  thick  woods. 

The  grove  in  the  field  directly  east  of  Viniard's  was  dense, 
and  extended  from  the  present  eastern  limit  to  a  point  on 
the  La  Fayette  Road  opposite  the  house.  There  was  also  a 
strip  of  timber  along  the  west  of  the  road  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Heg  Monument. 

The  tract,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  Viniard's  and  east 
of  the  road,  was  open  forest,  as  was  part  of  the  fields  on  the 
west  side  near  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill. 

The  northern  portion  of  the  Dyer  field,  about  the  old  black- 
smith shop,  and  the  slope  above  it  and  north  to  the  foot  of 
the  crest  upon  which  Harker  fought,  was  woods.  The  point 
of  woods  which  surrounds  the  Snodgrass  well  at  the  foot  of 
the  latter  crest  extended  with  its  present  width  to  the  forest 
east  of  it. 

The  Bloody  Pond  was  surrounded  with  forest  which  ex- 
tended eastward  to  a  line  running  from  the  Widow  Glenn  s 
to  the  point  of  the  woods  which  project  into  the  present  field 
south-east  of  Lytle  Hill. 

Riding  eastward  on  the  Brotherton-Jay's  Mill  Road,  after 


BATTLE    OF    CHICKAMAUGA FIRST    DAY.  31 

passing  the  Brock  field  on  the  right,  the  growth  of  young 
trees  on  the  left  marks  an  area  which  was  slashed  timber.  The 
present  clearing  beyond  it  through  which  the  road  passes  was 
mostly  woods,  as  was  a  considerable  portion  of  the  fields 
north  of  the  Winfrey  House  in  the  vicinity  of  the  shell 
monument  tc  Baldwin.  The  field  back  of  this  pyramid  was 
in  woods,  and  a  considerable  part  of  that  in  front  of  it,  while 
to  the  right  of  the  road  the  clearing  extended  only  to  the  line 
of  the  present  fence  running  from  a  point  near  the  Reed 
House  (Winfrey's)  parallel  to  the  road. 

The  next  long  field  entered  in  riding  toward  Jay's  Mill  was 
all  forest. 

The  extensive  field  adjoining  the  site  of  Jay's   Mill  was 
woods  beyond  a  point  two  hundred  yards  or  so  from  the  mill. 
Most  of  the  open   ground  to   the   left  of  the  road,  riding 
from  Jay's  Mill  to  Alexander's,  was  timber,  and  a  consider- 
able part  to  the  right  of  it. 

The  first  division  of  Confederate  troops  to  arrive  on 
the  battle  field  was  Bushrod  Johnson's.  His  column  con- 
sisted of  his  own  three  brigades,  and  that  of  Robertson  of 
Hood's  Division  temporarily  serving  with  them,  three  bat- 
teries, Forrest  and  his  cavalry  escort,  and  eight  pieces  of  the 
reserve  artillery.  Gen.  Johnson  left  Ringgold  early  in  the 
morning  of  the  i8th,  and  encountered  Minty's  Cavalry 
Brigade  at  Pea  Vine  Creek  three  miles  east  of  Reed's  Bridge 
about  noon.  By  the  stubborn  resistance  of  Minty,  aided  at  last 
by  a  part  of  Wilder's  Mounted  Brigade  of  Infantry,  Johnson 
was  delayed  in  crossing  until  3  P..  M.,  and  his  line  did  not 
reach  Jay's  Mill  until  4  o'clock.  Here  Gen.  Hood  arrived 
and  took  command.-  The  column  then  moved  toward  Lee 
and  Gordon's.  Both  Minty  and  Wilder  retired  from  Alex- 
ander's before  it  to  the  crest  next  east  of  the  Viniard  field, 
where  Wilder  bivouacked  in  close  contact  with  Hood's  force. 
Walthall's  Brigade  of  Liddell's  Division,  in  attempting  to 
force  a  crossing  at  Alexander's  Bridge  on  the  afternoon  of  the 
T8th  in  the  face  of  Wilder's  Brigade,  lost  105  men  in  eaptur- 


32  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

ing  the  bridge,  only  to  find  that  Wilder's  men  had  dismantled 
it  under  fire  and  rendered  it  useless.  Liddell's  troops  then 
moved  down  the  river  a  mile,  crossed  at  Byram's  Ford,  and, 
following  Hood's  column,  bivouacked  about  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  west  of  Alexander's.  During  the  night  of  the  i8th, 
and  the  early  morning  of  the  ipth,  the  divisions  of  Stewart, 
Preston,  Cheatham,  and  Walker,  and  the  remainder  of 
Hood's  Division,  crossed  the  river  and  were  formed  for  battle 
about  7  o'clock. 

The  forests  effectually  concealed  the  movements  of  each 
army  from  the  other.  At  the  hour  just  named  they  were 
thus  disposed  upon  the  field.  Buckner's  Corps  of  Stewart's 
and  Preston's  Divisions  was  on  the  left  of  Bragg's  line  near 
Hall's  Ford,  at  the  present  observation  tower.  Bushrod 
Johnson's  Division  was  in  the  center,  and  Hood's  (McLaw's) 
Division  on  its  right.  Cheatham's  Division  was  the  reserve, 
and  Walker's  Corps,  of  Liddell's  and  Walker's  Divisions,  was 
coming  up  from  the  rear  to  take  its  place  on  the  right  of  the 
front  line.  The  columns  faced  the  La  Fayette  Road,  a 
thousand  yards  distant,  and  were  formed  to  attack  Critten- 
den's  Corps,  whose  three  divisions  lay  along  the  west  side  of 
that  road  with  the  right  of  their  line  at  Lee  and  Gordon's 
Mill.  Forrest's  Cavalry  was  near  Jay's  Mill.  At  that  hour 
Crittenden  was  supposed  by  Bragg  to  be  the  left  of  Rose- 
crans'  army. 

But  Thomas'  and  McCook's  Corps,  the  former  leading,  had 
been  marching  the  entire  night  from  McLemore's  Cove  along 
the  Crawfish  Springs  Road  toward  its  junction  with  the  La 
Fayette  Road  at  Kelly's  Farm.  At  7  o'clock,  Brannan's  Di- 
vision had  passed  this  point  as  far  as  McDonald's,  and,  turn- 
ing there  to  the  right,  had  reached  the  vicinity  of  Jay's  Mill 
in  close  proximity  to  Forrest's  Cavalry,  then  in  line  at  the 
latter  point. 

Baird's  Division  was  formed  between  Kelly's  and  Poe's, 
facing  east,  ready  to  support  Brannan.  Steedman's  Division 
of  Granger's  Corps,  which  had  bivouacked  near  Jay's  Mill, 


34  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

and  skirmished  there  with  Forrest's  picket  line  at  daylight, 
was  being  withdrawn  to  Rossville.  Reynolds'  Division  was 
following  after  Thomas'  column  on  the  Crawfish  Springs 
Road,  and  McCook's  Corps  had  reached  the  vicinity  of 
Crawfish  Springs.  Negley's  Division  of  Thomas'  Corps  was 
near  Glass'  Mill,  confronting  Breckinridge's  Division  on  the 
opposite  bank. 

At  7:30  A.  M.,  Croxton's  Brigade,  the  right  of  Brannan's 
Division,  struck  Forrest  close  to  Jay's  Mill,  and  was  at  once 
sharply  engaged.  A  half-hour  later,  Van  Derveer's  Brigade, 
on  the  left  and  rear  of  Croxton,  moved  rapidly  forward,  and 
the  fighting  became  severe  along  the  lines  of  both  brigades. 
Connell's  Brigade  supported  these  on  the  front  line.  Thus 
opened  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  two  miles  and  a  half 
to  the  right  and  rear  of  the  ground  on  which  Bragg  had  ex- 
pected to  deliver  it. 

Nearly  at  the  same  hour,  J.  Beatty's  and  Stanley's  Brigades 
of  Negley's  Division  were  engaged  with  Helm's  Brigade  of 
Breckinridge's  Division  at  Glass'  Mill,  on  the  Confederate 
left,  nine  miles  distant.  This  was  mainly  an  artillery  con- 
test. It  lasted  till  about  n  o'clock,  when  both  sides  were 
withdrawn,  and  started  for  the  center  of  battle. 

Forrest's  troops  fought  dismounted,  and  with  such  regular 
lines  that  those  opposed  to  them  supposed  they  were  engaged 
with  infantry.  The  battle  had  opened  with  that  desperation 
on  both  sides  which  characterized  it  throughout.  Forrest 
soon  went  in  person  for  support.  Wilson's  Infantry  Brigade 
of  Walker's  Division  was  found  near  Alexander's  and  rushed 
forward.  It  came  into  action  on  Croxton's  right  flank,  and 
his  line  was  faced  south  to  meet  it.  Forrest's  right  was  soon 
struck  by  Van  Derveer's  advance,  and  Forrest  went  for  more 
infantry.  He  found  Ector's  Brigade  of  Walker's  Division 
west  of  Alexander's  and  hurried  it  to  Van  Derveer's  front. 
Before  infantry  support  arrived,  the  cavalry  had  lost  over  a 
quarter  of  those  engaged.  Croxton  and  Wilson  fought 
fiercely,  and  with  varying  success.  Van  Derveer  cleared 


BATTLE    OF   CHICKAMAUGA — FIRST    DAY.  35 

his  front.  Baird's  Division  marched  eastward  from  Kelly's, 
King's  Brigade  relieved  Croxton,  and  Scribner,  on  its  right, 
was  on  the  flank  of  Wilson.  Walthall  and  Govan  were  dis- 
patched from  the  right  rear  of  Bragg's  morning  line  toward 
the  increasing  battle.  Walthall,  forming  with  his  right  at 
the  old  shop  near  Alexander's,  with  Govan  on  his  left,  swept 
to  the  east  of  the  Winfrey  House,  over  the  left  of  Scribner. 
Govan  struck  the  right  of  that  brigade,  captured  its  battery, 
and  forced  it  to  the  rear.  Walthall,  pushing  to  the  next 
ridge  north,  dispersed  King's  Brigade  of  Regulars,  took  its 
guns,  and  drove  its  shattered  lines  north  and  west  over  Van 
Derveer's  Brigade,  and  was  there  checked  and  repulsed. 
The  Ninth  Ohio  Infantry  charged  from  Van  Derveer's  right 
and  recaptured  the  regular  battery.  Govan,  pushing  on, 
was  taken  in  flank  by  Croxton,  who  was  again  advancing, 
and  both  Govan  and  Walthall  retired  in  haste  to  their  right, 
and  formed  behind  Cheatham's  advancing  line.  Bragg's 
whole  morning  formation  was  dissolving,  turning  northward, 
and  being  fast  drawn  into  the  swirling  vortex.  Cheatham's 
Division  had  five  brigades.  It  had  been  the  main  reserve  of 
the  early  array.  With  three  brigades  on  its  first  line  and  two 
on  its  second,  it  moved  into  action  with  the  front  of  a  mile. 
Its  right  was  near  Winfrey's.  Its  advance  swept  back  Stark- 
weather's Brigade  of  Baird,  and  struck  Croxton,  who  was  fol- 
owing  Govan,  from  the  field.  Cheatham's  center  was  in  the 
Brock  Field,  its  left  west  of  it  and  within  400  yards  of  the 
La  Fayette  Road. 

Upon  the  long,  low  ridge  north  of  Cheatham's  right,  it  en- 
countered Johnson's  Division  of  McCook's  Corps,  which  had 
been  ordered  to  Thomas.  After  two  hours'  bitter  fighting, 
in  which  Cheatham's  second  line  advanced  and  relieved  the 
first,  his  right  and  right  center  were  driven  back  until  they 
rested  on  the  high  ground  beyond  Winfrey's.  Palmer's  Di- 
vision, sent -in  haste,  without  orders,  by  Crittenden,  from 
Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill  to  Thomas,  had  marched  up  the  La 
Fayette  Road  to  the  Poe  House,  hastily  formed  its  brigades 


36  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

in  echelons  and  moved  south-east  toward  the  Brock  Field. 
A  few  minutes  after  noon,  it  was  heavily  engaged  with 
Cheatham's  advancing  left.  Hazen's,  Palmer's  left  brigade, 
was  in  touch  with  Johnson's  right,  and  fought  in  the  Brock 
Field  against  Cheatham's  line,  which  it  pushed  back  into  the 
woods  east  of  it.  Cruft's  Brigade  was  on  the  west  line  of 
the  field,  and  Grose's  still  further  to  the  right.  This  whole 
great  field  and  its  vicinity  was  a  seething  arena  of  battle. 

On  the  extreme  left,  Van  Derveer  was  closing  the  fight  in 
that  quarter  by  rapid  and  desperate  work.  Connell's  Brigade 
of  Baird  had  first  assisted  Croxton,  and,  at  the  vital  moment, 
came  with  two  regiments  and  a  full  battery  to  Van  Derveer. 
Forrest,  moving  under  cover  of  the  woods,  had  formed  in  four 
lines  under  the  crest  north  of  Van  Derveer's  left.  But  this 
watchful  officer  discovered  these  at  the  moment  when  the  move 
had  nearly  achieved  success.  Changing  direction  on  a  run,  and 
with  his  own  and  Connell's  Battery  (Church's  First  Michigan) 
on  a  gallop,  the  brigade  whirled  northward  to  the  crest 
toward  which  Forrest's  lines  were  charging.  It  was  almost  a 
hand-to-hand  struggle.  There  were  ten  guns  near  the  center 
of  Van  Derveer's  line.  He  caused  his  left  to  fall  back 
slowly,  fighting  heavily,  until  the  batteries  opened  with 
double-shotted  canister,  at  only  forty  paces,  with  almost  an 
enfilading  fire,  through  Forrest's  lines.  Even  under  this 
these  staggered  forward  into  the  very  flame  of  the  rifles,  and 
with  this  supreme  effort  of  valor  against  lines  which  did  not 
flinch,  they  abandoned  the  contest.  It  was  one  o'clock,  and 
the  battle  on  the  left  had  ended.  Forrest  withdrew  to  the 
vicinity  of  Jay's  Mill  to  reorganize,  and  Walker  reformed 
behind  Cheatham.  About  the  middle  of  the  afternoon, 
Walthall  and  Govan  were  again  in  action  for  a  short  time. 

At  3  o'clock  Johnson  had  established  his  lines  as  far  for- 
ward as  the  Winfrey  House,  and  was  unmolested  until  dusk. 
Reynolds  reached  the  Poe  House  with  his  division  at  i  o'clock, 
and  sent  Turchin  to  Palmer's  left,  and  Edward  King  to  aid 
his  right.  The  left  of  Cheatham  had  been  pushed  back  of 


BATTLE    OF    CHICKAMAUGA FIRST    DAY.  37 

the  Brock  Field,  and  Stewart's  Division  in  column  of  bri- 
gades, Clayton  leading,  Brown  following,  and  Bate  in  the 
rear,  had  entered  the  field  at  its  south-western  corner  soon 
after  noon.  Cheatham's  left  brigade  had  just  been  repulsed. 
Stewart  turned  Clayton  toward  Brotherton's.  After  hot  and 
persistent  fighting,  Brown  took  his  place,  to  become  des- 
perately engaged,  and  be  in  turn,  relieved  by  Bate.  Van 
Cleve,  with  two  of  his  brigades,  had  arrived  at  Brother- 
ton's  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  just  before  Stewart's  appear- 
ance, and  had  repulsed  the  left  brigade  of  Cheatham,  and  cap- 
tured its  battery.  Van  Cleve,  in  turn,  was  first  forced  across 
the  La  Fayette  Road  at  Brotherton's  by  Stewart's  troops,  and 
next  through  and  beyond  the  Dyer  Field,  Clayton  following 
to  the  Tan  Yard.  Bate  had  forced  back  the  Union  line  at 
Poe's,  and  the  Union  center  was  thus  broken  to  a  point  south 
of  Brotherton's.  Palmer,  with  Hazen's  and  Grose's  Brigades, 
came  back  to  the  La  Fayette  Road.  Turchin's  Brigade 
charged  through  the  Brock  Field  upon  the  right  regiment 
(Forty-fourth  Alabama)  of  Law's  Brigade  of  Hood's  Division 
and  repulsed  it.  The  other  regiments  of  Law,  under  com- 
mand of  Col.  W.  C.  Gates  of  the  Fifteenth  Alabama,  became 
engaged  farther  south  on  the  right  of  Bushrod  Johnson's 
Division,  and  moved  with  it  across  the  La  Fayette  Road. 

After  the  fighting  had  ceased  on  the  extreme  left,  Brannan 
and  Baird  had  been  withdrawn  to  the  glade  east  of  McDon- 
ald's. Brannan  was  now  dispatched  to  the  Dyer  Field  to  assist 
in  restoring  the  line.  He  entered  the  northern  part  of  the 
field  just  as  Negley,  who  had  marched  from  Glass'  Mill,  ap- 
peared, moving  toward  it  from  Widow  Glenn's.  That  portion 
of  Stewart's  forces  in  the  Dyer  Field  at  once  withdrew  with 
little  fighting  into  the  forest  east  of  the  La  Fayette  Road. 

Bate  was  still  advancing  northward  toward  Poe's.  On  the 
northern  crest  in  the  Poe  Field,  Reynolds  had  hastily  gathered 
twenty  guns,  and  various  infantry  lines  to  support  them. 
Palmer  assisted  with  his  forces.  As  Bate  advanced  into  the 
open  ground  he  soon  came  close  into  the  face  of  this  array 

461488 


38  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

of  rifles  and  artillery.     His  persistent  advance  was  finally 
repulsed,  and  the  battle  ended  on  the  Union  center. 

On  the  Confederate  left,  about  Viniard's,  a  fierce  battle  had 
been  in  progress  throughout  the  afternoon,  beginning  soon  after 
i  o'clock.  About  12  o'clock,  Davis'  Division  of  McCook's 
Corps,  consisting  of  Carlin's  and  Heg's  Brigades,  Post's  Brigade 
being  with  the  trains,  had  reached  Rosecrans'  headquarters  at 
the  Widow  Glenn's.  He  was  turned  eastward  toward  Vini- 
ard's with  orders  to  develop  the  Confederate  left.  Forming 
south-west  of  Viniard's,  he  crossed  the  La  Fayette  Road  and 
advanced  to  the  edge  of  the  descent  in  the  open  ground  east 
of  it.  Barnes'  Brigade  of  Van  Cleve's  Division,  which  had 
been  left  at  Lee  and  Gordon's,  had  arrived  in  haste  and 
formed  on  Davis'  right.  Wilder's  Brigade,  which  had  been 
observing  the  enemy's  left  since  daylight,  now  moved  up  on 
Davis'  left,  and  at  once  the  whole  line  became  bitterly  en- 
gaged with  Trigg's  Brigade  of  Preston's  Division  and  all  of 
Bushrod  Johnson's  Division.  After  severe  fighting  the  en- 
emy gained  the  Viniard  House,  and  the  Union  line  was 
forced  to  the  west  side  of  the  fields  behind  it.  The  enemy 
was  next  in  turn  driven  back  to  its  lines  of  first  attack, 
whence  they  swept  westward  again.  While  actively  rallying 
his  brigade  from  one  of  these  repulses  Col.  Heg  was  killed. 

It  was  four  o'clock,  and  Davis'  forces  were  suffering  se- 
verely and  were  well-nigh  exhausted  by  the  alternate  ebb  and 
flow  of  the  dreadful  tide.  In  one  of  the  advances  of  the 
Confederates  west  of  the  road,  Wilder  rushed  two  guns  from 
his  left  into  the  head  of  the  low  ground  before  his  front  and 
enfiladed  the  massed  lines  toward  the  Viniard  House,  caus- 
ing general  slaughter. 

At  4  o'clock  Buell's  and  Harker's  Brigades  of  Woods'  Di- 
vision appeared,  coming  at  double  quick  from  Lee  and  Gor- 
don's Mill.  Buell  restored  the  right  of  Davis'  line,  and 
Harker,  pushing  on  to  its  left,  sent  part  of  his  force  north- 
eastward, when  the  engagement  again  became  desperate  on 
his  and  Buell's  fronts.  Wilder  had  enfiladed  the  left  of 


BATTLE    OF    CH1CK.AMAUGA — FIRST    DAY. 


39 


Bushrod  Johnson's  Division  when  it  crossed  the  La  Fayette 
Road  into  the  fields  north  of  the  Viniard  Farm,  and  forced  it 
to  retire.  With  his  two  remaining  regiments  Marker  moved 
rapidly  northward  along  the  La  Fayette  Road,  crossed  to  the 
west  of  it,  and  before  he  was  discovered  fell  upon  the  rear  of 
Fulton's  Brigade,  the  right  of  Bushrod  Johnson's  line,  which  was 
attacking  Van  Cleve's  left  in  the  Brotherton  Field,  and  forced 
its  hasty  withdrawal  into  the  forest  east  of  the  La  Fayette 
Road.  Lastly,  Sheridan  arrived,  having  marched  from  Craw- 
fish Springs  by  Lee  and  Gordon's,  and  with  Bradley's  Brigade 
went  into  action  on  Buell's  right,  and  forced  the  Confederates 
from  its  front.  At  sundown  the  latter  withdrew  and  the  battle 
ended  which  had  raged  here  throughout  the  afternoon  with 
an  intensity  not  exceeded  in  any  part  of  the  field. 

Then  followed  a  short  period  of  absolute  quiet,  when  the 
silence  became  oppressive.  Suddenly  this  was  relieved  by  a 
tornado  of  furious  battle  swelling  up  in  the  gathering  dark- 
ness on  Johnson's  and  Baird's  lines  a  mile  east  of  the  Brother- 
ton  House.  Baird  had  been  sent  forward  in  the  afternoon 
to  strengthen  Johnson's  left,  which  rested  near  the  Winfrey 
House.  Cheatham's  line  was  formed  just  behind  the  crest 
of  the  high  ground  south-east  of  it,  and  had  contented  itself 
after  3  o'clock  with  a  plunging  artillery  fire  upon  Johnson's 
front. 

When  Walker's  Divisions  fell  back  before  Brannan's  and 
Baird's  attacks,  Cleburne's  Division  had  been  sent  from  east 
of  the  Chickamauga  to  attack  from  the  direction  of  Jay's 
Mill.  In  his  haste,  Cleburne  closed  his  columns  and  marched 
them  across  the  river  with  the  water  up  to  the  arm-pits  of  the 
men,  hurried  them  on  to  the  mill,  reached  there  at  6  o'clock, 
immediately  formed,  and  at  once  pressed  forward.  His  line 
struck  on  the  fronts  of  both  Baird's  and  Johnson's  Divis- 
ions, and  a  battle  broke  out  in  the  darkness,  in  which  each 
side  was  guided  only  by  the  flashes  of  the  opposing  guns. 
The  two  right  brigades  of  Cheatham's  line  followed  Cleburne 
in  his  advance.  The  Union  divisions  had  just  received  or- 


40  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

ders  to  withdraw  toward  Kelly's  when  this  attack  opened. 
After  an  hour's  confused  fighting,  in  which  the  Confederates 
lost  Preston  Smith,  and  the  Union  forces  Colonel  Baldwin, 
each  commanding  brigades,  Baird  and  Johnson  withdrew 
from  under  fire,  and  marched  to  the  Kelly  Field  to  bivouac, 
while  Cleburne's  men  and  his  wounded,  soaked  in  the  cold 
water  of  the  river,  lay  down  on  the  frosty  ground  without 
fires  to  wait  for  the  morning. 

As  the  result  of  the  long  day's  fierce  battle,  Rosecrans  had 
pounded  his  lines  into  position  between  Bragg  and  Chat- 
tanooga. 


THE    SECOND    DAY'S    BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA.  41 


CHAPTER    V. 

THE    SECOND    DAY'S    BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA,    SUNDAY,    SEP- 
TEMBER   20,    1863. 

There  was  busy  re-arrangement  of  the  lines  on  both  sides 
during  Saturday  night,  and  the  early  morning  of  Sunday. 
With  the  exception  of  two  brigades,  Post's,  with  the  trains, 
and  Lytle's,  which  had  remained  at  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill, 
Gen.  Rosecrans  had  put  every  available  man  into  Saturday's 
engagement.  On  the  other  side,  Gen.  Bragg  had  Breckin- 
ridge's,  Hindman's,  and  Kershaw's  Divisions,  Gracie's  and 
Kelly's  Brigades  of  Preston's  Division,  and  Gist's  of  Wal- 
ker's, none  of  which  had  been  engaged  on  Saturday.  Gen. 
Longstreet  in  person  arrived  at  1 1  P.  M.  The  army  was  then 
divided  into  right  and  left  wings,  Polk  being  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  right,  and  Longstreet  to  the  left.  Bragg's 
army  had  fought  after  a  fair  night's  rest.  The  Union  troops 
in  greater  part  had  marched  all  night  before  the  battle  and 
fought  through  the  day  without  breakfast.  To  offset  these 
disadvantages,  the  Union  lines  had  the  best,  position,  being 
in  the  main  on  higher  ground,  and  the  circumstances  com- 
pelling the  Confederates  to  attack. 

The  La  Fayette  Road  was  again  to  be  the  prize  of  battle, 
and  Bragg's  plan  of  thrusting  his  columns  beyond  the  Union 
left,  and  between  it  and  Chattanooga,  still  controlled  in 
arranging  his  lines.  The  troops  from  the  Union  right  near 
Viniard's,  and  Lytle's  Brigade  from  Lee  and  Gordon's,  were 
brought  back  to  the  high  ground  near  Widow  Glenn's. 
The  Union  center  was  in  rear  of  the  Brotherton  Field,  and 
the  left,  crossing  to  the  east  side  of  the  La  Fayette  Road  be- 
tween Poe's  and  Kelly's,  ran  around  the  south  and  east  sides 


THE    SECOND    DAY'S    BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA.  43 

of  the   Kelly  Field,  and  half  way  back  to  the  road  along  its 
northern  border. 

A  glance  at  the  map  at  the  opening  of  this  chapter  will 
show  the  arrangement  of  divisions  on  Rosecrans'  line.  Be- 
ginning at  the  left,  Baird's,  Johnson's,  Palmer's  and  Rey- 
nolds' were  east  of  the  La  Fayette  Road,  Brannan's  next 
west  of  it  along  the  western  side  of  the  Poe  Field,  Negley 
west  of  Brotherton's,  and  Sheridan  in  front  of  Widow  Glenn's. 
Wilder's  Brigade  of  mounted  infantry,  with  Harrison's  Regi- 
ment, also  mounted,  were  on  the  high  ground  to  the  right 
and  rear  of  Sheridan.  Van  Cleve's,  Woods',  and  Davis'  Di- 
visions were,  at  an  early  hour,  in  rear  of  the  center  waiting 
for  the  final  adjustment  of  the  front  line.  Bragg's  line  over- 
lapped Rosecrans'  by  a  full  division  on  the  Union  right,  and 
two  brigades  and  a  full  division  on  its  left,  besides  the 
mounted  division  of  Forrest's  Corps  still  to  the  right  of  Arm- 
strong's, which  latter  was  dismounted. 

•Bragg's  line,  beginning  on  his  right,  ran  by  divisions,  as 
follows :  Forrest,  with  two  divisions  of  cavalry,  Pegram's 
and  Armstrong's,  was  east  of  Cloud's.  Breckinridge,  Cle- 
burne,  and  Stewart  covered  the  east  and  south  lines  of  the 
Kelly  Field,  and  the  east  line  of  the  Poe  Field,  Walker's  two 
divisions  were  in  reserve  in  rear  of  Breckinridge,  and  Cheat- 
ham's  five  brigades  in  rear  of  Cleburne.  Bushrod  Johnson 
was  posted  with  his  center  700  yards  east  of  Brotherton's, 
and,  with  Law's  and  Kershaw's  Divisions  directly  in  rear  of 
his  own,  formed  a  central  column  of  three  divisions.  Hind- 
man  was  on  the  left  of  Johnson,  and  Preston  on  the  extreme 
left,  east  and  south  of  Viniard's.  Stewart's  Division  was  the 
right  of  Longstreet's  wing,  and  Cleberne's  the  left  of  Folk's. 
Stewart's  and  Johnson's  fronts  were  protected  by  rude  de- 
fenses. The  Union  line  throughout  was  covered  by  rough 
barricades  of  rails,  logs,  stones,  and  stumps.  These  barri- 
cades around  the  Kelly  Field  were  of  considerable  strength, 
but  elsewhere  the  protection  of  the  Union  lines  was  slight. 
No  rifle-pits  were  dug  on  any  part  of  them. 


44  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Before  the  battle  opened,  Dodge's  Brigade  of  Johnson's 
Division  was  transferred  to  Baird's  left,  but  this  did  not  ex- 
tend his  flank  more  than  half  way  to  the  La  Fayette  Road. 
Gen.  Thomas  was  using  most  energetic  means  to  obtain  a 
division  from  the  center  to  prolong  Baird's  left  along  the 
crest  to  the  high  ground  on  the  La  Fayette  Road  north  of 
McDonald's,  when  the  battle  opened,  about  9:30  o'clock,  by 
the  advance  of  Breckinridge's  Division  upon  Baird's  position. 
At  the  moment,  John  Beatty's  Brigade  was  being  stretched 
in  thin  line  from  Baird's  left  toward  the  McDonald  house. 

Bragg  was  bitterly  disappointed  by  non-compliance  with 
his  orders  for  an  attack  at  daylight  by  his  right,  to  be  taken 
up  successively  toward  the  left  by  divisions.  This  delay  was 
of  the  greatest  consequence  to  the  Union  forces. 

Breckinridge's  Division  moved  from  a  line  about  700  yards 
east  of  the  glade  in  front  of  Baird's  position.  His  left 
brigade  was  Helm's  ;  his  center,  Stovall's  ;  and  right,  Adams'. 
Two  regiments  of  Helm's  left  and  three  companies  of  the 
next  one  struck  on  the  salient  at  Baird's  left,  and  were  shat- 
tered. At  the  same  time,  in  advancing,  they  were  enfiladed 
by  the  salient  at  Baird's  right.  Helm  was  mortally  wounded 
while  rallying  his  line  in  its  recoil  from  this  terrible  blow.  The 
whole  brigade  suffered  greatly,  but  two  regiments  and  seven 
companies  of  the  third  from  the  right  passed  by  the  Union 
front  and  into  its  rear  as  far  as  the  La  Fayette  Road.  Here 
this  right  of  Helm  met  stubborn  resistance  from  the  thin  line 
of  John  Beatty's  Brigade,  which  just  before  had  been  still 
more  attenuated  by  the  attempt  to  stretch  it  out  to  the  Mc- 
Donald House  and  with  it  cover  nearly  a  division  space. 
Two  of  Beatty's  guns  were  captured,  and  his  brigade  hope- 
lessly confused,  but  he  himself,  with  what  he  could  gather, 
rode  to  Snodgrass  Hill  and  rendered  most  valuable  service 
till  the  close  of  the  battle.  But  Helm's  (now  Lewis')  Brigade 
had  also  been  so  badly  broken  as  to  necessitate  its  with- 
drawal. Its  loss  in  this  assault  was  one  man  in  three. 

Stovall  and  Adams,  however,  kept  on.     They  reached  the 


THE    SECOND    DAY'S    BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA.  45 

La  Fayette  Road  without  opposition.  They  had  passed  the 
Union  left,  and  were  three  hundred  yards  in  its  rear,  and 
still  beyond  the  position  from  which  they  had  moved  was  a 
division  of  Forrest's  Cavalry  dismounted,  and  beyond  that  a 
mounted  division — so  largely  overlapped  on  this  flank  was 
the  Union  line. 

Breckinridge  had  only  to  swing  his  two  brigades  to  the  left 
when  a  short  advance  .would  take  him  into  the  Kelly  Field. 
This  move  he  made.  Facing  south  with  the  road  between 
his  brigades,  he  moved  forward.  StovalPs  left  struck  the  left 
of  Baird  and  was  checked.  Stanley's  Brigade  of  Negley's 
Division  had  arrived  in  haste  from  the  center,  formed  across 
Adams'  pathway,  and  stopped  him  also  by  hard  blows.  At 
that  moment,  Stanley's  .Brigade  was  ordered  to  the  left  toward 
Snodgrass  Hill.  At  the  same  instant  Stovall  had  struggled 
by  the  hot  fire  on  the  left  of  Baird,  and  burst  full  into  the 
Kelly  Field  from  its  northern  border.  Adams,  too,  found 
his  way  open  along  the  line  which  Stanley  had  blocked,  and 
he,  too,  advanced  again.  It  seemed  as  if  the  Union  left  was 
fatally  enveloped.  It  lines  around  the  field  could  not  stir,  for 
Cleburne  was  assaulting  from  the  east,  and  Stewart  from  the 
east  and  south.  The  balls  which  missed  these  fronts  were 
falling  fast  all  over  the  west  side  of  the  field.  Suddenly,  a 
brigade  deployed  in  two  lines,  rushed  out  of  the  forest  on 
the  west  side  of  the  field  just  north  of  the  Kelly  House, 
whirled  into  the  face  of  Stovall,  and  laid  its  lines  down  less 
than  a  hundred  yards  from  his  advance.  The  front  line  of 
this  Union  brigade  fired  a  full  volley,  and  Stovall  was 
checked.  The  rear  line  sprang  to  its  feet,  charged  over  the 
front  on  a  run,  and  Stovall  broke.  The  first  line  followed 
the  second  in  the  charge,  and  the  enemy  was  driven  back 
around  the  Union  left.  Adams,  with  his  flank  exposed  and 
enfiladed,  had  retired  with  Stovall.  All  this  time  the  whole 
line  of  four  divisions  around  the  field  was  under  furious 
and  most  courageous  assault  from  Cleburne  and  Stewart. 
But  these  latter  found  themselves  powerless  to  cross  the 


THE    SECOND    DAY'S    BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA.  47 

Union  line  of  low  works,  for  whenever  successive  Confed- 
erate assaults  were  delivered,  all  who  could  crowd  up  to  the 
log-works  fired,  and  all  who  could  not  lay  down  behind  them, 
loaded  rifles,  and  passed  them  up  to  those  who  could.  The 
Confederate  officers  describe  the  fire  they  here  encountered 
as  an  unbroken  stream  of  lead.  In  one  of  these  assaults, 
Gen.  Deshler,  who  commanded  one  of  Cleburne's  Brigades, 
was  killed,  and  Col.  Roger  Q.  Mills  succeeded  him. 

It  was  Van  Derveer's  Brigade  of  Brannan's  Division  that 
had  saved  the  Union  left  almost  as  by  a  miracle.  It  was  at 
a  heavy  cost  of  men,  and  the  severity  of  the  fire  may  be 
judged  by  the  fact  that  every  horse  in  the  brigade  but  two 
was  disabled  %in  the  short  charge. 

Thomas  had  sent  for  Brannan's  Division,  which,  by  agree- 
ment at  the  council  the  night  before,  was  to  be  left  as  a 
movable  reserve,  but  which,  without  Thomas'  knowledge, 
had  been  moved  before  daylight  into  the  front  line  at  Poe's. 
At  the  moment  the  order  to  go  to  Thomas  arrived,  the  attack 
of  Stewart  on  Brannan's  front  was  opening.  Hastily  con- 
sulting with  Gen.  Reynolds,  near  him,  and  both  agreeing,  he 
stood  fast  awaiting  attack,  and  sent  word  to  Rosecrans  of  the 
situation,  asking  if  he  should  go  in  spite  of  the  surroundings. 
Meantime,  in  partial  compliance  with  the  order,  he  dis- 
patched his  reserve  brigade  (Van  Derveer's).  The  latter  was 
proceeding  under  orders  to  report  to  Baird,  when  suddenly, 
with  its  lines  in  the  underbrush,  it  received  an  enfilading 
fire  from  Adams  and  Stovall.  Van  Derveer  rushed  his 
line  into  the  open,  handled  them  as  above  described,  and 
the  position  was  saved. 

But  while  Van  Derveer  was  clearing  the  Union  left  with 
his  brigade,  Longstreet  with  his  column  of  three  divisions 
from  the  forest  east  of  Brotherton's  was  moving  through  the 
Union  center,  and  dire  calamity  there  seemed  unavoidable. 

Negley's  Division,  which  held  the  line  west  of  the  Brother- 
ton  Field,  had  been  replaced  by  Wood  shortly  before  the 
order  reached  Brannan  to  report  to  Thomas  at  the  left,  as 


THE    SECOND    DAY'S    BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA.  49 

before  related.  Rosecrans,  supposing  Brannan  would  move 
at  once  under  the  order,  sent  directions  to  Wood  on  his  right 
to  close  up  rapidly  on  Reynolds  and  support  him.  Brannan, 
not  having  left  the  line,  and  Reynolds  being  to  the  left  of 
Brannan,  Wood  moved  rapidly  into  the  rear  of  Brannan  and 
toward  Reynolds.  At  this  moment,  Longstreet's  attack  was 
delivered,  and  Bushrod  Johnson's  Division  burst  through  the 
opening  left  by  Wood.  BuelFs,  Wood's  right  brigade,  was 
caught  while  thus  marching  by  the  flank  and  broken  up. 
Davis'  Division,  to  the  right  and  rear  of  Wood,  was  hurried 
toward  the  gap,  and  Rosecrans  galloped  to  the  Widow 
Glenn's  to  rush  Sheridan  also  to  the  center.  But  the  dis- 
aster could  not  be  repaired.  Laws'  Division,  following 
Johnson's,  had  turned  toward  the  right  against  Brannan  at 
Poe's.  and  the  left  of  Stewart  also  bore  down  on  Brannan's 
left.  His  division  fought  stubbornly,  but  Johnson  was  soon 
full  on  its  flank,  and  it  was  forced  to  abandon  its  line. 

Meantime,  Wood,  seeing  Hood's  forces  moving  north 
through  the  Dyer  Fields,  performed  an  act  which  ranks,  as  a 
vital  move,  with  that  of  Van  Derveer's  in  the  Kelly  Field. 
Harker's  Brigade,  which  had  proceeded  well  toward  the  left 
in  rear  of  Brannan  when  Longstreet  attacked,  was  hurried 
back  into  the  Dyer  Field  in  front  of  Hood's  advance,  taking 
position  on  the  crest  which  crosses  that  field  near  its  northern 
limits,  and  there  awaited  Hood.  La\ys'  Division  was  in  ad- 
vance. Harker  first  checked  it  by  fierce  musketry,  and  then 
charged  down  into  its  face,  forcing  it  back  into  the  woods, 
and  so  disabling  it  that  it  was  not  again  brought  into  action. 
One  of  its  regiments,  however,  the  Fifteenth  Alabama,  Col. 
W.  C.  Gates,  subsequently  joined  Kershaw's  advance. 

This  check  enabled  Brannan  to  form  his  line  with  some  de- 
liberation in  rear  of  Harker  on  Snodgrass  Hill.  When 
Harker  was  at  length  pushed  back  by  Kershaw's  Division 
advancing  over  Law's,  he  took  position  on  the  low  open  crest 
to,  Brannan's  left,  and  Snodgrass  Hill  became  the  Union 
right.  Next  on  the  right  of  Harker,  Stanley's  Brigade  of 


52  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Negley's  Division  formed,  and  to  its  right  were  Brannan's 
troops.  On  his  extreme  right  Brannan  formed  the  Twenty- 
first  Ohio  of  nearly  800  men  of  Sirwell's  Brigade,  which 
Negley  had  sent  to  him  before  abandoning  the  field. 

All  to  the  right  of  Brannan  on  the  original  line  had  been 
swept  off  the  field.  Davis'  and  Sheridan's  Divisions,  while 
hastening  to  the  left  to  close  the  gap  caused  by  Wood's  with- 
drawal, were  attacked  in  front  and  on  their  right  by  Hind- 
man's  Division,  and  on  their  left  by  Bushrod  Johnson's. 
Gen.  Lytle  was  killed  in  a  supreme  effort  to  face  these  lines 
with  his  brigade.  This  right  composed  of  five  brigades  was 
pushed  off  the  field  without  fault  of  their  own,  and  continued 
in  much  confusion  to  McFarland's  Gap.  From  this  point, 
Davis,  hearing  that  Thomas  was  steadfast  on  the  field, 
upon  receiving  a  request  from  him  through  a  staff  officer, 
turned  back  to  join  him.  Sheridan,  declining  to  regard  this 
request,  moved  on  to  Rossville,  and  thence  by  the  La  Fayette 
Road  toward  Thomas.  He  reached  Cloud's  at  dusk.  Two 
corps  of  the  enemy  then  held  the  road  between  that  point 
and  Thomas,  and  Sheridan  returned  to  Rossville. 

Negley's  Division,  as  has  been  seen,  was  early  divided. 
John  Beatty's  Brigade  had  been  sent  at  8  o'clock  to  the  left 
of  Baird,  Negley  himself  had  followed  later  with  Stanley's 
Brigade,  and  returned  under  orders  to  gather  all  artillery  at 
hand  in  rear  of  the  line,  and  post  it  on  the  high  ground  over- 
looking Baird's  left.  About  fifty  guns  were  collected,  and 
conducted,  instead,  to  the  ridge  occupied  later  by  Gordon 
Granger's  troops,  and  stationed  on  Gen.  Brannan's  right, 
with  considerable  infantry  support.  Very  soon,  and  before 
they  were  directly  attacked,  the  whole  was  ordered  to  the 
rear  by  Gen.  Negley,  and  marched  to  Rossville. 

Gens.  Rosecrans,  Crittenden,  and  McCook  had  been  cut 
off  by  the  break  at  the  center,  and  borne  off  the  field  in  the 
confused  retreat  of  the  right.  Rosecrans  proceeded  to  Chat- 
tanooga and  Thomas  came  into  command  on  the  field. 


THE    SECOND    DAY'S     BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA.  53 

Returning  to  the  break  in  the  center:  While  Hood's  Di- 
visions were  sweeping  northward  toward  the  Snodgrass 
House  through  the  eastern  side  of  the  Dyer  Field  and  the 
adjoining  woods,  Bushrod  Johnson  turned  to  the  right  to- 
ward the  ridge  on  the  western  side  of  the  field.  On  its 
crest  he  captured  fifteen  guns  which  had  been  hastily  gath- 
ered there,  reaching  them  before  they  could  do  much  execu- 
tion. After  reforming  his  line,  he  soon  moved  over  this 
ridge,  and  arranged  his  forces  to  assault  Snodgrass  Hill. 
With  his  left  at  the  Viditoe  House,  and  Anderson's  Brigade 

'  O 

of  Hindman's  Division  on  his  right,  his  line  reached  around 
the  base  of  Horseshoe  Ridge  half  way  to  the  Snodgrass 
House,  and  joined  the  left  of  Kershaw's  Brigade,  which 
further  extended  the  line  to  the  road  running  up  to  that 
house.  Humphrey's  Brigade  of  Kershaw's  Division  formed 
the  right  of  the  assaulting  lines,  and  faced  the  open  crest  be- 
yond the  house  where  Harker  had  taken  final  stand  on  the 
left  of  Brannan.  The  Union  right  rested  above  this  array 
on  the  crest  of  the  Horseshoe.  It  consisted  of  three  brig- 
ades and  one  battery,  with  no  reserve^ 

While  two  Confederate  divisions  are  preparing  to  assault 
and  envelop  that  short  line,  there  will  be  time  to  again  con- 
sider the  Union  left  around  the  Kelly  Field. 

Forrest's  Cavalry,  in  front  of  Cloud's,  had  moved  forward 
before  noon  and  captured  the  Union  hospitals  at  the  church 
and  about  the  spring.  Cleburne  and  Stewart  had  fought  bit- 
terly but  unsuccessfully  until  i  o'clock.  Walker's  two  divis- 
ions (Gist's  and  Liddell's)  had  replaced  Breckinridge,  and  at 
noon  Gist's  Division  assaulted  where  Helm  had  been  repulsed. 
Col.  Peyton  H.  Colquitt,  commanding  a  brigade,  was  killed, 
and  the  division  repulsed.  The  troops  of  Liddell,  in  turn, 
advanced,  and  their  leading  brigade  was  also  driven  back. 
Then,  from  i  o'clock, till. nearly  sunset,  there  was  no  fighting 
of  moment  along  the  Kelly  Field  front.  The  eight  divisions, 
four  on  each  side,  facing  each  other  there,  and  the  Confed- 
erate reserves,  rested  on  their  arms  and  listened  hour  after 


THE    SECOND    DAY'S    BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA.  55 

hour  to  the  terrible  pendulum  swings  of  Longstreet's  con- 
stantly repeated  assaults  on  Snodgrass  Hill.  From  2  till  3 
o'clock,  Bushrod  Johnson's  and  Kershaw's  Divisions,  with 
Anderson's  Brigade  of  Hindman,  struggled  unremittingly 
against  the  short  line  on  the  crest,  Before  the  hour  ended, 
half  of  Brannan's  troops  were  out  of  ammunition  and  stand- 
ing behind  their  bayonets,  and  the  left  of  Johnson  had  ad- 
vanced and  was  crossing  the  crest  which  Negley  had  vacated 
on  their  right.  Then  help  came  to  this  line  at  bay  as  unex- 
pectedly as  if  dropped  from  heaven.  Gordon  Granger  with 
Steedman's  Division,  and  Dan  McCook's  Brigade  of  J.  D. 
Morgan's  Division  at  McAfee's  Church,  over  three  miles 
away,  had  been  "impatiently  listening  to  the  terrific  firing 
about  the  Horseshoe.  At  noon,  he  decided  to  march  there 
without  orders;  and,  just  as  the  situation  was  full  of  gloom 
for  Thomas,  the  head  of  Steedman's  Division  reached  him. 
The  column  marched  hastily  into  the  ravine  back  of  the  Snod- 
grass House,  attacked  the  line  crossing  the  crest  to  Brannan's 
rear,  drove  it  back  by  fighting  which  cost  at  least  a  third 
of  those  engaged,  occupied  the  crest  on  Brannan  s  right,  and 
extended  Thomas'  line  to  the  crest  overlooking  the  road  to 
Rossville.  Besides  this  welcome  service,  it  divided  its  am- 
munition with  Brannan's  men.  To  make  the  relief  still 
greater  and  sufficient,  Van  Derveer's  Brigade,. intact,  arrived 
at  the  same  moment  from  its  charge  upon  Breckinridge  in 
the  Kelly  Field.  Like  Granger's  command,  it  had  marched 
without  orders  toward  the  sound  of  the  guns.  It  formed  on 
Steedman's  left,  ascended  the  ridge,  and  made  Brannan's 
thinned  right  a  solid  line  again. 

At  3  o'clock,  Maingauit's  and  Deas'  Brigades  of  Hindman's 
Division  had  formed  near  Viditoe's,  on  the  left  of  Johnson, 
and  three  full  divisions  began  a  fresh  assault.  Johnson 
gained  the  extremity  of  a  spur  above  the  Viditoe  House 
with  Fulton's  and  part  of  Maingault's  Brigades,  and  estab- 
lished two  batteries  there.  At  all  other  points,  this  most  des- 
perate assault,  or  rather  series  of  assaults,  failed.  At  3 


56  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

o'clock,  Preston's  large  division,  two-  brigades  of  which  had 
not  yet  been  engaged  either  day  of  the  battle,  was  hurried 
up  to  Brotherton's  from  Hall's  Ford,  and  sent  over  at  4 
o'clock  to  Snodgrass  Hill.  At  4:30,  it  relieved  Kershaw's 
Brigade,  and  assaulted  on  Stanley's  and  Brannan's  fronts, 
many  of  Kershaw's  troops  marching  with  it,  and  Johnson  and 
Hindman  advancing  simultaneously.  Gracie's  Brigade  car- 
ried the  salient  spur  of  Stanley's  line,  and  held  its  outer  point 
an  hour,  being  at  length  driven  down  by  a  charge  led  by  Lt.- 
Col.  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  of  the  Eighteenth  Ohio,  assisted  by 
the  Nineteenth  Illinois,  Lt.-Col.  A.  W.  Raffner,  on  its  right, 
and  the  Twenty-second  Michigan,  Lt.-Col.  Melvin  Mudge, 
on  its  left.  Like  the  other  assaults,  at  the  end  of  an  hour 
and  a  half,  this  last,  the  fiercest  of  all,  was  beaten  back.  It 
is  doubtful  whether  the  history  of  wars  affords  a  severer  test 
of  soldierly  courage  and  endurance  than  was  shown  by  these 
continuing  Confederate  assaults,  from  2  o'clock  till  sundown, 
over  slopes  which  successive  failures  had  thickly  strewn  with 
dead  and  wounded  comrades.  Of  the  single  line  which 
faced  such  soldiers,  with  scarce  a  semblance  of  works,  and 
at  times  with  empty  barrels,  till  darkness  gathered  and  the 
battle  was  done,  it  need  only  be  said,  for  men  and  officers 
alike,  that  they  were  found  equal  to  the  tremendous  require- 
ments of  the  hour.  • 

At  the  close  of  this  final  attack,  Steedman's  Division, 
which,  with  the  rest  of  the  line,  had  sustained  persistent  as- 
saults, was  out  of  ammunition,  and  was  withdrawn  at  sunset 
to  the  ridge  in  its  rear.  An  hour  later,  it  marched  to  Mc- 
Farland's  Gap,  and  thence  to  Rossville.  It  was  almost  im- 
mediately followed  over  the  crest  to  the  foot  of  the  slope 
where  its  lines  had  been,  and  there  the  Confederate  left  flank 
halted. 

Three  regiments,  the  Twenty-first  and  Eighty-ninth  Ohio 
and  Twenty-second  Michigan,  which  were  on  the  left  of 
Whittaker's  Brigade,  did  not  receive  notice  to  withdraw  with 
him,  and  were  almost  bodily  captured  at  dusk  by  Trigg's  Bri- 


THE    SECOND    DAYS    BATTLE    AT    CHICKAMAUGA.  57 

gade,  the  left  of  Preston's  Division,  crossing  the  ridge  to 
their  right  and  turning  into  their  rear,  while  Kelly's  Brigade 
of  the  same  division  advanced  on  their  front.  A  similar  at- 
tempt by  the  same  Confederate  brigades  to  capture  Van  Der- 
veer's  Brigade,  next  on  the  left  of  these  and  constituting  the 
right  of  Brannan,  was  discovered  and  repulsed. 

The  fighting  having  ceased,  Wood's  and  Brannan's  lines 
were  withdrawn  from  Snodgrass  Hill,  the  movement  begin- 
ning on  the  left  of  Harker  at  7  o'clock,  and  ending  at  8 
o'clock  on  the  right  of  Brannan,  at  the  present  observation 
tower,  the  whole  passing  through  McFarland's  Gap  to  Ross- 
ville. 

The  withdrawal  of  the  line  about  the  Kelly  Field  was. or- 
dered by  Gen.  Thomas  at  5:30  o'clock.  Reynolds'  Division 
began  the  movement  by  marching  north  by  the  flank  on  the 
La  Fayette  Road  to  the  northern  limits  of  the  Kelly  Field, 
there  filing  to  the  left  in  the  woods,  facing  north,  and  encoun- 
tering LiddelPs  Division,  as  related  on  p.  200,  thence  turning 
westward  to  the  first  high  ground,  where  Willich,  following, 
also  formed,  the  two  together  composing  the  covering  force 
for  the  rest  of  the  Kelly  Field  line  as  it  left  the  position. 

Palmer's  Division  followed  Reynolds.  It  was  half  way 
across  the  Kelly  Field  before  the  Confederate  skirmishers  of 
a  general  advance  appeared  at  the  breastworks  which  Palmer 
had  left.  His  line  was  there  subjected  to  a  heavy  artillery  fire 
from  each  flank,  but  it  was  soon  in  order  after  reaching  the 
forest  west  of  the  La  Fayette  Road. 

Johnson's  and  Baird's  Divisions  were  sustaining  a  heavy 
attack  just  as  the  order  went  to  them  to  withdraw.  This 
general  advance  of  Bragg's  right  had  been  ordered  at  3 
o'clock.  It  did  not  begin  till  nearly  sundown.  These  re- 
maining Union  divisions,  the  last  on  the  line,  bore  the 
whole  brunt  of  this  attack.  But,  though  fired  upon  from  in 
front  and  on  both  flanks,  and  thrown  into  much  confusion, 
ther  reached  the  west  side  of  the  field  in  such  condition  as 


58  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

enabled  them  thereafter  to  move  in  order  and  follow  the 
Union  column  to  McFarland's  Gap. 

Arriving  at  Rossville,  the  whole  army,  with  the  exception 
of  the  remnants  of  Van  Cleve's  Division,  which  were  sent  to 
Chattanooga,  was  placed  in  position  in  Rossville  Gap,  and  on 
Missionary  Ridge  to  the  right  and  left  of  it,  and  across  the 
valley  to  Lookout.  At  daylight,  the  object  of  the  withdrawal 
was  revealed  by  the  fact  that  the  Union  army  again  stood 
across  Bragg's  pathway  to  Chattanooga.  It  remained  in  po- 
sition throughout  the  2ist.  At  midnight,  it  marched  on  to 
Chattanooga.  On  Tuesday,  September  22d,  its  lines  were 
solidly  formed  around  the  city,  and  the  prize  of  the  cam- 
paign was  won. 

A  brief  consideration  of  the  relative  strength  and  losses 
of  each  army  properly  closes  this  chapter. 

Gen.  Rosecrans  had  crossed  the  Tennessee  with  an  effect- 
ive force  of  all  arms  equipped  for  duty  of  a  few  hundred 
more  than  60,000.  Of  this  number  Wagner's  Brigade,  with 
2,061  effectives,  held  Chattanooga,  leaving  the  Union  force 
in  front  of  Bragg  slightly  less  than  58,000.  It  was  several 
thousand  less  at  the  battle,  Post's  Brigade  of  Davis'  Division 
and  three  regiments  of  infantry  and  one  battery  being  en- 
gaged in  guarding  supply  trains.  This  made  eight  regiments 
of  infantry  absent.  A  small  part  of  the  Union  cavalry  was 
severely  engaged,  while  most  of  Forrest's  cavalry  fought  as  in- 
fantry and  was  desperately  engaged  the  first  day.  A  maxi- 
mum figure  for  Gen.  Rosecrans'  force  in  action  that  day  would 
be  55,000. 

It  is  difficult  to  arrive  at  Gen.  Bragg's  force.  He  reported 
it  a  week  after  the  battle  as  38,846  effectives.  At  the  same 
time  he  reported  his  losses  at  18,000,  which  would  make  his 
strength  at  the  battle  56,846. 

In  a  letter  from  Gen.  Lee  to  President  Davis,  dated  Sep- 
tember 14,  1863,  tne  following  figures  of  Bragg's  actual  and 
prospective  strength  are  thus  stated  : 

"  If  the  report  sent  to   me  by  Gen.  Cooper  since  my  re- 


THE    SECOND    DAY  S    BATTLE    AT    CH1CKAMAUGA.  59 

turn  from  Richmond  is  correct,  Gen,  Bragg  had,  on  the  2oth 
of  August  last,  51,101  effective  men;  Gen.  Buckner,  16, 118. 
He  was  to  receive  from  Gen.  Johnson  9,000.  His  total  force 
will,  therefore,  be  76,219,  as  large  a  number  as  I  presume 
he  can  operate  with.  This  is  independent  of  the  local  troops, 
which,  you  may  recollect,  he  reported  as  exceeding  his  ex- 
pectations." 

Gen.  Bragg,  after  the  battle,  reported  Longstreet's  force, 
which  was  not  included  by  Lee,  at  5,000.  This,  according 
to  the  figures  furnished  Gen.  Lee,  gave  Bragg  81,219.  Ac- 
cording to  Gen.  Johnson's  correspondence,  after  he  had  sent 
9,000  to  Bragg,  he  subsequently  dispatched  him  two  small 
brigades,  and  these  latter  reached  him  the  day  before  the 
battle. 

The  absence  of  specific  reports  makes  it  impossible  to 
reconcile  these  discrepencies. 

Some  of  the  figures  of  the  remarkable  losses  on  each  side 
will  be  found  on  pages  227,  229. 

The  battle  was  desperate  from  the  moment  it  opened  till 
its  close.  For  the  most  part  the  lines  fought  at  close  range 
and,  in  the  countless  assaults,  often  hand  to  hand.  On  the 
first  day  there  were  no  field  works  of  any  kind.  On  the 
second,  Thomas  was  protected  on  portions  of  his  line  by 
such  rude  barricades  as  could  be  hastily  thrown  together. 
Brannan  and  Steedman  were  without  a  semblance  of  works. 
The  battle  in  the  main,  on  both  sides,  was  dogged,  stand-up 
fighting,  far  within  the  limits  of  point-blank  range.  For  the 
second  day,  on  the  Confederate  side,  the  contest  was  "one 
continued  series  of  brave  and  magnificent  assaults. 


60  THE     NATIONAL     MILITARY    PARK. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CTMBERLAND,  COM- 
MANDED BY  MAJ.-GEN.  WILLIAM  S.  ROSECRANS,  AT  THE 
BATTLE  OF  CHICKAMAUGA,  GA.,  SEPTEMBER  19  AND  20. 
1863.  

[Roster  compiled  by  Hon.  J.  W.  KIRKLEY,  Board  of  Publication  of  War  Records.] 


GENERAL  HEADQUARTERS. 

ist  Battalion  Ohio  Sharpshooters. 

loth  Ohio  Infantry,  Lieut. -Col.  William  M.  Ward. 

i5th  Pennsylvania  Cavalry,  Col.  Wm.  J.  Palmer. 

FOURTEENTH  ARMY  CORPS. 
Maj.-Gen.  GEORGE  H.  THOMAS. 

GENERAL    HEADQUARTERS. 

Provost-Guard. 
9th  Michigan  Infantry,*  Col.  John  G.  Parkhurst. 

Escort. 
ist  Ohio  Cavalry,  Company  L,  Capt.  John  D.  Barker. 


FIRST  DIVISION  (FOURTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  ABSALOM  BAIRD. 
First  Brigade.  Second  Brigj.de. 

Col.  BENJAMIN  F.  SCRIBNER.  Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  C.  STARKWEATHER. 

38th  Indiana, Lieut.  -Col.  Daniel  F.  Griffin.    24th  Illinois: 
ad  Ohio:  Col.  Geza  Mihalotzy. 

Lieut. -Col.  Obadiah  C.  Maxwell.  Capt.  August  Mauff. 

Maj.  William  T.  Beatty.  ypth  Pennsylvania,  Col.  Henry  A.  Ham- 

Capt.  James  Warnock.  bright. 

33d  Ohio,  Col.  Oscar  F.  Moore.  ist  Wisconsin,  Lieut. -Col.  George  B.  Bing- 

94th  Ohio,  Maj.  Rue  P.  Hutchins.  ham. 

loth  Wisconsin  :  2ist  Michigan  : 

Lieut.-Col.  John  H.  Ely.  Licut.-Col.  Harrison  C.  Hobart. 

Capt.  Jacob  W.  Roby.  Capt.  Charles  H.  Walker, 

ist  Michigan,  Light  Battery  A  :  Indiana  Light,  4th  Battery  : 

Lieut.  George  W.  Van  Pelt.  Lieut.  David  Flansburg. 

Lieut.  Almerick  W.  Wilbur.  Lieut.  Henry  J.  Willits. 

*  Not  engaged;  on  train  and  provost  duty. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND.        6  I 


Third  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  H.  KING.  ^ 

i5th  United  States,  ist  Battalion,  Capt.  Albert  B.  Dod. 
i6th  United  States,  ist  Battalion: 
Maj.  Sidney  Coolidge. 
Capt.  Robt.  E.  A.  Crofton. 

i8th  United  States,  ist  Battalion,  Capt.  Geo.  W.  Smith. 
i8th  United  States,  zd  Battalion,  Capt.  Henry  Haymond. 
igth  United  States,  ist  Battalion  : 
Maj.  Samuel  K.  Dawson. 
Capt.  Edmund  L.  Smith, 
5th  United  States  Artillery,  Battery  H.: 
Lieut.  Howard  M.  Burnham. 
Lieut.  Joshua  A.  Fessenden. 

Moved  from  McLemore's  Cove  during  the  night  of  September 
iSth  to  Kelly's,  marched  east  early  on  the  igth,  and  became  engaged 
north  of  Winfrey  House,  and  toward  Jay's  Mill.  First  and  Second 
Brigades  in  action  at  night  on  the  same  ground.  Engaged  Septem- 
ber 2Oth  around  the  north-east  corner  of  the  Kelly  Field. 


SECOND  DIVISION   (FOURTEENTH  CORPS). 

Maj. -Gen.  JAMES  S.  NEGLEY. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  BEATTY.  Col.  TIMOTHY  R.  STANLEY. 

io4th      Illinois,      Lieut. -Col.      Douglas  Col.  WILLIAM  L.  STOUGHTON. 

Hapeman.  igth  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Alexander  W. 

4zd  Indiana,  Lieut.-Col.  Wm.  T.  B.  Me-  Raffen. 

Intire.  nth  Michigan: 

88th  Indiana,  Col.  George  Humphrey.  Col.  William  L.  Stoughton. 

15th  Kentucky,  Col.  Marion  C.  Taylor.  Lieut.-Col.  Melvm  Mudge. 

Illinois  Light,  Bridges'   Battery,  Capt.         i8th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Charles  H.  Gros- 
Lyman  Bridges.  venor. 

ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  M,  Capt.  Fred- 
erick Schultz. 
Third  Brigade. 

Col.  WILLIAM  SIRWELL. 

37th  Indiana,  Lieut.-Col.  William  D.  Ward. 
2ist  Ohio : 

Lieut.-Col.  Dwella  M.  Stoughton. 

Major  Arnold  McMahan. 

Capt.  Charles  H.  Vantinc. 
74th  Ohio,  Capt.  Joseph  Fisher. 

78th  Pennsylvania,  Lieut.-Col.  Archibald  Blakeley. 
ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  G,  Capt.  Alexander  Marshall. 

Morning  of  the  igth,  at  Glass'  Mill  ;  at  5  P.  M.,  in  Dyer  Field   at 


62  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Tan-yard,  and  Brotherton's.  In  the  morning  of  the  2oth,  Beatty  and 
Stanlev  were  engaged  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  Kellv  Field. 
In  the  afternoon,  Stanley  and  portions  of  the  rest  were  on  Snod- 
grass  Hill. 

THIRD  DIVISION  (FOURTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  M.  BRANNAN. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  JOHN  M.  CONNELL.  Col.  JOHN  T.  CROXTON. 

82d  Indiana.  Col.  Morton  C.  Hunter.  Col.  CHARLES  W.  CHAPMAN. 

i;th  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  Durbin  Ward.  Col.  WILLIAM  H.  HAYS. 

3ist    Ohio,    Lieut.-Col.     Frederick    W.         loth  Indiana: 

Lister.  Col.  William  B.  Carroll. 

38th  Ohio,*  Col.  Edward  H.  Phelps.  Lieut.-Col.  Marsh  B.  Taylor, 

ist  Michigan   Light,  Battery  D,  Capt.         74th  Indiana: 

Josiah  W.  Church.  Col.  Charles  W.  Chapman. 

Lieut.-Col.  Myron  Baker. 
4th  Kentucky : 

Lieut.-Col.  P.  Burgess  Hunt. 
Maj.  Robert  M.  Kelly, 
loth  Kentucky: 

Col.  William  H.  Hays. 
Maj.  Gabriel  C.  Wharton. 
I4th  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  Henry  D.  Kings- 
bury, 
ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  C,  Lieut.  Marco 

B.  Gary. 
Third  Brigade. 

Col.  FERDINAND  VAN  DERVEER. 
87th  Indiana,  Col.  Newell  Gleason. 
2d  Minnesota,  Col.  James  George. 
9th  Ohio,  Col.  Gustave  Kammerling. 
35th  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  Henry  V.  Boynton. 
4th  U.  S.  Artillery,  Battery  I,  Lieut.  Frank  G.  Smith. 

Arrived  at  Kelly's  from  McLemore's  Cove  at  sunrise  of  the  igth. 
Marched  at  once  to  McDonald's,  and  thence  to  the  Ridge  overlook- 
ing Jay's  Mill  and  Reed's  Bridge,  and  there  opened  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga.  Fought  the  forenoon  of  the  2Oth  along  the  west 
side  of  the  Poe  Field,  Van  Derveer's  Brigade  being  engaged  in  the 
Kelly  Field.  In  the  afternoon,  the  division  was  on  Snodgrass  Hill. 


*  Not  engaged  ;  train  guard. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND.         63 


FOURTH  DIVISION  (FOURTEENTH  CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen.  JOSEPH  J.  REYNOLDS. 

First  Brigade.**  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  JOHN  T.  WILDER.  Col.  EDWARD  A.  KING. 

92d  Illinois,  Col.  Smith  D.  Atkins.  Col.  MILTON  S.  ROBINSON. 

gSth  Illinois:  68th  Indiana,  Capt.  Harvey  J.  Espy. 

Col.  John  J.  Funkhouser.  ysth  Indiana: 

Lieut. -Col.  Edward  Kitchell.  Col.  Milton  S.  Robinson. 

I23d  Illinois,  Col.  James  Monroe.  Lieut. -Col.  William  O'Brien. 

i7th  Indiana.  Maj.  William  T.  Jones.  loist  Indiana,  Lieut. -Col.  Thomas  Doan. 

72d  Indiana,  Col.  Abram  O.  Miller.  losth  Ohio,  Maj.  George  T.  Perkins. 

Indiana  Light,  i8th  Battery,  Capt.   Eli         Indiana  Light,  igth  Battery: 
Lilly.  Capt.  Samuel  J.  Harris. 

Lieut.  Robert  S.  Lackey. 

Third  Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  B.  TURCHIN. 
i8th  Kentucky: 

Lieut.-Col.  Hubbard  K.  Milward. 

Capt.  John  B.  Heltemes. 
nth  Ohio,  Col.  Philander  P.  Lane. 
36th  Ohio : 

Col.  William  G.  Jones. 

Lieut.-  Col.  Hiram  F.  Devol. 
92d  Ohio : 

Col.  Benjamin  D.  Fearing. 

Lieut.-Col.  Douglas  Putnam,  Jr. 
Indiana  Light,  2ist  Battery,  Capt.  William  W.  Andrew. 

Reached  Poe's  from  McLemore's  Cove,  September  igth,  at  10 
o'clock.  In  action  east  of  that  point,  and  in  the  Poe  Field  until 
night.  September  2oth  occupied  the  lines  south  of  and  around  the 
south-east  corner  of  Kelly  Field. 


TWENTIETH   ARMY  CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen.  ALEXANDER  McD.  McCooic. 

GENERAL  HEADQUARTERS. 

Provost  Guard. 
gist  Indiana  Infantry,  Company  H,  Capt.  William  J.  Richards. 

Escort. 
2d  Kentucky  Cavalry,  Company  I,  Lieut.  Ceorge  W.  L.  Batman. 


*  Detached  from  the  division;  engaged  as  mounted  infantry. 


64  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

FIRST  DIVISION   (TWENTIETH  CORPSE 

Brig.-Gen.  JEFFERSON  C.  DAVIS. 

First  Brigade.*  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  P.  SIDNEY  POST.  Brig.-Gen.  WILLIAM  P.  CARLIX. 

59th  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Joshua  C.Win-        zist  Illinois: 

ters.  Col.  John  W.  S.  Alexander. 

74th  Illinois,  Col.  Jason  Marsh.  Capt.  Chester  K.  Knight. 

75th  Illinois,  Col.  John  E.  Bennett.  38th  Illinois: 

22d  Indiana,  Col.  Michael  Gooding.  Lieut. -Col.  Daniel  H.  Gilmer. 

Wisconsin  Light  Artillery,  sth  Battery,  Capt.  Willis  G.  Whitehurst. 

Capt.  George  Q.  Gardner.  8ist  Indiana  : 

Capt.  Nevil  B.  Boone. 
Maj.  James  E.  Calloway. 
icist  Ohio: 

Lieut. -Col.  John  Messer. 
Maj.  Bedan  B.  McDanald. 
Capt.  Leonard  D.  Smith. 
Minnesota  Light  Artillery,  2d  Battery: 
Lieut.  Albert  Woodbury. 
Lieut.  Richard  L.  Dav/ley. 

Third  Brigade. 
Col.  HANS  C.  HEG. 
Col.  JOHN  A.  MARTIN. 
J5th  Illinois: 

Maj.  Samuel  D.  Wall. 
Capt.  Wesford  Taggart. 

35th  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  William  P.  Chandler. 
8th  Kansas : 

Col.  John  A.  Martin. 
Lieut. -Col.  James  L.  Abernathy. 
i5th  Wisconsin,  Lieut. -Col.  Ole  C.  Johnson. 
Wisconsin  Light  Artillery,  8th  Battery,  Lieut.  John  D.  McLean. 

Reached  Widow  Glenn's  at  noon,  igth,  marched  east  to  Viniard's 
and  was  engaged  there  till  sunset.  September  2oth,  at  noon  was 
forced  back  at  the  Tanyard  and  off  the  field  by  the  break  at  the 
center.  Turned  back  and  reached  the  vicinity  o(  Thomas'  right 
again  at  sundown. 


*  Not  engaged  ;  guarding  trains. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND.        65 


SECOND  DIVISION  (TWENTIETH  CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen.  RICHARD  W.  JOHNSON. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  AUGUST  WILLICH.  Col.  JOSEPH  B.  DODGE. 

8gth  Illinois:  79th  Illinois,  Col.  Allen  Buckner. 

Lieut. -Col.  Duncan  J.  Hall.  29th    Indiana,    Lieut. -Col.     David     M. 

Maj.  William  D.  Williams.  Dunn. 

3?d  Indiana,   Lieut. -Col.    Frank   Erdel-  3oth     Indiana,    Lieut. -Col.     Orrin     D. 

meyer.  Hurd. 

39th  Indiana,*  Col.  Thomas  J   Harrison.  77th  Pennsylvania  : 

i5th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Frank  Askew.  Col.  Thomas  E.  Rose. 

49th  Ohio:  Capt.  Joseph  J.  Lawson. 

Maj.  Samuel  F.  Gray.  Ohio    Light    Artillery,    2oth    Battery, 

Capt.  Luther  M.  Strong.  Capt.  Edward  Grosskopff. 
ist   Ohio   Light   Artillery,    Battery   A. 
Capt.  Wilbur  F.  Goodspeed. 

Third  Brigade. 
Col.  PHILEMON  P.  BALDWIN. 
Col.  WILLIAM  W.  BERRY. 
6th  Indiana  : 

Lieut. -Col.  Hagerman  Tripp. 
Maj.  Calvin  D.  Campbell. 
5th  Kentucky  : 

Col.  William  W.  Berry. 
Capt.  John  M.  Huston, 
ist  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Bassett  Langdon. 
93d  Ohio  : 

Col.  Hiram  Strong. 
Lieut.-Col.  William  H.  Martin. 
Indiana  Light  Artillery,  5th  Battery,  Capt.  Peter  Simonson. 

Reached  Kelly's  at  noon  igth.  Marched  east  and  went  into 
action  north  ot  Winfrey's,  being  engaged  there  until  3  P.  M.,  and 
again  at  night.  September  2oth,  occupied  a  portion  of  the  east  line 
of  Kelly's  Field  until  5:30  o'clock. 


*  Detached  from  its  brigade  and  serving  as  mounted  infantry. 


66  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


THIRD  DIVISION   (TWENTIETH  CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen.  PHILIP  H.  SHERIDAN. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  WILLIAM  H.  LYTLK.  Col.  BERNARD  LAIBOLDT. 

Col.  SILAS  MILLER.  44th  Illinois,  Col.  Wallace  W.  Barrett. 

36th  Illinois:  73d  Illinois,  Col.  James  F.  Jacquess. 

Colonel  Silas  Miller.  ad  Missouri,  Maj.  Arnold  Beck. 

Lieut. -Col.  Porter  C.  Olson.  isth  Missouri,  Col.  Joseph  Conrad. 

88th    Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Alexander  S.         ist    Missouri  -Light   Artillery,  Battery 
Chadbourne.  G.  Lieut.  Gustavus  Schue- 

aist  Michigan:  ler. 

Col.  William  B.  McCreery. 
Maj.  Seymour  Chase. 
24th  Wisconsin: 

Lieut.-Col.  Theodore  S.  West. 
Maj.  Carl  von  Baumbach. 
Indiana  Light  Artillery,  nth   Battery, 
Capt.  Arnold  Sutermeister. 

Third  Brigade. 
Col.  LUTHER  P.  BRADLEY. 
Col.  NATHAN  H.  WALWOKTH. 
22d  Illinois,  Lieut.-Col.  Francis  Swanwick. 
27th  Illinois,  Col.  Jonathan  R.  Miles. 
4zd  Illinois : 

Col.  Nathan  H.  Walworth. 
Lieut.-Col.  John  A.  Hottenstein. 
Sist  Illinois,  Lieut.-Col.  Samuel  B.  Raymond. 
Ist  Illinois  Light  Artillery,  Battery  C,  Capt.  Mark  H.  Prescott. 

Reached  Viniard's  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  at  4  p.  M,  and  was 
heavily  engaged  until  sunset.  September  2Oth  was  enveloped  be- 
tween Widow  Glenn's  and  the  Tan-yard  by  Hindman's  on  the  front 
and  right,  and  Bushrod  Johnson  on  the  left,  and  forced  off  the  field. 
Advanced  again  at  5  P.  M.  from  Rossville,  reaching  Cloud's  at  dusk. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE    ARMY    OF    THE    CUMBERLAND.      67 

TWENTY-FIRST  ARMY  CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen.  THOMAS  1..  CRITTENDEN. 
GENERAL  HEADQUARTERS. 

Eseort. 
i5th  Illinois  Cavalry,  Company  K,  Capt.  Samuel  B.  Shcrtr. 


FIRST  DIVISION  (TWENTY-FIRST  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  THOMAS  J.  WOOD. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade* 

Col.  GEORGE  P.  BTELL.  Brig.-Gen.  GEORGE  D.  WAGNER. 

looth  Illinois  :  i5th  Indiana,  Col.  Gustavus  A.  Wood. 

Col.  Frederick  A.  Bartleson.  4Oth  Indiana,  Col.  John  W.  Blake. 

Maj.  Charles  M.  Hammond.  57th    Indiana,    Lieut. -Col.    George    W. 

58th  Indiana,  Lieut. -Col.  James  T.  Em-  Lennard. 

bree.  97tn  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Milton  Barnes. 

i3th  Michigan :  Indiana    Light,     loth    Battery,    Lieut. 

Col.  Joshua  B.  Culver.  William  A.  Naylor. 

Maj.  Willard  G.  Eaton. 
26th     Ohio,     Lieut.-Col.     William     H. 

Young. 

Indiana     Light,     8th     Battery,      Capt. 
George  Estep. 

Third  Brigade. 
Col.  CHARLES  G.  HARKER. 
3d  Kentucky,  Col.  Henry  C.  Dunlap. 
64th  Ohio,  Col.  Alexander  Mcllvain. 
6sth  Ohio: 

Lieut.-Col.  Horatio  N.  Whitbeck. 
Maj.  Samuel  C.  Brown. 
Capt.  Thomas  Powell. 
i2$th  Ohio,  Col.  Emerson  Opdycke. 
Ohio  Light,  6th  Battery,  Capt.  Cullen  Bradley. 

Marched  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  and  went  into  action  at  Viniard's 
at  4  o'clock,  September  igth.  Under  orders,  moved  out  of  line  at 
Brotherton's  the  morning  of  September  2oth,  and  became  involved 
in  the  break  there.  Marker's  Brigade  was  moved  back  into  the 
Dyer  Field,  checked  the  enemy's  advance,  retired  to  Snodgrass  Hill, 
and  held  its  line  there  till  night.  Gen.  Wood  being  with  the  com- 
mand. 


*  Not  engaged.     At  Chattanooga. 


68  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK.. 


SECOND  DIVISION  fTWENTY-FIRST  CORPS). 

Maj.-Oen.  JOHN  M.  PALMER. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  CHARLES  CRUPT.  Brig. -Gen.  WILLIAM  B.  HAZEN. 

3ist  Indiana,  Col.  John  T.  Smith.  pth  Indiana,  Col.  Isaac  C.  B.  Suman. 

ist     Kentucky,*1   Lieut. -Col.     Alva    R.         6th  Kentucky: 

Hadlock.  Col.  Geo.  T.  Shackelford. 

ad    Kentucky,    Col.    Thos.    D.    Sedge-  Lieut. -Col.  Richard  Rockingham. 

wick.  Maj.  Richard  T.  Whitaker. 

poth  Ohio,  Col.  Charles  H.  Rippey.  4ist  Ohio,  Col.  Aquila  Wiley, 

jst  Ohio  Light,  Battery  B.  Lieut.  Nor-         i24th  Ohio: 

man  A.  Baldwin.  Col.  Oliver  H.  Payne. 

Maj.  James  B.  Hampson. 
ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  F,  Lieut.  Giles 

J.  Cockerill. 
Third  Brigade. 
Col.  WILLIAM  GROSE. 
84th  Illinois,  Col.  Louis  H.  Waters. 
36th  Indiana : 

Lieut. -Col.  Oliver  H.  P.  Carey. 
Maj.  Gilbert  Trusler. 

23d  Kentucky,  Lieut. -Col.  James  C.  Foy. 
6th  Ohio  : 

Col.  Nicholas  L.  Anderson. 
Maj.  Samuel  C.  Erwin. 
«4th  Ohio,  Col.  David  J.  Higgins. 

4th  United  States  Artillery,  Battery  H,  Lieut.    Harry  C.  Gushing. 
4th  United  States  Artillery,  Battery  M,  Lieut.  Francis  L.  D.  Russell. 

Reached  Poe's  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  at  noon,  and  went  at  once 
into  action  east  of  that  point  and  toward  the  Brock  Field.  At  5 
o'clock  assisted  in  the  repulse  of  the  enemy  from  Poe's  and  Brother- 
ton's.  Fought  September  2oth  until  5:30  P.  M.,  on  east  line  of  the 
Kelly  Field.  Hazen  fought  on  Snodgrass  Hill  after  3  p.  M. 


*  Five  companies  serving  as  wagon  guard. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND.          69 

THIRD  DIVISION  (TWENTY-FIRST  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  HORATIO  P.  VAN  CLEVE. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  SAMUEL  BEATTY.  Col.  GEORGE  F.  DICK. 

79th  Indiana,  Col.  Frederick  Knefler.  44'h  Indiana,  Lieut. -Col.  Simon  C.  Al- 

gth  Kentucky,  Col.  George  H.  Cram.  drich. 

lyth     Kentucky,     Col.     Alexander    M.         86th  Indiana,  Maj.  Jacob  C.  Dick. 

Stout.  i3th  Ohio : 

igth  Ohio,   Lieut. -Col.  Henry  G.  Strat-  Lieut. -Col.  Elhannon  M.  Mast. 

ton.  Capt.  Horatio  G.  Cosgrove. 

Pennsylvania  Light,  26th  Battery  :  sgth    Ohio,    Lieut. -Col.    Granville     A. 

Capt.  Alanson  J.  Stevens.  Frambes. 

Lieut.  Samuel  M.  McDowell.         Indiana      Light,     7th     Battery,     Capt. 

George  R.  Swallow. 

Third  Brigade. 
Col.  SIDNEY  M,  BARNES. 
35th  Indiana,  Maj.  John  P.  Dufficy. 
8th  Kentucky : 

Lieut. -Col.  James  D.  Mayhewr. 

Maj.  John  S.  Clark. 

2ist  Kentucky,*  Col.  S.  Woodson  Price. 
5ist  Ohio: 

Col.  Richard  W.  McClain. 

Lieut. -Col.  Charles  H.  Wood. 
99th  Ohio,  Col.  Peter  T.  Swaine. 
Wisconsin  Light,  3d  Battery,  Lieut.  Cortland  Livingston. 

Reached  Brotherton's  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  with  Dicks'  and 
S.  Beatty's  Brigades  about  2  p.  M.,  and  went  into  action  south-east 
of  that  point.  At  3:30,  was  forced  back  to  the  high  grou-nd  south 
of  Brotherton's,  and  at  4:30  was  forced  to  the  west  side  of  the  Dver 
Field.  September  igth,  Barnes'  Brigade  fought  at  Viniard's  and 
throughout  the  2oth  with  Baird,  north  of  the  Kellev  Field.  Por- 
tions of  the  other  brigades  rallied  on  Snodgrass  HilJ. 


*  Not  engaged  ;  at  Whitesides. 


7O  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

RESERVE  CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen.  GORDON  GRANGER. 
FIRST  DIVISION   (RESERVE  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  JAMES  B.  STEEDMAN. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  WALTER  C.  WHITAKER.  Col.  JOHN  G.  MITCHELL. 

96th  Illinois,  Col.  Thomas  E.  Champion.         78th  Illinois: 

H5th. Illinois,  Col.  Jesse  H.  Moore.  Lieut. -Col.  Carter  Van  Vleck. 

84th  Indiana,  Col.  Nelson  Trusler.  Lieut.  George  Green. 

22d  Michigan:*  pSthOhio: 

Col.  Heber  Le  Favour.  Capt.  Moses  J.  Urquhart. 

Lieut. -Col.  William  Sanborn.  Capt.  Armstrong  J.  Thomas. 

Capt.  Alonzo  M.  Keeler.  H3th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col    Darius  B.  War- 

4<>th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col   William  Jones.  ner. 

SgthOhio:  i2ist  Ohio,   Lieut. -Col.   Henry  B.  Ban- 

Col.  Caleb  H.  Carlton.  ning. 

Capt.  Isaac  C.  Nelson.  ist   Illinois  Light  Artillery,  Battery  M, 

Ohio    Light    Artillery,     i8th     Battery,  Lieut.  Thomas  Burton. 

Capt.  Charles  C.  Aleshire. 


SECOND  DIVISION   (RESERVE  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  JAMES.  D.  MORGAN. f 

Second  Brigade. 
Col.  DANIEL  McCooK. 
8sth  Illinois,  Col.  Caleb  J.  Dilworth. 
86th  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  David  W.  Magee. 
i25th  Illinois,  Col.  Oscar  F.  Harmon. 
5ad  Ohio,  Maj.  James  T.  Holmes, 
ogth  Ohio,I  Lieut. -Col.  Joseph  H.  Brigham. 
zd  Illinois  Light  Artillery,  Battery  I,  Charles  M.  Barnett. 

Early  on  September  igth,  Mitchell's  Brigade  supported  D.  Mc- 
Cook's  near  Reed's  Bridge  in  slight  skirmishing  with  Forrest's  Cav- 
alry. These  brigades  were  withdrawn  to  Rossville  Gap  at  7  o'clock, 
and  were  not  engaged  on  Saturday.  Early  September  2oth,  the 
corps  was  concentrated  at  McAfee's  Church,  and  at  noon  marched 
to  the  relief  of  Gen.  Thomas  at  Snodgrass  Hill,  McCdok's  Brigade 
being  left  on  the  high  ground  next  south  of  Cloud's.  Steedman's 


*  Temporarily  attached. 

t  With  other  part  of  his  division,  guarding  communications. 

\  Temporarily  attached. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND.          71 

Division  carrying  the  ridge  to  the  right  of  Brannan,  and   extending 
Gen.  Thomas'  line  to  the  ravine  leading  down  to  Viditoe's. 


CAVALRY  CORPS. 

Brig. -Gen.  ROBERT  B.  MITCHELL. 

The  cavalry  operated  at  the  upper  fords  of  the  Chickamauga  dur- 
ing the  igth,  and  about  Glass'  Mill  and  Crawfish  Springs,  Septem- 
ber 2oth.  In  the  afternoon  of  the  2oth,  Long's  Brigade  was  severely 
engaged  between  these  points,  and  finally  driven  back  to  Crawfish 
Springs. 


FIRST  DIVISION  (CAVALRY  CORPS). 

Col.  EDWARD  M.  McCooK. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

ARCHIBALD  P.  CAMPBELL.  COL.  DANIEL  M.  RAY. 

zd  Michigan,  Maj.  Leomdas   S.   Scran-        zd  Indiana,  Maj.  Joseph  B.  Presdcc. 

ton.  4th   Indiana,   Lieut. -Col.  John  T.    De- 

pth  Pennsylvania,   Lieut. -Col.   R-oswell  weese. 

M.  Russell.  2d    Tennessee,    Lieut. -Col.  William    R. 

ist    Tennessee,     Lieut. -Col.    James   P.  Cook. 

Brownlow.  ist  Wisconsin,  Col.  Oscar  H.  LaGrange. 

ist  Ohio  Light  Artillery,  Battery  D  (sec- 
tion), Lieut.   Nathaniel    M. 
Newell. 
Third  Brigade, 
COL.  Louis  D.  WATKINS. 
4th  Kentucky,  Col.  Wickliffe  Cooper. 
5th  Kentucky,  Lieut. -Col.  William    T.  Hoblitzell. 
6th  Kentucky,  Maj.  Louis  A.  Gratz. 


72  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


SECOND  DIVISION  (CAVALRY  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  GEOKGE  CROOK. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  ROBERT  H.  G.  MINTY.  COL.  ELI  LONG. 

3d  Indiana  (battalion),  Lieut -Col.  Rob-  ad  Kentucky,  Col.  Thomas  P.  Nicholas. 

ert  Klein.  ist  Ohio  : 

4th  Michigan,  Maj.  Horace  Gray.  Lieut.-Col.  Valentine  Cupp. 

;th  Pennsylvania,  Lieut.-Col.  James  J.  Maj.  Thomas.  J.  Patton. 

Seibert.  ad  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  Charles  B.  Seidel. 

4th  United  States,  Capt.  James  B.  Me-  4th  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  Oliver  P.  Robie. 

Intyre.  Chicago    Board  of  Trade  Battery  (one 

Chicago  Board  of  Trade   Battery  (one  section),    Capt.    James    H. 

section),    Capt.    James    H.  Stokes. 
Stokes. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  TENNESSEE,  GEN.  BRAX- 
TON  BRAUG,  C.  S.  ARMY,  COMMANDING,  AT  THE  BATTLE 
OF  CHICKAMAUGA. 


Escort. 

Capt.  Guv  DREUX. 

Dreux's  Company  Louisiana  Cavalry,  Lieut.  O.  DC  Buis. 
Holloway's  Company  Alabama  Cavalry,  Capt  E.  M.  Holloway. 


RIGHT  WING. 

Lieut.-Gen.  LEONIDAS  POLK. 

Escort. 
Greenleaf  s  Company  Louisiana  Cavalry,  Capt.  Leeds  Greenleaf. 


FOLK'S  CORPS. 

Lieut.-Gen.  LEONIDAS  POLK. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  TENNESSEE. 


73 


CHEATHAM'S  DIVISION  (FOLK'S  CORPS). 

Maj. -Gen.  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN- CHEATH  AM. 

Escort. 
Company  G,  ad  Georgia  Cavalry,  Capt,  Thomas  M.  Merritt. 


^ackson's  Brigade. 
Brig-Gen.  JOHN  K.  JACKSON. 
ist  Georgia  (Confederate),  2d  Battalion 
Maj.  James  Clarke  Gordon. 
5th  Georgia,  Col.  Charles  P.  Daniel. 
2d  Georgia    Battalion   (Sharpshooters), 
Maj.  Richard  H.  Whiteley. 
5th  Mississippi: 

Lieut.-Col.  W.  L.  Sykes. 
Maj.  John  B.  Herring. 
8th  Mississippi,  Col.  John  C.  Wilkinson. 
Scogin's  (Georgia)  Battery,  Capt.  John 
Scogin. 


Smith's  Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen.  PRESTON  SMITH. 
Col.  ALFRED  JEFFERSON  VAUGHAN,  JR. 
nth   Tennessee,  Col.   George  W.   Gor- 


Sfaney 's  Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen.  GEORGE  MANEY. 
ist  Tennessee,/  Q  ,    pj  R    F"   Id 

27th  Tennessee, ' 

4th  Tennessee  (Provisional  Army)  : 
Col.  James  A.  McMurry. 
Lieut.-Col.  Robert  N.  Lewis. 
Major  Oliver  A.  Bradshaw. 
Capt.  Joseph  Bostick. 

6th  Tennessee,/ 

,   _.  i   Col. George  C.  Porter. 

gth  1  ennessee, ' 

24th  Tennessee  Battalion   (Sharpshoot- 
ers), Maj.  Frank  Maney. 

Smith's    (Mississippi)    Battery,-  Lieut.  Wil- 
liam B.  Turner. 

Wrig fit's  Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen.  MARCUS  J.  WRIGHT. 
8th  Tennessee,  Col.  John  H.  Anderson. 
i6th  Tennessee,  Col.  D.  M.  Donnell. 
28th  Tennessee,  Col.  Sidney  S.  Stanton. 
38th  Tennessee   and    Maj.    Thomas    B. 
Murray's  (Tennessee)    Bat- 
Oalion,  Col.  John  C.  Carter. 
Sist  Tennessee,.  J  Lieut.-Col.     John     G. 
52d   Tennessee,  '     Hall. 
Carnes'  (Tennessee)  Battery,  Capt.  Wil- 
liam W.  Carnes. 


i2th  Tennessee,/  Col.  William  M.  Wat- 
47th  Tennessee, '       kins. 

fCol.    Alfred    Jeffer- 
ijth    Tennessee,  J      son  Vaughan,  Jr. 
i54th    Tennessee,  |  Lieut.-Col.     R.    W. 

[     Pitman. 

agth  Tennessee,  Col.  Horace  Rice. 
Dawson's  Battalion  Sharpshooters : 
Maj.  J.  W.  Dawson. 
Maj.  William  Green. 
Maj.  James  Purl. 
Scott's  (Tennessee)  Battery  : 
Lieut.  John  H.  Marsh. 
Lieut.  A.  T.  Watson. 

Capt.  William  L.  Scott. 

Strahl ' s  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  OTHO  F.  STRAHL. 

4th  Tennessee,/    „  , 

Col.  Jonathan  J.  Lamb. 
5th  Tennessee,' 

igth  Tennessee,  Col.  Francis  M.  Walker. 

24th  Tennessee,  Col.    John  A.  Wilson. 

3ist  Tennessee,  Col.  Egbert  E.  Tansil. 

33d   Tennessee,  Col.  Warner  P.  Jones. 

Standford's  (Mississippi)  Battery,  Capt.  Thomas  J.  Stanford. 

Marched    from     the    vicinity  of    Hunt's,   September  igth,  at  n 


74  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

o'clock,  directly  north,  and  went  into  action  on  a  line  running 
through  the  Brock  Field  from  west  of  its  south-vest  corner  to  the 
crossing  of  the  Alexander  Bridge  and  Brotherton  Roads.  It  ad- 
vanced to  the  north  of  the  Brock  Field,  and  finally  was  forced  back 
to  the  high  ground  south  of  Winfrey's.  It  took  part  in  the  night 
attack  at  that  point.  September  2oth,  it  was  in  reserve  until  the  final 
advance. 


HINDMAN'S  DIVISION  (FOLK'S  CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen.  THOMAS  CARMICHAEL  HINDMAN. 
Brig.. Gen.  PATTON  ANDERSON. 

Escort. 

Lenoir's  Company  Alabama  Cavalry,  Capt.  T.  M.  Lenoir. 

Anderson's  Brigade.  Deas'  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  PATTON  ANDERSON.  Brig.-Gen.  ZACH.  C.  DEAS. 

Col.  J.  H.  SHARP.  igth  Alabama,  Col.  Samuel  K.  McSpad- 

7th  Mississippi,  Col.  W.  H.  Bishop.  den. 

9th  Mississippi,  Maj.  T.  H.  Lynam.  azd  Alabama: 

loth  Mississippi,  Lieut. -Col.  James  Barr.  Lieut.  Col.  John  Weedon. 

4ist  Mississippi,  Col.  W.  F.  Tucker.  Capt.  Harry  T.  Toulmin. 

44th  Mississippi :  25th  Alabama,  Col.  George  D.  Johnston. 

Col.  J.  H.  Sharp.  39th  Alabama,  Col.  Whitfield  Clark. 

Lieut. -Col.  R.  G.  Kelsey.  soth  Alabama,  Col.  J.  G.  Coltart. 

9th  Mississippi  Battalion  Sharpshooters,  i/th  Alabama  Battalion  Sharpshooters, 

Maj.  W.  C.  Richards.  Capt.  James  F.  Nabers. 

Garrity's     (Alabama)      Battery,     Capt.  Dent's     (Alabama)     Battery    (formerly 

James  Garrity.  Robertson's),  Capt.  S.  H.  Dent. 

Manigaiilt '.?  Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen.  A.  M.  MANIGAULT. 
24th  Alabama  Col.  N.  N.  Davis. 
28th  Alabama,  Col.  John  C.  Reid. 
34th  Alabama,  Maj.  John  N.  Slaughter. 

loth  South  Carolina,  ) 

,   0        ,    „       ..        ( Col.  James  F.  Pressley. 
igth  South  Carolina,  ) 

Waters'  (Alabama)  Battery,  Lieut.  Charles  W.  Watkins. 

Was  not  engaged  September  igth.  September  2oth,  forced  the 
right  of  the  Union  line  off  the  field.  At  3  o'clock,  took  part  in  the 
assault  on  Snodgrass  Hill  from  the  Viditoe  place,  and  was  engaged 
until  sundown,  being  the  left  of  the  Confederate  line. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OE  TENNESSEE.  75 


HILL'S  CORPS. 

Lieut. -Gen.  DANIEL  H.  HILL. 


CLEBURNE'S  DIVISION  (HILL'S  CORPS). 
Maj.-Gen.  PATRICK  R.  CLEBURNE. 

Escort. 
Sanders'  Company'Tennessee  Cavalry,  Capt.  C.  F.  Sanders. 


Wood' s  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  S.  A.  M.  WOOD. 
i6th  Alabama : 

Maj.  John  H.  McGaughy. 

Capt.  Frederick  A.  Ashford. 
33d  Alabama,  Col.  Samuel  Adams. 
45th  Alabama,  Col.  E.  B.  Breedlove. 
i8th  Alabama  Battalion  : 

Maj.  John  H.  Gibson. 

Col.    Samuel     Adams     (33d    Ala- 
bama). 

3-jd  Mississippi,    )„,,,„, 

!    f  Col.  M.  P.  Lowrey. 
45th  Mississippi,  ' 

I5th    Mississippi   Battalion  Sharpshoot- 
ers : 

Maj.  A.  T.  Hawkins. 

Capt.  Daniel  Coleman. 
Semple's  Alabama  Battery  : 

Capt.  Henry  C.  Semple. 

Lieut.  R.  W.  Goldthwaite. 


Polk ' s  Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen.  Lucius  E.  POLK. 
ist  Arkansas,  Col.  John  W.  Colquit. 

3d  Confederate,  1 

,    ,  fCol.  J.  A.  Smith. 

5th  Confederate,  > 

2d  Tennessee,  Col.  Wm.  D.  Robison. 
35th  Tennessee,  Col.  Benj.  J.  Hill. 
48th  Tennessee.  Col.  George  H.  Nixon. 
Calvert's    (Arkansas)     Battery,    Lieut. 
Thomas  J.  Key. 


Deshler ' s  Brigade. 
.1  Brig.-Gen.  JAMES  DESHLER. 

Col.  ROGER  Q.  MILLS. 

iqth  Arkansas  /  •        •„        ,  . 

i   Lieut. -Col.  A.  S.  Hutchmson. 
24th  Arkansas,' 

6th  Texas  Infantry,   -\  „  _    ... 

1      |  Col.  Roger  Q.  Mills, 
loth  Texas  Infantry,  >,  .          „  .   „,   „  .      . 

,       .  1  Lieut. -Col.  1.  Scott  Anderson. 
iSth  Fexas  Cavalry, '••• ) 

iyth  Texas  Cavalry,* 
i8th  Texas  Cavalry, 


Col.  F.  C.  Wilkes. 


Lieut. -Col.  John  T.  Coit. 
Maj.  Wm.  A.  Taylor. 


24th  Texas  Cavalry, 
25th  Texas  Cavalry, 
Douglas'  (Texas)  Battery,  Capt.  James  P.  Douglas. 


Crossed  the  Chickamauga  at  4  P.  M.,  September  igth,  and  pro- 


*  Dismounted. 


£6  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

ceeded  in  haste  to  Jav's  Mill,  where  it  formed  in  rear  of  Walker's 
troops,  with  its  right  at  the  mill,  and  its  line  extending  nearly  a 
mile  along  the  road  to  Alexander's.  At  6  o'clock,  it  advanced  and 
engaged  Baird's  and  Johnson's  Divisions,  the  battle  lasting  an  hour 
after  dark.  September  aoth,  the  division  repeatedly  assaulted  the 
Union  lines  east  of  the  Kelly  Field.  It  took  part  there  in  the  final 
advance  at  5:30  P.  M. 


BRECKINRIDGE'S  DIVISION  (HILL'S  CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen.  John  C.  BRECKINRIDGE. 

Escort. 

Foulcs'  Company  Mississippi  Cavalry,  Capt.  H.  L.  Foules. 
Helms  Brigade.  Adams'  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  BEN.  HARBIN  HELM.  Biig.-Gen.  DANIEL  W.  ADAMS. 

Col.  JOSEPH  H.  LEWIS.  Col.  RANDALL  LEE  GIBSON. 

.(ist  Alabama,  Col.  Martin  L.  Stansel.  320!  Alabama,  Maj.  John  C.  Kimball. 

2d  Kentucky  :  ]  Col.   Randall   Lee  Gib- 

Lieut.-Col.  James  W.  Hewitt.  i3th  Louisiana,  I  son. 

Lieut. -Col.  James  W.  Moss.  2oth  Lonisiana,  |  Col.  Leon  von  Zinken. 

4th  Kentucky:  J  Capt.  E.  M.  Dubroca. 

Col.  Joseph  P.  Nuckols.  i6th  Louisiana,  )  _  .    „      .  .  ,,   , 

VCol.  Daniel  Gober. 
Maj.  I  homas  W.  Inompson.  25th  Louisiana,  I 

6th  Kentucky  :  igth  Louisiana: 

Col.  Joseph  H.  Lewis.  Lieut. -Col.  Richard  W.  Turner. 

Lieut. -Col.  Martin  H.  Cofer.  Maj.  Loudon  Butler. 

9th  Kentucky:  Capt.  H.  A.  Kennedy. 

Col.  John  W.  Caldwell.  i-jth    Louisiana    Battalion,    Maj.   J.    E. 

Lieut. -Col.  John  C.  Wickliffe.  Austin. 

Cobb's  (Kentucky)  Battery,  Capt.  Rob-        Slocomb's  (Louisiana)  Battery,  Capt.  C. 
ert  Cobb.  H.  Slocomb. 

Graves  (Kentucky)    Battery,  Lieut.  S. 

M.  Spencer. 
StovulF  s  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  MAKCELLUS  A.  STOVALL. 

ist  Florida,  |  wn- 

VCol.  William  S.  Dilworth. 
3d   Honda,  j 

4th  Florida,  Col.  W.  L.  L.  Bowen. 
47th  Georgia: 

Capt.  William  S.  Phillips. 

Capt.  Joseph  S.  Cone. 
6oth  North  Carolina: 

Lieut. -Col.  James  M.  Ray. 

Capt.  James  Thomas  Weaver. 
Mebane's  tTemiessee)  Battery,  Capt.  John  W.  Mebane. 

The  artillery  of   Helm's    Brigade  was  engaged  early  September 
igth  at  long  range  with  John  Beatty's   and    Stanley's   Brigades  of 


ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    ARMY    OF    TENNESSEE.  77 

Neglej's  Division,  at  Glass'  Mill.  The  division  was  withdrawn  and 
ordered  to  the  Confederate  right  north-east  of  the  Kelly  Field,  which 
point  it  reached  before  daylight,  September  2Oth.  It  opened  the 
battle,  attacking  at  9:30  A.M.,  and  entered  this  field  in  the  Union 
rear.  From  this  point  it  was  forced  back  to  its  first  position.  It 
took  part  in  the  general  advance  about  sundown,  and  bivouacked  in 
the  Kelly  Field. 


RESERVE  CORPS. 
Maj.-Gen.  W.  H.  T.  WALKER. 


WALKER'S  DIVISION  'WALKER'S  CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen.  STATES  RIGHTS  GIST. 

Gist's  Brigade.  Ector's  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  STATE  RIGHTS  GIST.  Brig.-Gen.  MATTHEW  DUNCAN  ECTOR. 
Col.  PEYTON  H.  COLQUITT. 
Lieut.-Col.  LEKOY  NAPIER. 

4th  Georgia  .  Stone's  Alabama  Battalion  Sharpshoot- 
Col.  Peyton  H.  Colquitt.  ers,  Maj.  T.  O.  Stone 

Maj.  A.  M.  Speer.  Pound's    Mississippi    Battalion    Sharp- 
8th  Georgia  Battalion  :  shooters,  Capt.  M.  Pound. 

Lieut.-Col.  Leroy  Napier.  2gth    North    Carolina,    Col.  William  B. 
Maj.  Z.  L.  Waiters.  Creasman. 

i6th   South   Carolina,-1    Col.   James  gth  Texas,  Col.  William  H.  Young. 

McCullough.  loth  Texas  Cavalry ,f  Lieut.-Col.  C.   R. 
24th  South  Carolina:  Earp. 

Col.  Clement  H.  Stevens.  i4th  Texas  Cavalry,!  Col.  J.  L.  Camp. 

Lieut.-Col.  Ellison  Capers.  32d  Texas  Cavalry,-)-  Col.  Julius  A.  An- 
drews. 

Wilson's  Brigade.  Artillery. 

Col.  CLAUDIUS  C.  WILSON.  Ferguson's   (South  Carolina)  Battery,* 
25th  Georgia,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  J.Williams.  Lieut.  R.  T.  Beauregard. 

2Qth  Georgia,  Lieut.  George  R.  McRea.  Howell's    (Georgia)    Battery   (formerly 
3oth  Georgia,  Lieut.-Col.  James  S.Boyn-  Martin's),     Capt.    Evan    P. 

ton.  Howell. 

ist    Georgia  Battalion      Sharpshooters, 

Maj.  Arthur  Shaaff. 
4th    Louisiana      Battalion,    Lieut.-Col. 

John  McEnery. 

Sent    earlv    September    igth    from    the    vicinity    of   Alexander's 

*  Not  engaged  ;  at  Rome, 
•f  Serving  as  infantry. 


'/8  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

to  the  assistance  of  Forrest  at  Jay's  Mill.  Was  severely  engaged 
during  the  forenoon.  September  2Oth  it  relieved  Breckinridge  at 
noon,  and  unsuccessfully  assaulted  the  Union  left.  At  5:30  P.  M.  it 
reached  the  La  Favette  Road  south  of  McDonald's, 'and  bivouacked 
east  of  it. 


LIDDELL'S  DIVISION  (WALKER'S  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  ST.  JOHN  R.  LIDDELL. 

Liddelts  Brigade.  WalthalF  s  Brigade. 

Col.  DANIEL  C.  GOVAN.  Brig. -Gen.  EDWARD  GARY  WALTHALL. 

•\  Lieut. -Col.  Reuben  F.         24th  Mississippi: 

3d  Arkansas.        I      Harvey.  Lieut.-Col.  R.  P.  McKelvaine. 

i5th  Arkansas,   j  Capt   A  T   Mfiek  Maj   w   c    Stap)es 

v  Col.  L.  Featherston.  Capt.  B.  F.  Toomer. 

5th  Arkansas,      (Lieut.Col      john     E  Capt.  J.  D.  Smith. 

I3th  Arkansas,   J      Murray.  27th   Mississippi,  Col.  James  A.  Camp- 

N  Col.  D.  A.  Gillespie.  bell. 

6th  Arkansas,      (  Lieut.-Col.  Peter  Sny-  29th  Mississippi,  Col.  William  F.  Brant- 

7th  Arkansas,     j      der  ,y 

8th  Arkansas:  3Oth  Mississippi : 

Lieut. -Col.  George  F.  Baucum.        •         Col.  Junius  I.  Scales. 
Maj.  A.  Watkins.  Lieut.-Col.  Hugh  A.  Reynolds, 

ist  Louisiana  (Regulars. :  Maj.  James  M.  Johnson. 

Lieut. -Col.  George  F.  Baucum.  34th  Mississippi: 

Maj.  A.  Watkins  V8th  Arkansas).  Maj.  William  G.  Pegram. 

Warren     Light     Artillery     (Mississippi  Capt.  H.  J.  Bowen. 

Battery),    Lieut.    H.   Shan-  Lieut.-Col.    Hugh     A.    Reynolds 

non.  '3Oth  Mississippi). 

Fowler's  (Alabama)  Battery,  Capt.  Will- 
iam H.  Fowler. 

Followed  Walker's  Division  into  action,  September  igth,  becom- 
ing engaged  just  north  of  the  Winfrey  House,  taking  Baird's  Divis- 
ion in  the  right  flank,  Govan's  Brigade  capturing  Scribner's  guns, 
and  Walthall's,  those  of  King's  Brigade,  the  left  of  Baird's  line,  on 
the  next  ridge  north.  The  division  was  then  forced  to  retire.  It 
was  less  severely  engaged  in  the  afternoon.  September  2oth,  it  was 
in  reserve  until  noon,  when  Walthall's  Brigade  assaulted,  and  was 
withdrawn.  At  5:30  the  division  crossed  the  La  Favette  Road  at 
McDonald's,  but  was  obliged  to  retire  to  the  east  of  the  road,  where 
it  bivouacked. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  TENNESSEE.  79 


LEFT    WING. 

LIEUT.-GEN.  JAMES  LONGSTREET. 


BUCKNER'S  CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen.  SIMON  BOLIVAR  BUCKNER. 

Escort. 
Clark's  Company  Tennessee  Cavalry,  Capt.  J.  W.  Clark. 


STEWART'S  DIVISION  'BUCKNER'S  CORPS) 

Maj.-Gen.  ALEXANDER  P.  STEWART. 

Bate ' s  Brigade.  Clayton  s  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  WILLIAM  BRIMAGE  BATE.  Brig.-Gen.  HENRY  D.  CLAYTON 

58th  Alabama,  Col.  Bushrod  Jones.  i8th  Alabama : 

37th  Georgia:  Col.  J.  T.  Holtzclaw. 

Col.  A.  F.  Rudler.  Lieut.-Col.  R.  F.  Inge. 

Lieut. -Col.  Joseph  T.  Smith.  Maj.  P.  F.  Hunley. 

4th  Georgia  Battalion  Sharpshooters :  36th  Alabama,  Col.  Lewis  T.  Woodruff. 

Maj.  T.  D.  Caswell.  38th  Alabama,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  R.  Lank- 

Capt.  B.  M.  Turner.  ford. 

Lieut.  Joel  Towers.  ist   Arkansas   Battery,    Capt.   John   T. 

1   Col.  R.  C.  Tyler.  Humphreys. 

xSth  Tennessee,         Lieut-Col.  R.  Dud- 

r      ley  Frayser. 
37th  Tennessee,     j    Capt.  R.  M.   Tank- 

i       esley. 
zoth  Tennessee  : 

Col.  Thomas  B.  Smith. 
Maj.  W.  M.  Shy. 

Eufaula    Artillery  (Alabama    Battery), 
Capt.  McDonald  Oliver. 

Broivn  s  Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen.  JOHN  C.  BROWN. 
Col.  EDMUND  C.  COOK. 
i8th  Tennessee : 

Col.  Joseph  B.  Palmer. 
Lieut.-Col.  William  R.  Butler. 
Capt.  Gideon  H.  Lowe. 


So  THK    NATIONAL   MILITARY    PARK. 

26th  Tennessee  : 

Col.  John  M.  Lillard. 

Maj.  Richard  M.  Saffell. 
32d  Tennessee : 

Col.  Edmund  C.  Cook. 

Capt.  Calaway  G.  Tucker. 
45th  Tennessee,  Col.  Anderson  Searcy. 
2$d  Tennessee  Battalion  : 

Maj.  Tazewell  W.  Newman. 

Capt.  W.  P.  Simpson. 
T.  H.  Dawson's  (Georgia)  Battery,  Lieut.  R.  W.  Anderson. 

Soon  after  noon,  September  igth,  Stewart  moved  north  from  the 
Park  House  to  assist  Cheatham,  and  became  severely  engaged  be- 
tween the  Brock  Field  and  Brotherton's,  Clayton's  Brigade  penetra- 
ting the  Union  line  at  the  latter  point  to  the  Tan-yard,  and  Bates' 
Brigade  breaking  it  at  Poe's.  The  division  withdrew  soon  after  5 
o'clock,  upon  the  advance  of  Union  re-inforcements.  September 
2oth,  at  ii  A.  M.,  the  division  assaulted  the  Union  lines  at  the  Poe 
House  and  on  the  south  side  of  the  Kelly  Field,  and  withdrew  about 
i  o'clock  to  its  first  position.  It  took  part  in  the  general  advance  at 
5:30  P.  M.,  and  bivoucked  about  the  Kelly  House. 


PRESTON'S  DIVISION  (BUCKNER'8  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  WILLIAM  PRESTON. 

Grade's  Brigade.  Trigg's  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  ARCHIBALD  GRACIE,  JR.  Col.  ROBERT  C.  TRIGG. 

43d  Alabama,  Col.  Young  M.  Moody.  ist  Florida  Cavalry  (dismounted),  Col- 

ist  Alabama  Battalion  :  *  G.  Troup  Maxwell. 

Lieut.-Col.  John  H.  Holt.  6th  Florida,  Col.  J.  J.  Finley. 

Capt.  George  W.  Huguley.  7th  Florida,  Col.  Robert  Bullock. 

2d  Alabama  Battalion  :  *  $4th  Virginia,  Lieut. -Col.  John  J.  Wade. 

Lieut.-Col.  Boiling  Hall,  Jr. 
Capt.  W.  D.  Walden. 
3d   Alabama  Battalion/'  Maj.  John  W. 

A.  Sanford. 
4th   Alabama    Battalion,!   Maj.  John  D. 

McLennan, 
ennessee  : 

Lieut.-Col.  Abraham  Fulkerson. 
Maj.  John  A.  Aiken. 


*  Hilliard's  Legion. 

t  Artillery  Battalion,  Hilliard's  Legion,  serving  as  infantry. 


ORGANIZATION    OF    THE   ARMY   OF   TENNESSEE.  8l 

Third  Brigade.  Artillery  Battalion. 

Col.  JOHN  H.  KELLY.  Maj.  A.  LEYDEN. 

6sth  Georgia,  Col.  R.  H.  Moore.  Jeffress'  (Virginia)  Battery,  Capt.  Will- 
5th  Kentucky,  Col.  H.  Hawkins.  iam  C.  Jeffress. 

58th   North  Carolina,  Col.  John  B.  Pal-  Peeples'  (Georgia)  Battery,  Capt.  Tyler 

mer.  M.  Peeples. 

63d  Virginia,  Maj.  James  M.  French.  Wolihin's  (Georgia)  Battery,  Capt.  An- 
drew M.  Wolihin. 

September  igth,  at  3  P.  M.,  Trigg's  Brigade  took  part  in  the  battle 
at  Viniard's.  The  division  was  not  further  engaged,  until  4:20.  Sep- 
tember 2oth,  when  it  joined  in  the  assault  on  Snodgrass  Hill  and 
fought  until  sundown.  At  dusk  it  crossed  the  ridge  to  the  right  of 
Brannan  and  captured  the  greater  part  of  three  Union  regiments, 
which  were  isolated  there. 


RESERVE  CORPS  ARTILLERY. 

Maj.  SAMUEL  C.  WILLIAMS. 

Baxter's  (Tennessee)  Battery,  Capt.  Edmund  D.  Baxter. 
Darden's  (Mississippi)  Battery,  Capt.  Putnam  Darden. 
Kolb's  (Alabama)  Battery,  Capt..  R.  F.  Kolb. 
McCants'  (Florida)  Battery,  Capt.  Robert  P.  McCants. 

These  four  batteries,  under  command  of  Maj.  Williams,  crossed 
the  river  at  Alexander's  Bridge  early  on  the  igth,  and  were  posted 
as  a  reserve  to  Buckner's  Corps.  Baxter's  Battery  was  then  sent  to 
Gracie's  Brigade,  and  McCants'  to  Trigg's.  The  remaining  bat- 
teries moved  with  Preston's  Division,  Sunday  afternoon,  to  Brother- 
ton's,  and  about  5  p.  M.,  advanced  to  the  vicinity  of  Poe's,  and 
opened  fire,  first  with  eight  and  then  with  eleven  guns,  upon  the 
Union  lines  south  of  the  Kelly  Field. 


82  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


DETACHMENT  FROM  THE  ARMT  OF  NORTHERN 
VIRGINIA. 


LONGSTREET'S  CORPS*  (HOOD'S). 

Maj.-Gen.  JOHN  B.  HOOD. 


McLAW'S  DIVISION  (HOOD'S  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  JOSEPH  BREVARD  KERSHAW. 
Maj.-Gen.  LAFAYETTE  McLxws. 

Kershaiv's  Brigade.  Woffonf  s  Brigade.\ 

Brig. -Gen.  JOSEPH  BREVARD  KERSHAW.  Brig. -Gen.  WILLIAM  T.  WOFFORD. 

2d  South  Carolina,  Lieut.-Col.  Franklin  i6th  Georgia. 

Gaillard.  i8th  Georgia. 

3d  South  Carolina,  Col.  James  D.  Nance.  24th  Georgia. 

7th  South  Carolina:  3d  Georgia  Battalion  Sharpshooters. 

Lieut.-Col.  Elbert  Bland.  Cobb's  (Georgia)  Legion. 

Maj.  John  S.  Hard.  Phillips'  (Georgia)  Legion. 
Capt.  E.  J.  Goggans. 
8th  South  Carolina,  Col.  John  W.  Hena- 

gan 

15th  South  Carolina,  Col.  Joseph  F.  Gist. 
3d     South     Carolina     Battalion,     Capt. 
Joshua  M.  Townsend. 

Humphreys'  Brigade.  Bryan's  Brigade.^ 

Brig. -Gen.  BENJAMIN  G.  HUMPHREYS.  «  Brig. -Gen.  GOODE  BRYAN. 

i3th     Mississippi,    Lieut.-Col.    Kennon  toth  Georgia. 

McElroy.  5oth  Georgia. 

iyth    Mississippi,    Lieut.-Col.   John    C.  sist  Georgia. 

Fiser.  53d  Georgia. 
i8th  Mississippi,  Capt.  W.  F.  Hubbard. 
aist  Mississippi,  Lieut.-Col.  D.  N.  Moody. 

Was  not  present  September  igth.     September  2Oth,  formed  the 

second  line  east  of  Brotherton's.  It  followed   Johnson's    Division 

through    the    Union    line,  turned  north    through    the    Dyer  Field, 


*  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.     Organization  taken  from  return  of  that  army  for 
August  31,  1863.     Pickett's  Division  was  left  in  Virginia, 
t  Did  not  arrive  in  time  for  the  battle. 


ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    ARMY    OF    TENNESSEE.  83 

passed  over  Law's  Division,  which  had  been  checked  by  Wood's 
troops,  forced  the  latter  back,  and  assaulted  Snodgrass  Hill.  It  was 
relieved  by  Preston  at  4:30  p.  M. 


HOOD'S  DIVISION   (HOOD'S  CORPS). 

Maj.  Gen.  JOHN  B.  HOOD. 

Brig. -Gen.  EVANDER  MclvER  LAW. 

Jenkins'  Brigade.*-  Law's  Brigade. 

Brig. .Gen.  MICAH  JENKINS.  Brig.-Gen.  EVANDER  MC!VER  LAW. 

ist  South  Carolina.  Col.  JAMES  L.  SHEFFIELD. 

ad  South  Carolina  Rifles.  Col.  W.  C.  OATES. 

5th  South  Carolina.  4th  Alabama,  Col.  Pinckney  D.  Bowles. 

6th  South  Carolina.  I5th  Alabama,  Col.  W.  C.  Gates. 

Hampton  Legion.  44th  Alabama,  Col.  William  F.  Perry. 

Palmetto  Sharpshooters  47th  Alabama,  Maj.  James  M.  Campbell. 

48th    Alabama,   Lieut. -Col.  William   M. 
Hardwick. 

Robertson  s  Brigade.^  Anderson  s  Brigade.*- 

Brig.-Gen.  JEROME  B.  ROBERTSON.  Brig.-Gen.  GEORGE  T.  ANDERSON. 

Col.  VAN  H.  MANNING.  7th  Georgia. 

3d  Arkansas,  Col.  Van.  H.  Manning.  8th  Georgia, 

ist  Texas,  Capt.  R.  J.  Harding.  o.th  Georgia. 

4th  Texas:  nth  Georgia. 

Col.  John  P.  Bane.  59tn  Georgia. 

Capt.  R.  H.  Bassett. 
5th  Texas : 

Maj.  J.  C.  Rogers. 
Capt.  J.  S.  Cleveland. 
Capt.  T.  T.  Clay. 

Benning 's  Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen.  HENRY  L.  BENNING. 
2d  Georgia : 

Lieut.-Col.  William  S.  Shepherd. 
Maj.  W.  W.  Charlton. 
I5th  Georgia  : 

Col.  Dudley  M.  DuBose. 
Maj.  P.  J.  Shannon. 

i7th  Georgia,  Lieut.-Col.  Charles  W.  Matthews, 
aoth  Georgia,  Col.  J.  D.  Waddell. 

September  igth,  it  was  engaged  about  Viniard's  from  2  p.  M.  until 
sunset.     September  2Oth,  it  formed  the  third  line  east  of  Brother- 


*  Did  not  arrive  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  battle, 
t  Served  first  day  in  Johnson's  Provisional  Division. 


84  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

ton's.  It  advanced  through  the  Union  line,  but  was  repulsed  by 
Harker's  Brigade  of  Wood's  Division  toward  the  north  end  of  the 
Dyer  Field,  and  was  not  afterward  engaged. 


JOHNSON'S  DIVISION*  (HOOD'S  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  BUSHROD  R.  JOHNSON. 

Gregg's  Brigade.  McNctir  s  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  GREGG.  Brig. -Gen.  EVANDER  McNAiR. 

Col.  CYRUS  A.  SUGG.  Col.  DAVID  COLEMAN. 

3d  Tennessee,  Col.  Calvin  H.  Walker.  ist     Arkansas     Mounted     Rifles,    Col. 

loth  Tennessee,  Col.  William  Grace.  Robert  W.  Harper. 

30th  Tennessee  :  2d     Arkansas     Mounted     Rifles,     Col. 

Lieut. -Col.  James  J.  Turner.  James  A.  Williamson. 

Capt.  Charles  S.  Douglass.  25th  Arkansas,  Lieut. -Col.  Eli  Hufsted- 

4ist   Tennessee,    Lieut.-Col.    James   D.  ler. 

Tillman.  4th  and  3151  Arkansas  and  4th  Arkansas 

50th  Tennessee :  Battalion         (consolidated) 

Col.  Cyrus  A.Sugg.  Maj.  J.  A.  Ross. 

Lieut.-Col.     Thomas     W.     Beau-         39th  North  Carolina,  Col.   David  Cole- 

mont.  man. 

Maj.  Christopher  W.  Robertson.  Culpeper's    (South    Carolina)    Battery, 

Col.  Calvin   H.  Walker  (3d    Ten-  Capt.  James  F.  Culpeper. 

nessee).        .  "  >'  • 

ist  Tennessee  Battalion  : 

Maj.  Stephen  H.  Colms. 

Maj.   Christopher   W.   Robertson 

(5oth  Tennessee). 
7th  Texas: 

Col.  H.  B.  Granbury. 
Maj.  K.  M.  Vanzandt. 
Blcdsoe's  Missouri  Battery,  Lieut.  R.  L. 
Wood. 

Johnson's  Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen.  BUSHROD  R.  JOHNSON. 
.     Col.  JOHN  S.  FULTON. 
i7th  Tennessee,  Lieut.-Col.  Watt  W.  Floyd. 
23d  Tennessee,  Col.  R.  H.  Keeble. 
25th  Tennessee,  Lieut.-Col.  R.  B.  Snowden. 
44th  Tennessee : 

Lieut.-Col.  John  S.  McEwen,  Jr. 
Maj.  G.  M.  Crawford. 

Company  E,  gth  Georgia  Artillery  Battalion  (Billington  W.  York's  Battery),  Lieut. 
William  S.  Everett. 

Forced  a  crossing  of  the  Chickamauga  at  Reed's  Bridge,  Sep- 
tember iSth,  and  advanced  nearly  to  Viniard's.  Took  part  in  the 
battle  at  that  point  during  the  afternoon  of  the  igth.  Occupied  the 

*  A  provisional  organization,  embracing  Johnson's  and  part  of  the  time  Robert- 
son's Brigades,  as  well  as  Gregg's-  and  McNair's.  September  igth,  attached  to 
Longstreet's  Corps,  under  Maj. -Gen.  Hood. 


ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    ARMY    OF    TENNESSEE.  85 

front  line  east  of  Brotherton's,  September  2oth  ;  .penetrated  the 
Union  line,  advanced  over  the  ridge  at  the  west  side  of  the  Dyer 
Field  and  assaulted  Snodgrass  Hill  at  and  west  of  Viditoe's  until 
night. 

CORPS  ARTILLERY-  (LONGSTREET'S). 

Col.  E.  PORTER  ALEXANDER. 

Fielding's  (South  Carolina)  Battery.  Parker's  (Virginia)  Battery. 

Jordan's  (Virginia)  Battery.  Taylor's  (Virginia)  Battery. 

Moody's  (Louisiana)  Battery.  Woolfolk's  (Virginia)  Battery. 


RESERVE  ARTILLERY. 

Maj.  FELIX  H.  ROBERTSON. 

Barret's  (Missouri)  Battery,  Capt.  Overton  W.  Barret. 
Havis"  (Georgia)  Battery,  Capt.  M.  W.  Havis. 
Lumsden's  (Alabama)  Battery,  Capt.  Charles  L.  Lumsden. 
Massenburg's  (Georgia)  Battery,  Capt.  T.  L.  Massenburg. 


FORREST'S  CORPS  (CAVALRY). 

Brig. -Gen.  NATHAN  BEDFORD  FORREST. 

Escort. 
Jackson's  Company  Tennessee  Cavalry,  Capt.  J.  C.  Jackson. 


ARMSTRONG'S  DIVISION  (FORREST'S  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  FRANK  C.  ARMSTRONG. 

Armstrong's  Briga'de.  Forrest' s  Brigade. 

Col.  JAMES  T.  WHEELER..  Col.  GEORGE  G.  Dibrell. 

3d  Arkansas,  Col.  A.  W.  Hobson.  4th  Tennessee,  Col.  Wm.  S.  McLemore. 

ad  Kentucky,  Lieut. -Col.  Thomas  G.  8th  Tennessee,  Capt.  Hamilton  McGin- 

Woodward.  nis. 

6th  Tennessee,  Lieut. -Col.  James  H.  gth  Tennessee,  Col.  Jacob  B.  Biffle. 

Lewis.  loth  Tennessee,  Col.  Nicholas  N.  Cox. 

i8th  Tennessee  Battalion,  Maj.  Charles         nth  Tennessee,  Col.  Daniel  Wilson  Hoi- 
McDonald,  man. 

Shaw's  Battalion,  O.  P.  Hamilton's  Bat- 
talion, and  R.  D.  Allison's 
Squadron  (consolidated), 
Maj.  Joseph  Shaw. 

Huggins'  (Tennnessee)  Battery  (form- 
erly Freeman's),  Capt.  A. 
L.  Huggins. 

Morton's  (Tennessee)  Battery,  Capt. 
John  W.  Morton,  Jr. 


'•'•  Did  not  arrive  in  time  for  the  battle. 


86 


THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


PEGRAM'S  DIVISION-  (FORREST'S  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  PEGRA.M. 

Davidson's  Brigade.  Scott' s  Brigade. 

Hrig.-Gen.  H.  B.  DAVIDSON.  Col.  JOHN  S.  SCOTT. 

ist  Georgia,  Col.  J.  J.  Morrison.  loth  Confederate,  Col.  C.  T.  Goode. 

6th  Georgia,  Col.  John  R.  Hart.  Detachment  of  John  H.  Morgan's  com- 

6th  North   Carolina,  Col.  Geo.  N.  Folk.  mand,     Lieut. -Col.     R.    M. 

Rucker's  ist  Tennessee  Legion,  Col.  E.  Martin. 

W.  Rucker  (i2th  Tennessee         ist      Louisiana,      Lieut. -Col.      Jas.  O. 
Battalion,  Maj.  G.  W.  Day,  Nixon, 

and  i6th  Tennessee   Battal-         2d  Tennesssee,  Col.  H.  M.  Ashby. 
ion,  Capt.  John  Q.  Arnold).         5th  Tennessee,  Col.  Geo.  W.  McKenzie. 
Huwald's    (Tennessee)    Battery,    Capt.         N.  T.    N.   Robinson's  (Louisiana)   Bat- 
Gustave  A.  Huwald.  tery    (one    section),    Lieut. 

Winslow  Robinson. 

September  igth,  Dibbrell's,  Davidson's,  and  part  of  Scott's 
Brigades  became  engaged  with  Brannan's  troops  near  Jay's  Mill  at 
7:30  A.  M.,  opening  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  Their  engagement 
continued  until  i  p.  M.  September  2oth,  the  corps  formed  the 
Confederate  right  east  of  Cloud's.  At  n  A.  M.,  it  captured  the 
Union  hospitals  at  that  point,  but  was  driven  from  there  at  noon 
bv  Whitaker's  Brigade  of  Granger's  troops,  which  were  advancing 
from  McAfee's  Church  to  Snodgrass  Hill. 


WHEELER'S  CORPS  (CAVALRY). 

Maj. -Gen.  JOSEPH  WHEELER. 


WHARTON'S  DIVISION   (WHEELER'S  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  A.  WHARTON. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  C.  C.  CREWS.  Col.  THOMAS  HARRISON. 

Malone's  (Alabama)  Regiment,  Col.  J.  C.         3d  Confederate,  Col.  W.  N.  Este*. 

Malone,  Jr.  istKentucky,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  W.  Griffith. 

ad  Georgia,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  M.  Ison.  4th  Tennessee,  Lieut.-Col.   Paul  F.  An- 

3d  Georgia,  Col.  R.  Thompson.  derson. 

4th  Georgia,  Col.  Isaac  W.  Avery.  8th  Texas,  Lieut.-Col.  Gustave  Cook. 

nth  Texas,  Col.  G.  R.  Reeves. 
White's  (Tennessee)   Battery,  Capt.   B. 
F.  White,  Jr. 

*  Taken  from  Pegram's  and  Scott's  reports  and  assignments. 


ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    ARMY    OF    TENNESSEE.  87 

MARTIN'S  DIVISION  1WHEELER'S  CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen.  WILLIAM  T.  MARTIN. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  JOHN  T.  MORGAN.  Col.  A.  A.  RUSSELL. 

ist  Alabama,  Lieut.-Col.  D.  T.  Blakey.  4th     Alabama     (Russell's     Regiment), 

3d  Alabama,  Lieut.-Col.  T.  H.  Mauldin.  Lieut.-Col.  J.  M.  Hambrick. 

Sist  Alabama,  Lieut.-Col.  N.   L.   Kirk-  ist  Confederate,  Capt.  C.  H.  Conner. 

patrick.  J.     H.     Wiggins'     (Arkansas)     Battery, 

8th    Confederate,    Lieut.-Col.    John    S.  Lieut.  J.  P.  Bryant. 
Prather. 

These  divisions  operated  along  the  upper  fords  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga  during  the  iQth.  September  2oth,  they  crossed  at  Glass  Mill, 
and  forced  Long's  Brigade  back  to  Crawfish  Springs.  They  then  re- 
crossed  the  river,  proceeded  to  Lee  and  Gordon's,  and  advanced 
from  that  point  to  Crawfish  Springs,  capturing  the  Union  hospitals 
there  about  sundown. 


CHATTANOOGA — LOOKOUT  MOUNTAIN — MISSIONARY  RIDGE. 


CHATTANOOGA — BRAGG'S    INVESTMENT. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

ROSECRANS   AT    CHATTANOOGA — BRAGG'S    INEVESTMENT.* 

At  midnight  of  September  2oth,  the  Union  army  had 
reached  Rossville,  where  it  bivouacked  under  direction  of 
Gen.  Thomas,  covering  Rossville  and  McFarland's  Gaps. 
During  the  night  rations  and  ammunition  were  sent  from 
Chattanooga  by  Gen.  Rosecrans.  Early  in  the  morning  the 
various  divisions  and  corps  were  assembled  and  placed  in 
position. 

Crittenden's  Corps  occupied  Missionary  Ridge  north  of 
Rossville  Gap,  Thomas'  Corps,  the  gap  and  the  road  to 
McFarland's  Gap,  and  McCook's  Corps,  the  mounted  in- 
fantry and  the  cavalry,  the  Chattanooga  Valley  to  Lookout. 

Palmer's  Division  of  Crittenden's  Corps  held  the  point  of 
Missionary  Ridge  next  to  Rossville  Gap  with  Wood's  Divi- 
sion to  its  left  on  the  ridge,  and  Steedman's  Division  of 
Granger's  Corps  still  to  the  left  as  a  reserve.  Van  Cleve's 
Division  was  sent  to  Chattanooga  during  the  night  of  the 
2oth,  and  Dick's  Brigade  of  that  division  with  the  39th  In- 
diana Mounted  Infantry,  Col.  Harrison,  was  sent  at  i  P. 
M.  to  hold  the  gaps  in  Missionary  Ridge  east  of  the  city, 
and  the  bridge  on  the  Harrison  Road  over  the  Chicka- 
mauga. 

Baird's  Division  of  Thomas'  Corps  held  Rossville  Gap 
with  Negley's  Division  thrown  forward  to  the  spurs  over- 
looking the  roads  to  Ringgold  and  the  battle  field.  John 
Beatty's  and  D.  McCook's  Brigades  held  the  point  of  the 
ridge  next  south  of  Rossville  Gap.  Brannan's  and  Reynolds' 
Divisions  were  placed  across  the  road  to  McFarland's  Gap, 
and  Johnson's,  Sheridan's,  and  Davis'  Divisions  of  McCook's 


See  map,  page  IT  p. 


90  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Corps  continued  the  line  westward  across  Chattanooga 
Valley. 

Mitchell's  Cavalry  occupied  McFarland's  Gap,  and  resisted 
the  advance  of  Wheeler's  Cavalry  on  that  flank.  Minty's 
Cavalry  was  thrown  forward  on  the  Ringgold  Road  to  the 
vicinity  of  McAfee's  Church. 

Except  an  advance  of  Forrest's  command  toward  Ross- 
ville  Gap  on  the  La  Fayette  and  Ringgold  Roads,  and  of  a 
part  of  Wheeler's  command  toward  McFarland's  Gap,  and 
slight  skirmishing  with  the  Union  lines,  the  latter  were  not 
disturbed  during  the  day. 

During  the  night  of  the  2ist,  the  Union  army  was  with- 
drawn to  Chattanooga.  Crittenden's  two  divisions  moved  to 
their  left  along  Missionary  Ridge,  followed  at  midnight  by 
Steedman's  Division.  Thomas'  Corps  marched  on  the  direct 
road  from  Rossville ;  Brannan's  Division  occupied  a  line  at 
dusk  half  way  to  the  city,  and  held  it  until  the  other  three 
divisions  of  the  corps  had  passed,  and  followed  them  soon 
after  midnight.  McCook's  Corps  then  withdrew  by  divisions 
from  left  to  right.  Each  brigade  of  the  army  left  its  pickets 
with  a  regiment  to  support  them,  and  Baird's  Division  re- 
mained as  a  reserve  of  all  the  pickets.  In  front  of  the  in- 
fantry pickets  was  the  cavalry.  At  daylight  these  covering 
lines  of  infantry  withdrew  and  their  places  were  taken  by  the 
cavalry.  At  an  early  hour  Forrest  advanced  upon  the  latter 
at  Rossville  Gap,  and  Wheeler  pressed  Mitchell  in  Chatta- 
nooga Valley.  McLaw's  Infantry  Division  of  Hood's  Corps 
was  sent  forward  to  assist  Forrest,  and  thus  supported,  the 
latter  pushed  forward  to  within  two  miles  of  Chattanooga  to 
the  vicinity  of  the  Watkin's  House.  Gen.  Wheeler  formed 
a  junction  with  him  at  that  point. 

Meantime,  the  Union  lines  had  been  formed  in  front  of 
Chattanooga  with  McCook's  Corps  on  the  right,  Thomas'  in 
the  center,  and  Crittenden's  oi\  the  left.  By  noon  of  Septem- 
ter  22d,  this  line  was  fairly  covered  by  rifle  pits. 


92  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Gen.  Bragg's  infantry  began  its  march  from  the  battle 
field  on  the  afternoon  of  the  2ist,  Folk's  wing  beginning  the 
movement,  followed  the  next  day  by  Longstreet's  wing. 
Cheatham's  Division  led  the  column  with  orders  for  Hind- 
man's  Division  of  the  same  corps  (Folk's)  to  join  it  on  the 
march.  It  was  followed  by  Walker's  Corps,  and  that  by 
Hill's.  The  line  of  march  was  by  Ringgold  Bridge  and 
Mission  Mills  toward  Chickamauga  Station.  Cheatham's 
Division  reached  Shallow  Ford  the  morning  of  the  22d,  and 
moved  thence  on  the  direct  road  toward  Chattanooga.  At  9 
o'clock,  he  encountered  the  skirmishers  of  Dick's  Brigade  of 
Van  Cleve's  Division  deployed  east  of  Missionary  Ridge,  and 
at  2  P.  M.  occupied  the  ridge  at  the  crossing  of  the  Shallow 
Ford  Road  (now  McCallie  Avenue). 

A  general  movement  upon  Chattanooga  was  ordered  for  7 
A.  M.,  September  23d,  the  right  wing  by  the  Shallow  Ford 
and  Mission  Mills  Roads,  and  the  left  wing  by  the  Rossville 
Road.  Gen.  Cheatham's  Division  formed  in  line  of  battle 
at  the  foot  of  the  ridge  west  of  the  point  where  the  Shallow 
Ford  Road  crosses  it,  with  Hindman's  (Anderson's)  Division 
on  its  left,  both  divisions  being  sufficiently  advanced  from  the 
ridge  to  allow  Walker's  Division  to  form  in  their  rear  as  a 
general  reserve  to  the  right  wing.  Hill's  Corps  crossed  the 
ridge  on  the  Mission  Mills  Road. 

Gen.  Longstreet's  wing  (left)  moved  on  the  direct  road 
from  Rossville,  and  reached  the  Watkin's  House,  two  miles 
from  Chattanooga,  at  n  A.  M.,  and  occupied  the  day  in 
forming  its  lines  from  near  the  foot  of  Lookout  Mountain  to 
the  left  of  Hill's  Corps,  which  had  advanced  from  the  foot 
of  Missionary  Ridge  on  the  Mission  Mills  Road. 

September  24th,  a  reconnaissance  in  force  from  the  Union 
lines  found  the  Confederates  encamped  beyond  Chattanooga 
Creek,  from  the  base  of  Lookout  eastward  through  the 
Watkin's  place  to  Missionary  Ridge,  and  northward  along 
the  base  of  the  ridge  to  a  point  beyond  the  Shallow  Ford 
Road. 


CHATTANOOGA— BRAGG'S   INVESTMENT.  93 

September  25th,  skirmishers  were  advanced  along  Bragg's 
entire  front,  to  ascertain  if  the  Union  army  was  evacuating. 

Upon  the  Confederates  appearing  in  force  on  Lookout 
Mountain,  Gen.  Rosecrans  had  retired  McCook's  Corps  on 
the  right  to  a  position  in  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  and  occu- 
pied Moccasin  Point,  opposite  Lookout.  The  Confederate 
right  established  a  strong  line  through  Orchard  Knob,  with 
its  pickets  thrown  well  forward  toward  Fort  Wood,  the  east- 
ern salient  of  the  Union  line. 

The  Confederate  cavalry  under  Gen.  Wheeler  was  sent 
north  of  the  Tennessee  to  operate  against  the  Union  lines 
of  supply.  These  latter  were  soon  confined  to  the  mountain 
roads  over  Walden's  Ridge  and  the  Cumberlands  by  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  heights  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  by 
Gen.  Longstreet's  forces,  at  a  point  where  they  commanded 
the  road  along  the  north  bank. 

During  October,  the  Union  army  became  very  short  of  ra- 
tions, and  the  question  of  holding  the  city  resolved  itself 
into  one  of  obtaining  supplies.  It  was  regarded  as  impossi- 
ble for  Bragg  to  carry  the  Union  works. 

Early  in  the  month,  the  Twentieth  and  Twenty-first  Corps 
were  consolidated  into  the  Fourth,  Gens.  McCook  and 
Crittenden  being  relieved,  and  Gen.  Gordon  Granger  be- 
ing placed  in  command  of  the  new  corps.  October  i6th, 
Gen.  Grant  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Union 
forces  in  and  to  be  concentrated  in  the  Departments  of  the 
Ohio  and  the  Cumberland.  He  reached  Chattanooga  on 
the  23d.  On  the  ipth,  Gen.  Thomas  had  succeeded  Gen. 
Rosecrans. 

September  3oth,  the  head  of  Gen.  Hooker's  command 
from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  reached  Bridgeport.  This 
was  composed  of  the  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Corps,  of  two 
divisions  each. 

September  23d,  the  movement  of  four  divisions  of  Grant's 
army  on  the  Mississippi  toward  Chattanooga  began  at  Vicks- 


94  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

burg.     The  head  of  Gen.  Sherman's  column  reached  Lookout 
Valley,  November  i8th. 

Both  the  Union  and  the  Confederate  armies  were  reorgan- 
ized during  October,  and  on  the  26th  of  that  month,  active 
operations  began  on  the  Union  side  for  re-opening  the  Ten- 
nessee River  to  Bridgeport. 


THE    CHICKAMAUGA    CAMPAIGN    SKELETONIZED.  95 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

THE    CHICKAMAUGA     CAMPAIGN    SKELETONIZED. 

The  map  which  accompanies  this  chapter  affords  a  rapid, 
comprehensive,  and  easy  study  of  the  Chickamauga  cam- 
paign. 

It  does  not  take  notice  of  the  details  of  maneuvering  or 
concentration,  but  represents  the  respective  armies  as  con- 
centrated and  in  hand  for  each  of  their  successive  move- 
ments. 

It  shows  (i)  why  Bragg  was  compelled  to  retire  from  Chat- 
tanooga to  save  his  communications  and  await  reinforce- 
ments ;  and  (2)  the  attempt  of  each  army  thereafter  to  thrust 
itself  between  the  other  and  Chattanooga,  in  the  struggle  for 
the  final  possession  of  that  city — the  objective  of  Rosecrans' 
campaign. 

September  7,  1863,  Gen.  Bragg  held  Chattanooga. 

September  yth,  Gen.  Rosecrans  having  crossed  the  Cum- 
berland Mountains,  the  Tennessee  River,  and  the  Raccoon 
Range  south  of  it,  began  to  cross  Lookout  Mountain  into 
the  rear  of  Chattanooga.  This  movement  is  fully  set  forth 
on  the  map  of  the  theater  of  campaign.  See  Chapter  II. 

The  center  of  the  army  September  8th  was  twenty-six 
miles  south  of  the  city,  near  Stevens'  Gap,  and  the  right 
forty-two  miles  south  of  it. 

The  night  of  September  7th  Bragg  withdrew  to  La  Fayette 
behind  Pigeon  Mountains,  opposite  Rosecrans'  center,  and 
established  his  army  there  September  8th. 

Rosecrans,  until  September  i2th,  was  operating  against 
Bragg  in  the  direction  of  La  Fayette,  upon  the  theory  that 
he  was  in  retreat  upon  Rome,  when,  at  that  date,  he  was 


CHICKAMAUGA  CAMPAIGN.  SKELETONIZED. 


THE  CHICKAMAUGA  CAMPAIGN  SKELETONIZED.  97 

found  to  have  been  reinforced,  and  concentrating  toward  Lee 
and  Gordon's  Mill  for  battle.  Rosecrans  was  obliged  to  wait 
several  days  for  McCook's  Corps  to  arrive  on  his  right.  On 
the  i  yth  he  moved  to  Crawfish  Springs. 

September  i7th  Bragg  had  moved  northward  and  was 
found  on  Rosecrans'  left  flank  south  of  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill. 

September  i8th,  at  night,  the  left  of  Rosecrans  was  along 
the  La  Fayette  Road,  a  mile  north  of  Lee  and  Gordon's 
toward  Chattanooga. 

September  i8th,  during  the  afternoon  and  night,  Bragg 
crossed  the  Chickamauga,  and  formed,  facing  the  La  Fayette 
Road,  beyond  Rosecrans'  left  flank,  with  the  purpose  of  at- 
tacking that  flank  in  the  morning  of  the  ipth,  driving  it 
back  on  the  Union  right,  and  the  whole  away  from  Chat- 
tanooga, and  back  into  the  mountains. 

But  the  same  night,  September  i8th,  Rosecrans  had  moved 
his  right  and  center  several  miles  to  the  left  of  Bragg's  new 
position,  and  formed  at  daylight  across  the  La  Fayette,  or 
Chattanooga  Road,  and  eastward  to  the  Chickamauga.  At 
7:30  A.  M.  his  left  attacked  Forrest's  Cavalry  Corps,  which 
was  near  Reed's  Bridge,  guarding  Bragg's  right  and  rear. 

September  igth,  Bragg's  plan  of  battle  being  destroyed,  he 
moved  to  his  right,  and  the  first  day's  battle  of  Chickamauga 
followed.  At  its  close  Rosecrans  was  fully  between  Bragg 
and  Chattanooga. 

September  2oth  the  second  day's  battle  of  Chickamauga 
took  place,  Bragg's  plan  still  being  to  gain  the  La  Fayette 
Road  beyond  Rosecrans'.  left  flank.  At  the  close  of  the  bat- 
tle he  had  succeeded  in  this,  as  the  map  shows. 

September  2oth,  at  night,  Gen.  Thomas  moved  the  army 
through  McFarland's  Gap  to  Rossville,  and  at  midnight 
formed  it  across  the  La  Fayette  Road  again  in  the  gap  and 
on  Missionary  Ridge  to  the  right  and  left  of  it,  and  across  the 
plain  toward  Lookout  Mountain.  A  considerable  portion  of 
the  Union  army  had  been  forced  off  the  field  early  in  the  day, 
but  nearly  all  of  this  was  assembled  at  Rossville. 


90  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Throughout  the  2ist  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  remained 
in  position  there,  across  Bragg's  direct  road  to  Chattanooga, 
offering  battle. 

September  2ist  Bragg  moved  to  his  right  parallel  to  Mis- 
sionary Ridge  and  beyond  Rosecrans'  left. 

The  night  of  September  2ist  the  Union  army  marched  to 
Chattanooga.  At  sunrise  of  the  22d  its  lines  were  estab- 
lished around  the  city,  and  Rosecrans  was  in  full  possession. 

September  22d  Bragg  crossed  Missionary  Ridge,  and  an 
attack  upon  Chattanooga  was  ordered  for  September  23d. 
This,  however,  was  not  delivered,  and  an  investment  of 
the  city  was  undertaken. 


RE-OPENING    OF   THE  TENNESSEE BROWN'S  FERRY.  99 


CHAPTER    IX. 

RE-OPENING    OF  THE    TENNESSEE    RIVER—THE    BROWN'S  FERRY 

AFFAIR. 

In  four  weeks,  Chattanooga  had  been  so  strongly  fortified 
as  to  defy  attack.  October  i3th,  the  army  was  receiving 
three-fourths  rations,  and  upon  that  day  300,000  full  rations 
arrived.  Ten  days  before,  Gen.  Wheeler,  in  his  noted  raid 
north  of  the  river,  had  destroyed  nearly  300  wagons,  and  the 
fall  rains  had  so  softened  the  roads  that  the  trains  could  haul 
but  little  more  than  forage  enough  to  last  the  animals  during 
the  trip  of  sixty  miles  over  the  mountains  from  Bridgeport. 
The  re-opening  of  the  river  to  the  latter  point  therefore  be- 
came imperative. 

Gen.  Rosecrans  had  been  ready  to  undertake  the  move- 
ment upon  Gen.  Hooker's  arrival  at  Bridgeport.  The  latter 
reached  that  point  October  ist,  and  the  same  day  was  ordered 
by  Gen.  Rosecrans  to  lay  his  bridges  and  make  immediate 
preparations  to  cross  the  river  and  move  toward  Chattanooga. 
But  Gen.  Hooker's  wagon  trains  had  been  turned  in  at  Alex- 
andria when  his  troops  started  for  the  west,  under  the  belief 
that  he  could  be  at  once  refitted  at  Nashville.  Being 
without  means  of  supplying  his  troops,  he  could  not  move 
forward.  Gen.  Rosecrans  repeated  his  order,  October  i2th, 
directing  Gen.  Hooker  to  move  up  to  Wauhatchie  to  assist  in 
opening  the  river,  but,  for  the  same  reason,  he  was  still  un- 
able to  do  so. 

October  ipth,  the  order  was  again  given  by  Gen.  Rose- 
crans for  the  troops  at  Bridgeport  to  be  ready  to  move. 
That  day  he  rode  as  far  as  Brown's  Ferry  with  Gen.  W.  F. 
Smith,  his  chief  engineer,  and  Gen.  J.  J.  Reynolds,  his  chief 


RE-OPENING  OF  THE  TENNESSEE — BROWN'S  FERRY.         IOI 

of  staff,  making  a  general  examination  of  the  river  with  re- 
spect to  selecting  a  point  below  Lookout  Mountain  for  throw- 
ing the  bridges,  and  a  special  examination  of  Brown's  Ferry 
where  the  bridge  was  finally  thrown.  The  plan  was  that  of 
Gen.  Rosecrans.  The  details  were  left  to  Gen.  Smith. 

A  glance  at  the  map  will  show  the  features  of  the  project. 
It  is  but  a  few  miles  from  Chattanooga  across  the  narrow 
neck  of  Moccasin  Point  to  Brown's  Ferry.  The  latter  point 
was  on  the  old  stage  road  to  Nashville,  and  beyond  the  reach 
of  the  Confederate  batteries  on  Lookout.  If  Gen.  Hooker 
could  march  from  Bridgeport  along  the  south  side  of  the 
river  to  that  point,  boats  could  ascend  to  it,  or  near  it,  and 
the  wagon  haul  into  the  city  would  then  be  but  six  or  eight 
miles.  The  movement  would  also  open  two  wagon  roads  to 
Bridgeport,  one  on  each  side  of  the  river. 

Upon  reaching  his  headquarters  after  his  return  from  re- 
connoitering  Brown's  Ferry,  Gen.  Rosecrans  found  an  order 
relieving  him  and  putting  Gen.  Thomas  in  command,  and  at 
daylight  he  left  for  the  north.  The  same  night,  Gen.  Thomas 
directed  Gen.  Hooker  to  be  ready  to  obey  the  order 
given  him  in  the  morning  by  Gen.  Rosecrans.  But  Gen. 
Hooker's  trains  did  not  reach  him  till  October  25th  and  26th. 
At  daylight  of  the  ayth,  he  crossed  to  the  south  side  of  the 
river  and  moved  toward  Chattanooga  in  execution  of  his  part 
of  the  plan  for  opening  the  river. 

Gen.  Grant  had  arrived,  October  23d.  The  plans  for  the 
movement  were  explained  to  him  by  Gen.  Thomas^  and  ap- 
proved, and  Gen.  Smith  was  directed  to  execute  them  and 
given  command  of  the  movement  from  Chattanooga. 

Gen.  Rosecrans  had  selected  Brown's  Ferry  as  the  point 
for  throwing  his  bridge.  At  this  place  a  low  ridge  ran  on 
the  south  bank  parallel  to  the  river,  and  the  road  from  the 
ferry  penetrated  it  through  a  gorge.  This  was  held  by  the 
enemy,  and  the  Confederate  pickets  along  the  river  bank  ex- 
tended seven  miles  up  stream  to  the  mouth  of  Chattanooga 
Creek,  and  down  stream  to  the  bluffs  of  Raccoon  Mountain. 


RE-OPENING  OF  THE  TENNESSEE  — BROWN'S  FERRY.         103 

The  plan  involved  simultaneous  movements  from  Chatta- 
nooga and  Bridgeport.  Gen.  Thomas'  troops  were  to  seize 
Brown's  Ferry  ;  and  Gen.  Hooker  was  to  cross  the  river  at 
Bridgeport,  march  by  Whitesides  to  Wauhatchie  and  Brown's 
Ferry,  and  occupy  Lookout  Valley. 

For  the  seizure  of  Brown's  Ferry,  fifty  pontoons  with  oars 
were  prepared  at  Chattanooga,  each  having  room  for  the 
crew  and  twenty-five  infantry  men,  and  two  flat-boats  to  carry 
forty  and  seventy-five  men,  respectively. 

The  troops  assigned  to  the  expedition  were  the  brigades 
of  Gen.  Turchin,  of  Baird's  Division  of  the  Fourteenth 
Corps,  and  Gen.  Hazen,  of  Wood's  Division  of  the  Fourth 
Corps.  The  boat  and  bridge  construction  was  in  charge  of 
Capt.  P.  V.  Fox,  of  the  Michigan  Mechanics  and  Engineers. 

Fifteen  hundred  men  were  put  into  the  boats  at  the  Chat- 
tanooga Landing  the  night  of  October  26th,  and  at  3  A.  M. 
•of  the  2yth,  the  flotilla  of  fifty-two  boats,  with  1,600  men,  in- 
cluding the  crews,  all  under  the  command  of  Gen.  Hazen, 
and  accompanied  by  Gen.  Smith,  rowed  to  the  north  shore 
and  started  down  the  river.  By  previous  observations  of 
logs  floating  from  the  city  to  Brown's  Ferry,  the  starting  was 
so  timed  as  to  reach  the  latter  point  at  daybreak.  The  col- 
umn of  boats  proceeded  without  discovery  under  the  shadows 
of  the  willows  on  the  north  bank  along  the  whole  seven  miles 
of  the  enemy's  pickets  on  the  south  shore,  and,  guided  by 
range  lights,  landed,  surprised  the  pickets  at  the  ferry,  and 
hastily  occupied  the  position  and  points  above  it.  The  boats 
were  then  rowed  across  the  river,  to  which  point  the  re- 
mainder of  the  force,  that  had  not  come  in  the  pontoons, 
had  been  marched  under  command  of  Gen.  Turchin.  These 
crossed  rapidly  and  occupied  the  ridge  below  the  ferry.  By 
daylight,  the  position  was  strongly  protected  by  felled  timber. 
The  losses  in  the  skirmishing  incident  to  seizing  the  position 
were  6  killed,  23  wounded,  and  9  missing.  The  picketing 
of  the  river  next  below  Lookout,  and  the  station  at  Brown's 
Ferry,  was  in  charge  of  the  Fourth  and  Fifteenth  Alabama 


IO4  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Regiments,  of  Law's  Brigade,  Hood's  Division,  Longstreet's 
Corps.  After  October  23d,  this  brijide  was  the  only  Con- 
federate force  west  of  Lookout  Mountain.  Withdrawing 
their  pickets,  these  regiments  retired  to  Lookout  Creek, 
where  they  were  joined  by  the  rest  of  the  brigade.  In  the 
affair  at  the  ferry,  Col.  W.  C.  Gates,  of  the  Fifteenth  Ala- 
bama, was  severely  wounded.  Gen.  Hooker  left  Bridgeport 
at  daylight  of  the  ayth  of  October,  and  encamped  at  White- 
sides.  The  next  afternoon,  at  3  o'clock,  his  head  of  column 
reached  Wauhatchie,  where  Geary's  Division  of  the  Twelfth 
Corps  went  into  camp,  at  the  junction  of  the  Kelly's  Ferry 
Road;  while  the  Eleventh  Corps  marched  on,  reaching 
Brown's  Ferry  at  5  o'clock. 

The  Union  forces  having  fully  occupied  Lookout  Valley, 
thus  commanding  the  river  to  Brown's  Ferry  and  the  wagon 
roads  to  Chattanooga  on  both  banks  of  the  river,  had 
opened  safe  and  speedy  lines  of  supplies.  The  question  of 
holding  these  communications  was  decided  in  their  favor  by 
the  battle  of  Wauhatchie,  which  occurred  the  succeeding 
night. 


RE-OPENING    OF    THE    TENNESSEE — WAUHATCHIE.          105 


CHAPTER  X. 

V 

RE-OPENING     OF     THE      TENNESSEE      RIVER — BATTLE     OF     WAU- 
HATCHIE.* 

At  3  P.  M.  on  the  28th  of  October,  the  head  of  Gen. 
Hooker's  column  arrived  from  Bridgeport  at  Wauhatchie 
Station,  in  Lookout  Valley.  Gen.  Steinwehr's  Division  of 
the  Eleventh  Corps  led,  followed  by  Gen.  Schurz's  Division, 
with  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  in  command  of  the  corps.  This 
force  continued  to  Brown's  Ferry,  where,  at  5  P.  M.,  it 
united  with  the  troops  from  Chattanooga,  which  had  oc- 
cupied that  point  the  day  before.  Upon  reaching  the  junc- 
tion of  the  road  over  the  point  of  Lookout  to  Chattanooga 
with  the  road  to  Brown's  Ferry,  the  head  of  the  column 
was  fired  upon  from  the  right  near  the  railroad  bridge  by 
troops  of  Law's  Brigade,  which  had  retired  from  Brown's 
Ferry  the  preceding  day.  This  attack  was  repulsed,  and  the 
Confederate  troops  withdrew  across  Lookout  Creek  to  the 
foot  of  Lookout  Mountain. 

Two  brigades  of  Gen.  Geary's  Division  of  the  Twelfth 
Corps  reached  Wauhatchie  at  4:30  P.  M.,  and  took  position 
at  the  Kelly's  Ford  Road.  This  was  three  miles  from  Gen. 
Schurz's  camp,  near  Brown's  Ferry.  Gen.  Geary  directed 
his  troops  to  bivouac  on  their  arms,  with  their  cartridge  boxes 
on.  Shortly  after  midnight,  his  lines  were  suddenly  and 
heavily  assaulted  by  Jenkins'  Brigade  of  Hood's  Division. 

Gen.  Longstreet  was  in  command  of  the  left  of  the  Con- 
federate line  in  Chattanooga  Valley  east  of  the  mountain, 
with  Law's  Brigade  of  Hood's  Division  in  Lookout  Valley 
west  of  it.  The  chief  duty  of  this  brigade  was  to  picket  the 
river  to  its  passage  through  the  Raccoon  Range,  six  miles 


See  map,  page  100. 


106  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

below  Brown's  Ferry.  From  this  lower  point,  it  had  been 
able  to  prevent  the  Union  army  from  using  the  river  road  to 
Bridgeport,  on  the  north  bank,  and  thus  forced  it  to  bring 
its  supplies  by  mountain  roads. 

The  advance  of  Gen.  Hooker's  forces  from  Shellmound 
was  reported  to  Gen.  Longstreet  in  the  afternoon  of  the  aytrj, 
but  not  credited  by  Gen.  Bragg.  While  the  latter  was  with 
Longstreet  on  the  mountain,  during  the  afternoon  of  the 
28th,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  position  of  the  Union 
forces  at  Brown's  Ferry,  with  a  view  to  a  movement  by  Gen. 
Longstreet  to  dislodge  them,  the  head  of  Gen.  Hooker's  col- 
umn came  in  view  beyond  Wauhatchie,  and  marched  in 
plain  sight  of  these  generals  to  a  junction  with  the  forces  at 
Brown's  Ferry.  In  an  hour,  they  saw  Gen.  Geary's  troops 
arrive  at  Wauhatchie,  and  halt  there  three  miles  in  rear  of 
the  rest  of  the  column.  It  was  immediately  decided  to 
make  a  night  attack  on  them,  and,  if  this  succeeded,  to  turn 
the  attacking  force  toward  Brown's  Ferry,  attempt  to  carrry 
that  position,  and  force  those  holding  it  over  the  river.  It 
was  necessary  that  the  entire  movement  should  be  completed 
during  the  night,  since  the  Union  batteries  at  Moccasin 
Point  so  swept  the  north  slopes  of  the  mountain  as  to  make 
it  impossible  for  a  column  to  cross  it  during  daylight. 

Gen.  Jenkins,  commanding  Hood's  Division,  was  sent  for 
by  Gen.  Longstreet,  and  reached  the  summit  in  time  to 
closely  observe  the  Union  positions  before  dark.  He.  was 
ordered  to  concentrate  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  three 
brigades  of  his  division  which  were  east  of  it,  and  be  ready 
to  cross  the  moment  it  was  dark  enough  to  conceal  his  troops 
from  the  Moccasin  Point  batteries.  Gen.  Law's  Brigade  was 
ordered  to  move  forward  as  soon  as  it  was  dusk,  from  the 
lower  bridge  over  Lookout  Creek  near  its  mouth,  and  occupy 
the  ridge  near  the  junction  of  the  road  from  the  creek  with 
the  road  to  Brown's  Ferry.  This  ridge  commanded  the 
latter. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  the  three  brigades  from  the  east  side 


RE-OPENING    OF    THE    TENNESSEE — WAUHATCHIE.          107 

of  the  mountain,  Gen.  Jenkins  sent  Robertson's  Brigade  to 
the  support  of  Law's  Brigade  that  had  reached  the  ridge  to 
which  it  was  ordered.  Gen.  Robertson's  regiments  were 
disposed  on  the  right  and  left  of  Law's,  and  also  guarded  the 
bridge  and  picketed  a  line  to  the  mouth  of  Lookout  Creek. 

Jenkins'  Brigade  of  six  regiments,  under  command  of  Col. 
Bratton,  was  ordered  to  advance  on  the  force  at  Wauhatchie, 
while  Benning's  Brigade  was  held  on  the  left  of  Law's  posi- 
tion, ready  to  reinforce  Bratton. 

Col.  Bratton  attacked  Gen.  Geary's  lines  shortly  after  mid- 
night, finding  them  fully  formed,  although  he  had  advanced 
without  skirmishers.  Gen.  Geary's  outposts  had  given 
timely  warning,  and  the  troops  had  bivouacked  in  line  with 
their  accouterments  on.  The  fighting  continued  at  close 
quarters  for  three  hours,  when  the  Confederates  withdrew. 

Eight  regiments  of  Gen.  Geary's  command  had  not  come 
up,  leaving  six  and  a  battery  available  for  action.  Two 
held  an  important  position,  but  were  engaged  only  for  a  few 
minutes.  Gen.  Geary's  loss  was  34  killed,  174  wounded,  8 
missing;  total,  216.  The  loss  in  Col.  Bratton's  attacking 
brigade  of  six  regiments  was  31  killed,  286  wounded,  39 
missing;  total,  356. 

When  the  firing  opened  on  Geary's  line,  Gen.  Howard 
ordered  Gen.  Schurz's  Division  forward,  with  directions  to 
push  its  leading  brigade  as  rapidly  as  possible  to  Geary. 
Smith's  Brigade  of  Steinwehr's  Division,  when  passing  the 
position  occupied  in  the  afternoon  by  Law's  Brigade,  was 
fired  upon  from  its  wooded  crest,  which  was  parallel  to  the 
road.  Smith  at  once  assaulted  it,  under  a  heavy  fire  from 
the  summit,  and  carried  it.  Tyndale's  Brigade  of  Schurz's 
Division  soon  after  came  under  a  sharp  fire  from  a  more 
southern  crest  overlooking  the  road  on  which  it  was  proceed- 
ing toward  Geary,  and,  after  a  sharp  engagement,  carried 
the  hill  by  a  charge.  The  enemy  withdrew  across  Lookout 
Creek,  and  Gen.  Jenkins  regained  his  camps  on  the  east  side 
of  the  mountain  before  daylight.  As  a  result  of  these  opera- 


I08  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

tions,  the  Confederates  abandoned  Lookout  Valley  west  of 
the  creek,  and  thenceforth  the  Union  army  at  Chattanooga 
had  uninterrupted  communication,  by  way  of  Brown's  Ferry, 
with  Bridgeport  and  Stevenson,  both  by  the  river  and  the 
wagon  roads  on  each  bank. 

A  season  of  great  activity  followed  on  the  part  of  Gen. 
Grant's  forces,  to  prepare  for  offensive  operations.  Supplies 
of  all  kinds,  clothing,  ammunition,  and  heavy  guns  were 
rapidly  brought  forward,  and  the  day  of  attack  finally  de- 
pended upon  the  arrival  of  Gen.  Sherman's  reinforcements. 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  109 


CHAPTER    XL 

BATTLE  OF  CHATTANOOGA — ORCHARD  KNOB — LOOKOUT    MOUN- 
TAIN  MISSIONARY    RIDGE. 

Gen.  Grant's  orders  for  attacking  Bragg's  position  on  Mis- 
sionary Ridge  were  sent  to  Gen.  Thomas,  Wednesday,  No- 
vember 1 8,  directing  the  movement  to  begin  Saturday,  the 
2ist,  at  daylight.  On  account  of  the  impossibility  of  Gen. 
Sherman's  troops  arriving  in  time,  the  attack  was  first  post- 
poned until  Sunday,  then  until  Tuesday  morning,  when,  the 
same  conditions  still  existing,  it  was  delayed  until  the  next 
day.  The  battle  opened  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  Novem- 
ber 23d,  by  a  movement  of  Gen.  Thomas  against  Orchard 
Knob,  not  contemplated  in  the  original  order. 

Gen.  Grant's  order  of  battle  was  as  follows : 

HEADQUARTERS  MILITARY  DIVISION  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI, 

CHATTANOOGA,  TENN.,  November  18,  1863. 
Major-General  Geo.  H.  Thomas, 

Commanding  Department  and  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 
GENERAL — All  preparations  should  be  made  for  attacking 
the  enemy's  position  on  Missionary  Ridge  by  Saturday  morn- 
ing at  daylight.  Not  being  provided  with  a  map  giving 
names  of  roads,  spurs  of  the  mountain,,  and  other  places, 
such  definite  instructions  can  not  be  given  as  might  be  desira- 
ble. However,  the  general  plan,  you  understand,  is  for 
Sherman,  with  his  force  brought  with  him,  strengthened  by 
a  division  from  your  command,  to  effect  a  crossing  of  the 
Tennessee  River  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Chickamauga; 
his  crossing  to  be  protected  by  artillery  from  the  heights  on 
the  north  bank  of  the  river  (to  be  located  by  your  chief  of 


}  /     '. 


CHATTANOOGA — LOOKOUT  MOUNTAIN — MISSIONARY  RIDGE. 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  Ill 

artillery),  and  to  carry  the  heights  from  the  northern  extrem- 
ity to  about  the  railroad  tunnel,  before  the  enemy  can  con- 
centrate a  force  against  him. 

You  will  co-operate  with  Sherman.  The  troops  in  Chatta- 
nooga Valley  should  be  well  concentrated  on  your  left  flank, 
leaving  only  the  necessary  force  to  defend  fortifications  on 
the  right  and  center,  and  a  movable  column  of  one  division 
in  readiness  to  move  wherever  ordered.  This  division 
should  show  itself  as  threateningly  as  possible,  on  the  most 
practicable  line  for  making  an  attack  up  the  valley.  Your 
effort  will  then  be  to  form  a  junction  with  Sherman,  making 
your  advance  well  toward  the  north  end  of  Missionary  Ridge, 
and  moving  as  near  simultaneously  with  him  as  possible.  The 
junction  once  formed  and  the  ridge  carried,  communications 
will  be  at  once  established  between  the  two  armies,  by  roads 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  river.  Further  movements  will 
then  depend  on  those  of  the  enemy. 

Lookout  Valley,  I  think,  will  be  easily  held  by  Geary's 
Division  and  what  troops  you  may  still  have  there  belonging 
to  the  old  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  Howard's  Corps  can  then 
be  held  in  readiness  to  act  either  with  you  at  Chattanooga,  or 
with  Sherman.  It  should  be  marched  on  Friday  night  to  a 
position  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  not  lower  down  than 
the  first  pontoon  bridge,  and  there  held  in  readiness  for  such 
orders  as  may  become  necessary. 

All  the  troops  will  be  provided  with  two  days'  cooked  ra- 
tions in  their  haversacks,  and  one  hundred  rounds  of  ammu- 
nition on  the  person  of  each  infantry  soldier. 

Special  care  should  be  taken  by  all  officers  to  see  that  am- 
munition is  not  wasted,  or  unnecessarily  fired  away.  You 
will  call  on  the  engineering  department  for  such  preparations 
as  you  may  deem  necessary  for  crossing  your  infantry  and 
artillery  over  Citico  Creek. 

I  am,  General,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

U.  S.   GRANT, 
Major -General  U.  S.   Volunteers,  Commanding. 


112  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

While  General  Thomas  immediately  made  all  preparations 
in  accordance  with  this  plan,  it  was  materially  changed  in  its 
execution  at  each  succeeding  stage  of  the  battle. 

At  the  opening  of  the  engagement  which  continued  through 
the  23d,  24th,  and  25th  of  November,  the  Union  forces  were 
disposed  as  follows : 

The  divisions  of  Wood,  Baird,  Sheridan,  and  Johnson,  of 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  held  the  fortifications  of  Chat- 
tanooga, while  Jeff.  C.  Davis'  Division,  of  the  same  army, 
had  been  sent  over  the  river  to  cover  the  point  of  crossing 
for  Sherman's  army  three  miles  above. 

The  Eleventh  Corps  of  Hooker's  command  had  been 
brought  into  the  city  on  the  22d,  and  camped  on  the  right  of 
Fort  Wood. 

During  the  23d,  three  divisions  of  Gen.  Sherman's  troops, 
namely,  Morgan  L.  Smith's,  Ewing's,  and  John  E.  Smith's, 
which  had  marched  from  Bridgeport  and  Shellmound  and 
crossed  the  river  at  Brown's  Ferry,  reached  their  destination 
near  the  mouth  of  North  Chickamauga  ready  for  crossing 
during  the  night  to  a  point  below  the  north  end  of  Mis- 
sionary Ridge. 

Gen.  Hooker,  on  the  night  of  the  23d,  had  with  him,  in 
Lookout  Valley,  Geary's  Division  of  the  Twelfth  Corps, 
Cruft's  Division  of  the  Fourth  Corps,  and  Osterhaus'  Division 
of  Sherman's  army.  The  latter  had  not  been  able  to  join 
Gen.  Sherman,  owing  to  the  breaking  of  the  bridge  at 
Brown's  Ferry. 

Forty  guns  had  been  placed  in  position  on  the  north  bank 
by  Gen.  Brannan,  Gen.  Thomas'  Chief  of  Artillery,  to  assist 
in  covering  Gen.  Sherman's  crossing,  and  the  only  cavalry 
with  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  (Long's  Brigade)  was 
sent  to  protect  Sherman's  left  flank  during  the  crossing,  and 
to  co-operate  with  him  after  he  should  reach  the  south  side. 

The  Confederate  forces,  on  the  morning  of  November  23d, 
were  thus  disposed : 

Three  divisions  of  Hardee's  Corps  held  Lookout  Moun- 


BATTLE   OF    CHATTANOOGA.  113 

tain  and  the  line  of  works  from  its  eastern  base  to  Chatta- 
nooga Creek.  The  top  of  the  mountain  was  occupied  by 
Stevenson's  Division,  the  northern  and  western  slopes  by 
Cheatham's  Division,  and  the  line  eastward  to  Chattanooga 
Creek  by  Walker's  Division. 

Three  divisions  of  Breckinridge's  Corps  held  the  line  of 
earthworks  from  Chattanooga  Creek  to  a  point  near  the  west- 
ern foot  of  Missionary  Ridge,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Shallow 
Ford  Road  (now  McCallie  Avenue).  The  left  of  Stewart's 
Division  rested  on  Chattanooga  Creek,  Bate's  Division  was 
on  Stewart's  right,  and  Hindman's  (Patton  Anderson),  on  the 
right  of  Bate,  formed  the  right  of  the  Confederate  line. 
Missionary  Ridge  was  not  occupied  in  force,  the  Confederate 
camps  being  at  the  base  of  it,  and  stretching  across  the  plain 
to  Lookout. 

Longstreet's  Corps,  consisting  of  McLaw's  and  Hood's 
Divisions,  had  been  sent  to  Knoxville,  November  4th. 
Buckner's  Division  of  Breckinridge's  Corps,  and  Cleburne's 
of  Hardee's  Corps,  had  started  for  Knoxville  on  the  22d. 

The  Confederates  had  no  cavalry  in  the  battle. 

First  Day's  Operations — Advance  on  Orchard  Knob. 
Gens.  Grant  and  Thomas,  during  the  delays  attending 
Gen.  Sherman's  movements,  had  been  much  concerned  lest 
their  purposes  should  become  known  to  Gen.  Bragg.  On 
the  night  of  the  22d,  a  deserter  came  in,  who  declared  that 
the  Confederates  were  withdrawing.  On  the  23d,  Gen. 
Thomas  was  directed  to  test  this  statement  by  driving  in  the 
enemy's  pickets,  and  ascertaining  whether  he  still  held  his 
camps  in  the  valley.  A  reconnoissance  in  force  was  at  once 
organized,  and  five  divisions  were  posted  to  participate  if 
developments  made  it  necessary.  The  divisions  of  Wood 
and  Sheridan  of  the  Fourth  Corps  (Granger's)  were  deployed 
soon  after  noon  on  the  slope  east  of  Fort  Wood.  Schurz's 
and  Steinwehr's  Divisions  of  the  Eleventh  Corps  (Howard's) 
were  placed  to  the  left  and  rear  of  this  line,  and  Baird's 


114  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK 

Division  of  the  Fourteenth  Corps  (Palmer's)  to  its  right  and 
rear. 

Wood's  Division,  upon  the  order  to  advance  being  given, 
went  forward  with  great  rapidity,  and  soon  reached  and, 
after  sharp  fighting,  occupied  Orchard  Knob.  Sheridan's 
Division  pushed  forward  to  the  low  elevations  to  the  right 
and  rear  of  the  knob.  The  Eleventh  Corps  advanced  to 
Citico  Creek.  The  movement  developed  the  fact  that  the 
Confederates  still  occupied  their  lines  in  force.  The  important 
position  thus  gained  was  strengthened  and  held. 

Orchard  Knob  and  the  low  ranges  south  of  it  were  formid- 
able outposts  of  the  Confederate  line  in  front  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  and  were  the  strong  points  of  their  position  in  the 
plain.  The  troops  defending  them  were  mainly  from  Ander- 
son's Division.  They  continued  fighting  till  overwhelmed. 

The  advance  of  the  Union  forces,  and  the  results  of  the 
day's  operations,  led  to  several  changes  in  the  disposition  of 
the  Confederate  forces.  Gen.  Cleburne,  who  was  at  Chicka- 
mauga  station  attending  to  the  transportation  to  Knoxville  of 
his  own  and  Buckner's  (Bushrod  Johnson's)  Divisions,  was 
ordered  to  return  in  haste  to  Missionary  Ridge,  and  to  order 
back  Johnson's  Division,  which  had  started,  but  halted 
at  Charleston.  Cleburne  returned  with  his  division  and 
Reynolds'  Brigade  of  Johnson's  Division.  The  latter  was 
sent  into  the  trenches  at  the  western  foot  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  and  remained  there  until  the  general  assault  upon 
the  ridge  by  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  on  the  afternoon 
of  November  25th. 

Cleburne's  Division  at  daybreak  of  the  24th  began  the 
construction  of  earthworks  along  the  crest  of  the  ridge  from 
Bragg's  Headquarters  to  the  crossing  of  the  Shallow  Ford 
Road  (McCallie  Avenue). 

On  the  23d,  Marcus  J.  Wright's  Brigade  of  Cheatham's 
Division,  stationed  at  Charleston,  was  also  ordered  to  return 
by  the  first  train,  guard  the  Shallow  Ford  and  railroad  bridges 
over  the  Chickamauga,  and  proceed  to  the  mouth  of  that 


Il6       .  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

stream  to  resist  any  attempted  crossing  of  the  Tennessee. 
Gen. "  Wright  reached  the  lower  railroad  bridge  over  the 
Chickamauga,  and  was  there  attacked  from  the  opposite  side  of 
the  creek  by  forces  from  Gen.  Sherman's  command,  which 
had  crossed  the  Tennessee  before  Wright's  arrival. 

On  the  evening  of  the  23d,  Walker's  Division  was  with- 
drawn from  the  line  between  the  eastern  base  of  Lookout 
Mountain  and  Chattanooga  Creek,  and  sent  to,  the  extreme 
right  of  Bragg's  line,  where  it  was  posted  on  Missionary 
Ridge  with  its  right  resting  about  a  mile  and  a  quarter  from 
the  north  end  of  the  ridge.  The  position  vacated  by 
Walker's  Division  was  occupied  by  Jackson's  Brigade  of 
Cheatham's  Division  and  Cumming's  Brigade  of  Stevenson's 
Division,  which  were  brought  down  from  Lookout.  Walker's 
was  the  first  Confederate  division  to  occupy  the  ridge  in  the 
movements  attending  the  battle. 

Second  Day's  Operations — Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain. 

On  the  22d,  Gen.  Thomas  urged  Gen.  Grant  to  allow 
Gen.  Hooker  to  make  a  demonstration  against  Lookout 
Mountain  with  his  own  troops,  and  the  two  divisions  of  Gen. 
Sherman's  which  had  been  prevented  from  crossing  the  river 
by  the  breaking  of  the  bridge  at  Brown's  Ferry.  Gen.  Grant 
consented,  so  far  as  to  agree  that  Hooker  might  make  a 
demonstration  with  his  own,  and  such  troops  as  might  be  on 
his  side  of  the  river  at  the  time  Gen.  Sherman  should  reach 
the  position  assigned  him.  The  evening  of  the  23d,  Gen. 
Sherman  was  ready  to  cross  the  river  at  North  Chickamauga 
with  three  of  his  divisions,  the  fourth,  Osterhaus',  being  still 
detained  in  Lookout  Valley  by  the  broken  bridge. 

At  3:15  o'clock  A.  M.  of  the  24th,  it  was  decided  that  there 
was  no  chance  for  Osterhaus  to  cross  in  time  to  join  Gen. 
Sherman's  movement,  and  Gen.  Hooker's  orders  for  the  at- 
tack on  the  mountain  were  issued. 

His  force  for  the  demonstration  consisted  of  Geary's  Divi- 
sion of  the  Twelfth  Corps,  Cruft's  (two  brigades)  of  the 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  Iiy 

Fourth,  which  had  marched  from  Shellmound  and  White- 
sides  during  the  23d,  Osterhaus'  (two  brigades)  of  the 
Fifteenth,  Battery  K,  First  Ohio,  and  I,  First  New  York  of 
the  Eleventh  Corps,  part  of  the  Second  Kentucky  Cavalry, 
and  Company  K,  Fifteenth  Illinois  Cavalry.  Three  regi- 
ments from  each  of  Cruft's  Brigades  of  nine  regiments  each 
were  left  at  Shellmound  and  Whitesides,  and  Geary's  picket 
force  from  Lookout  Creek  to  Raccoon  Mountain  was  left  in 
position.  Gen.  Hooker's  aggregate  force  for  the  attack 
was  9,681. 

The  Confederate  force,  available  to  oppose  him,  consisted 
of  WalthalPs,  Jackson's,  and  Moore's  Brigades  of  Cheat- 
ham's  Division,  and  Pettus',  Brown's,  and  Cummings'  of 
Stevenson's  Division. 

Walthall's  Brigade  was  posted  in  a  line  of  rough  works  on 
the  west  slope  of  the  mountain  at  the  same  elevation  as  the 
Craven  House  plateau,  overlooking  Lookout  Valley.  The 
left  of  his  line  was  protected  by  slashed  timber,  and  rested 
about  1,500  feet  south  of  the  north  point  of  the  palisades. 
Nearly  one  third  of  the  brigade  was  on  picket  duty  in  Look- 
out Valley  along  a  line  about  a  mile  in  extent,  and  most  of 
this  force  was  captured. 

Moore's  Brigade  was  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  moun- 
tain east  of  and  below  the  Craven  House. 

Pettus'  and  Brown's  Brigades  were  on  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tain, the  latter  guarding  various  trails  on  the  western  edge  of 
the  summit  from  the  north  point  to  Nickajack  trace  ten 
miles  south  of  it.  Jackson's  and  Cummings'  Brigades  were 
at  the  foot  of  the  eastern  slope. 

Gen.  Hooker's  movement  began  at  daylight,  November 
24th.  Gen.  Geary's  Division,  followed  by  Whitaker's  Bri- 
gade of  Cruft's  Division,  taking  the  road  which  turns  down 
toward  Lookout  Creek  just  south  of  Wauhatchie  Station, 
crossed  that  stream  at  Light's  Mill  without  opposition.  Cob- 
ham's  Brigade,  followed  by  Ireland's,  marched  by  the  flank 
directly  up  the  mountain  till  the  head  of  the  column  reached 


BATTLE     OF    CHATTANOOGA.  .lip 

the  palisades.  The  line  then  faced  toward  the  north  point 
of  the  mountain.  Candy's  Brigade  formed  on  its  left  slightly 
echeloned  to  the  rear,  and  Whitaker,  at  starting,  formed  the 
reserve.  After  marching  nearly  a  mile  and  a  half,  Geary 
struck  the  left  flank  of  WalthaH's  works.  Meantime, 
Osterhaus'  Division,  followed  by  Grose's  Brigade  of  Cruft's 
Division,  had  crossed  Lookout  Creek  about  a  half  mile  above 
the  railroad  bridge,  and  advanced  with  Williamson's  Brigade 
on  the  right  and  Woods'  on  its  left.  Four  regiments  of 
Grose's  troops  were  on  the  right  of  Williamson,  and  two  on 
the  left  of  Woods'.  The  left  of  this  line  followed  the  road 
to  Chattanooga,  along  the  crest  of  the  river  bluffs,  while  the 
right  reached  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Craven  House.  Geary's 
lines  conforming  to- the  slope,  moved  upon  the  flank  of  Wal- 
thall's  works,  passed  along  their  entire  length,  and  swung 
around  upon  the  Craven  House  plateau,  there  uniting  with 
Osterhaus'  line.  Walthall's  Brigade,  which  fought  stub- 
bornly, and  unassisted,  except  by  sharpshooters  and  some 
artillery  firing  from  the  summit,  which,  on  account  of  the  fog, 
was  of  little  consequence,  was  forced  about  four  hundred 
yards  east  of  the  Craven  House.  His  line  had  at  no  time 
reached  below  Craven's  and  at  his  final  stand  extended  from 
the  road  leading  east  from  Craven's  to  .the  foot  of  the  pali- 
sades. Here,  after  the  Union  advance  had  been  checked,  it 
was  relieved  by  Pettus'  Brigade,  and  retired  to  procure  am- 
munition. It  returned  at  once  to  Pettus'  line,  which  was 
extended  150  yards  down  the  mountain,  to  connect  with  the 
left  of  Moore's  Brigade.  This  line  was  then  held  covering 
the  Summertown  Road,  by  which,  during  the  night,  the  en- 
tire Confederate  force  was  withdrawn  from  the  mountain. 

During  the  action,  the  Union  batteries  upon  Moccasin 
Point  were  in  active  play  upon  the  mountain.  A  portion  of 
Gen.  Brown's  Brigade  upon  the  summit  was  busy  during  the 
day  as  sharpshooters  and  in  rolling  rocks  upon  the  plateau 
below.  Two  Napoleon  guns  upon  the  extreme  point  shelled 
the  Union  forces  after  they  reached  the  Craven  House.  The 


120  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

day  was  foggy  and  misty  throughout,  and  the  firing  from  the 
summit  was  of  necessity  inaccurate. 

Just  before  night  Carlin's  Brigade  of  Johnson's  Division 
crossed  Chattanooga  Creek  near  its  mouth,  pushed  up 
the  mountain  to  the  Craven  House,  carrying  supplies  of  am- 
munition, and  relieved  the  right  of  Geary's  line  next  to  the 
palisades.  Picket  firing  continued  throughout  the  night.  In 
the  morning  it  was  found  that  the  enemy  had  abandoned  the 
mountain,  the  object  of  the  resistance  during  the  night  having 
been  to  cover  the  Summertown  Road  as  the  line  of  retreat. 

Sherman's    Crossing. 

While  Gen.  Hooker  was  organizing  to  attack  Lookout 
Mountain,  at  daylight  of  the  241!!,  Gen.  Sherman's  forces 
were  crossing  the  Tennessee  from  the  mouth  of  North  Chicka- 
mauga,  six  miles  above  Chattanooga 

One  hundred  and  sixteen  boats  with  oarsmen,  and  twenty- 
five  additional  boats  ready  to  follow,  were  prepared  at  North 
Chickamauga.  The  landing  place  selected  was  two  miles 
and  a  half  below,  about  the  mouth  of  the  South  Chickamauga. 
At  midnight  of  the  23d  the  boats  were  filled  by  Giles 
A.  Smith's  Brigade  of  Morgan  L.  Smith's  Division  and 
floated  down  and  across  to  a  point  above  the  mouth  of  the 
latter  stream.  A  landing  was  effected,  and  all  the  enemy's 
pickets  but  one  captured.  The  boats  then  returned  for  the 
rest  of  this  division,  which  was  landed  below  the  mouth  of 
the  South  Chickamauga.  The  division  of  John  E.  Smith  fol- 
lowed, and  at  daylight  8,000  men  were  over  the  river  and  in 
line  near  it,  west  of  and  facing  Tunnel  Hill.  Ewing's  Divis- 
ion and  the  artillery  and  horses  for  the  generals  and  staff 
were  next  ferried  over  in  the  steamer  Dunbar,  under  the 
direction  of  Gen.  James  H.  Wilson,  the  assistant  of  Gen.  W. 
F.  Smith,  Chief  Engineer,  who  had  charge  of  all  preparations 
for  the  crossing,  and  the  execution  of  the  movement.  At 
12:30  P.  M.  the  bridge  was  completed.  Gen.  Sherman  was 
the  first  to  cross.  He  was  met  on  the  south  shore  by  Gen. 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  121 

Howard  of  the  Eleventh  Corps,  who  had  ridden  unmolested 
from  Chattanooga  with  his  escort  accompanied  by  three  regi- 
ments of  infantry.  Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis'  Division  of  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland,  which,  with  forty  pieces  of  artillery 
posted  by  Gen.  Brannan,  Chief  of  Artillery  to  Gen.  Thomas, 
had  covered  the  construction  of  the  bridge  and  the  crossing, 
came  over  last. 

At  i  o'clock  the  advance  toward  Missionary  Ridge  began. 
This  had  been  designed  to  carry  the  north  end  of  the  Ridge 
to  the  tunnel  before  the  enemy  could  concentrate  for  its  de- 
fense. Morgan  L.  Smith's  Division  held  the  left  of  the  line, 
John  E.  Smith's  the  center,  and  Ewing's  the  right  rear. 
Davis'  Division  followed  as  a  reserve  to  the  whole. 

At  the  time  this  movement  began  the  north  end  of  Mis- 
sionary Ridge  was  not  occupied  by  the  Confederates.  The 
nearest  force  of  the  enemy  was  the  right  of  Walker's  Divis- 
ion then  resting  on  the  crest  of  the  ridge,  a  mile  and  a  quarter 
south  of  its  northern  extremity. 

Because  of  the  want  of  sufficient  reconnoisance,  and  the 
misty  atmosphere,  the  march,  instead  of  being  directed 
against  the  north  end  of  Missionary  Ridge,  was  toward  the 
detached  range  of  hills  next  north  and  west  of  its  real  ex- 
tremity. These  detached  hills  were  occupied  without  resist- 
ance at  4  P.  M.  Just  as  their  summits  were  reached,  Smith's 
Brigade  of  Cleburne's  Division  appeared  at  their  foot,  but, 
after  brief  skirmishing,  withdrew  to  the  main  ridge.  Gen. 
Sherman  fortified  the  crests  which  he  had  gained,  and  ar- 
ranged his  lines  in  position  for  the  night.  Lightburn's  Bri- 
gade of  Morgan  L.  Smith's  Division  held  the  left  of  the  line 
on  the  crest;  Alexander's,  of  John  E.  Smith's  Division,  the 
center;  and  CockerilPs,  of  Ewing's  Division,  the  right. 
Giles  A.  Smith's  Brigade  of  Morgan  L.  Smith's  Division, 
closed  the  gap  on  the  left  of  Lightburn  to  the  Chickamauga. 
Ewing's  remaining  brigades  extended  Cockerill's  line  into 
the  valley,  and  two  brigades  of  John  E.  Smith's  Divis- 
ion were  placed  at  the  foot  of  the  ridge  back  of  the 


122  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

center  of  the  line.  Jeff.  C.  Davis'  Division  was  posted  in 
column  of  brigades,  one  in  contact  with  Sherman's  reserve, 
one  at  the  river  landing,  and  one  half  way  between  the 
other  two. 

The  movement  on  the  Confederate  side  to  resist  Sherman's 
advance  began  at  2  p.  M.  of  the  24th.  During  the  forenoon, 
Folk's  Brigade  of  Cleburne's  Division,  with  Semple's  Battery, 
had  been  sent  to  guard  the  East  Tennessee  Railroad  Bridge 
over  the  Chickamauga.  Gen.  Cleburne  was  then  engaged 
in  erecting  defenses  along  the  ridge  from  the  crossing  of 
the  Shallow  Ford  Road  (McCallie  Avenue)  to  Bragg's 
Headquarters.  At  2  o'clock,  he  was  ordered  to  proceed 
with  his  remaining  three  brigades  to  Tunnel  Hill,  which 
point  he  reached  at  2:30  p.  M.  He  occupied  the  north  end 
of  Missionary  Ridge,  and  sent  Smith's  Brigade  to  take  posi- 
tion on  the  detached  range  beyond.  This  was  found  to  be 
in  possession  of  Sherman's  advance,  and,  in  accordance  with 
orders,  Smith  returned  to  the  main  ridge  and  took  position 
from  the  north  point  (Moon  House)  to  Tunnel  Hill  (True- 
blood  House). 

Confederate  Movements  on  the  Night  of  the  2$th. 

As  a  result  of  the  capture  of  Lookout  Mountain  by  Gen. 
Hooker's  forces,  and  Gen.  Sherman's  lodgment  on  the 
heights  near  Missionary  Ridge,  Gen.  Bragg,  during  the  night 
of  the  24th,  abandoned  Lookout  and  his  lines  in  the  valley 
in  front  of  Chattanooga,  and  retired  to  Missionary  Ridge. 
Stevenson's  Division  proceeded  from  Lookout  to  Tunnel 
Hill,  reaching  the  left  of  Cleburne's  position  there  about  9 
o'clock  of  the  25th. 

Cheatham's  Division  followed,  and  took  position  on  the 
left  of  Walker's  Division,  which  had  been  established  on  the 
ridge  during  the  night  of  the  23d  with  its  right  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  the  tunnel. 

Stewart's  Division  fell  back  to  the  crest  and  occupied  it 
with  an  attenuated  line  from  Rossville  Gap  to  near  Bragg's 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA. 


T23 


Headquarters.  Bate's  Division  took  position  next  north  of 
Stewart's,  and  Patton  Anderson  joined  Cheatham's  left, 
leaving  quite  a  gap  on  Bate's  right.  There  were  no  changes 
in  the  positions  of  the  Union  forces  during  the  night  of  the 
24th. 

Operations  of  November  2$th — Battle   of  Missionary    Ridge. 

The  closing  day's  battle  was  opened  November  25th  by 
Gen.  Sherman  on  the  Union  left,  about  Tunnel  Hill.  Light- 
burn's  Brigade  on  the  left,  Alexander's  in  the  center,  and 
Cockerill's  on  the  right,  were  kept  in  position  on  the  crests  of 
the  detached  hills  next  north  and  west  of  the  point  of  Mis- 
sionary Ridge  which  Gen.  Sherman  had  occupied  the  day 
before.  Four  guns  of  Callender's  Battery  were  with  Cock- 
erill,  two  of  Dillon's  with  Alexander,  and  Wood's  Battery 
with  Lightburn.  These  guns  played  on  Cleburne's  position 
at  Tunnel  Hill  throughout  the  action. 

Soon  after  sunrise,  Corse's  Brigade  of  Loomis'  Division 
moved  down  from  the  heights,  under  fire  from  Cleburne's 
lines,  into  the  ravine  under  the  north  point  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  and  assaulted  that  position.  Corse  was  supported  by 
Giles  A.  Smith's  Brigade  of  Morgan  L.  Smith's  Division 
on  the  left,  operating  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  ridge, 
and  by  Loomis'  Brigade  of  Ewing's  Division  on  the  right, 
along  the  western  slope.  The  brigades  of  Matthies  and 
Raum  of  John  E.  Smith's  Division  were  placed  in  support 
of  Loomis.  Gen.  Lightburn  also  assisted  Giles  A.  Smith 
with  about  half  of  his  brigade. 

Corse,  supported  by  the  Thirtieth  Ohio  from  Lightburn, 
carried  the  point  of  the  Ridge  (now  the  Moon  Place),  and 
from  this  ground  assaulted  Cleburne's  central  position  to  the 
south  of  and  commanding  it.  The  effort  to  carry  this  posi- 
tion, which  was  held  by  Smith's '  Brigade  of  Cleburne's  Divi- 
sion, was  persistent  until  about  3  P.  M.,  but  failed.  Gen. 
Corse  was  wounded  about  10  o'clock  near  Smith's  lines,  his 
troops  having  charged  to  within  fifty  paces  of  Swett's  Bat- 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA  125 

tery,  on  the  Trueblood  Knoll.  Col.  C.  C.  Walcutt  succeeded 
Corse.  About  12:30,  Loomis'  Brigade  advanced  toward  the 
railroad,  placing  its  left  on  the  Tunnel  Hill  Road,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Glass  House.  The  enemy  was  driven  from 
the  latter  by  Loornis'  skirmishers,  but  returned  later  and 
burned  it.  The  enemy  threatening  Loomis'  left  by  descend- 
ing on  the  Tunnel  Hill  Road,  two  regiments  of  Bushbeck's 
Brigade  of  the  Eleventh  Corps,  the  Twenty-seventh  and 
Seventy-third  Pennsylvania,  were  ordered  forward  upon 
Loomis'  left,  the  Seventy-third  holding  position  at  Glass' 
House,  and  the  Twenty-seventh  assaulting  Tunnel  Hill  to 
the  left  of  that  position.  Bushbeck's  Brigade  had  been  left 
with  Gen.  Sherman  the  day  before  by  Gen.  Howard,  and 
placed  on  the  right  of  Gen.  Sherman's  line. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  25th  Gen.  Howard's  remain- 
ing troops  were  ordered  to  Gen.  Sherman.  Orland  Smith's 
Brigade  of  Steinwehr's  Division  first  took  position  to  the 
right  of  Bushbeck's  Brigade  facing  the  Ridge,  and,  later, 
moved  with  Schurz's  Division  to  the  valley  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga  where  the  entire  force  was  posted  upon  Sherman's 
extreme  left  and  rear.  With  the  exception  of  Bushbeck's 
Brigade  the  troops  of  the  Eleventh  Corps  were  not  engaged 
during  the  day.  Early  in  the  forenoon  Gen.  Baird's  Divis- 
ion of  the  Fourteenth  Corps  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  Gen. 
Sherman.  Upon  reaching  Tunnel  Hill  he  was  informed  that 
there  was  no  room  for  him,  and  he  returned  to  the  center. 

The  enemy  appearing  in  force,  coming  down  the  Tunnel 
Hill  road  upon  the  left  and  front  of  Loomis'  Brigade, 
Matthies'  Brigade  was  ordered  forward  and  repulsed  this  attack. 
Matthies  then  assaulted  Tunnel  Hill  to  the  right  of  Corse's 
Brigade,  and,  in  conjunction  with  it,  about  i  P.  M.  gained  the 
crest  just  north  of  the  present  Trueblood  House  and  within 
a  short  distance  of  the  battery  stationed  at  that  point.  In 
this  position  it  was  supported  by  Raum's  Brigade,  but  both 
were  soon  compelled  to  retire  in  haste  by  the  attack  from  the 
crest,  and  the  sudden  appearance  of  the  enemy  in  force  on 


126  THE    NATIONAL   MILITARY    PARK. 

their  right  flank,  issuing  from  the  gorge  of  the  tunnel  and  im- 
petuously attacking  with  both  artillery  and  infantry.  Both 
Matthies  and  Raum  were  wounded.  The  assault  was  desper- 
ate for  over  two  hours.  A  similar  attack  followed  on  the 
right  flank  and  the  front  of  Corse's  Brigade,  now  commanded 
by  Col.  C.  C.  Walcutt,  which  still  occupied  the  north  point 
of  the  Ridge,  and,  later,  it  also  retired.  Giles  A.  Smith's 
Brigade  held  position  during  the  day  at  Corse's  right  on  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  Ridge,  the  Thirtieth  and  Thirty-seventh 
Ohio  Regiments  from  Lightburn's  Brigade  gaining  position 
in  front  of  this  force  and  toward  the  crest  of  the  Ridge,  and 
holding  it  till  late  in  the  afternoon.  Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis'  Di- 
vision of  the  Fourteenth  Corps,  which  covered  Gen.  Sher- 
man's crossing,  followed  his  column  and  was  held  as  a  reserve 
force  throughout  the  action,  no  portion  of  it  being  engaged 
except  Battery  I,  Second  Illinois  Artillery,  which  moved  with 
Gen.  Ewing's  troops.  Between  4  and  5  o'clock  Gen.  Sher- 
man's forces  were  withdrawn  from  their  advanced  positions. 

The  Confederate  Defense  of  Tunnel  Hill. 

The  forces  confronting  Gen.  Sherman  were  Smith's,  Govan's, 
and  Lowrey's  Brigades  of  Cleburne's  Division,  Brown's  and 
Cummings'  Brigades  of  Stevenson's  Division,  and  Maney's 
Brigade  of  Walker's  Division. 

Folk's  Brigade  of  Cleburne's  Division,  Lewis'  of  Bate's 
Division,  and  Wright's  of  Cheatham's  Division,  were  posted 
to  guard  the  railroad  bridges  over  the  Chickamauga  upon 
Cleburne's  right.  The  Confederate  right  wing  was  commanded 
by  Lieut.-Gen.  Hardee. 

Gen.  Cleburne's  forces  arrived  at  Tunnel  Hill  at  2:30  o'clock 
November  24th.  Smith's  Brigade  was  sent  forward  to  occupy 
the  detached  hills  to  the  north  and  west  of  Missionary  Ridge, 
but  found  them  in  possession  of  Gen.  Sherman's  advance, 
and  withdrew  to  Tunnel  Hill,  Gen.  Cleburne's  forces  taking 
position  on  the  Ridge  from  the  Tunnel  to  its  extreme  north 
point,  throwing  up  entrenchments  about  the  latter.  Govan's. 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  127 

Brigade  was  placed  on  the  spur  jutting  out  eastward  from 
the  Tunnel.  There  was  no  engagement  during  the  afternoon. 
At  dark,  Gen.  Cleburne,  hearing  that  Hooker  had  broken 
the  Confederate  lines  on  Lookout,  and  supposing  that  would 
decide  Gen.  Bragg  to  fall  back  from  Missionary  Ridge,  since 
both  flanks  of  the.  Confederate  army  were  then  exposed,  sent 
his  artillery  and  ordnance  stores  across  the  Chickamauga.  At 
midnight  he  was  informed  that  Missionary  Ridge  was  to  be 
held.  He  therefore  ordered  his  artillery  to  return  at  day- 
light, brought  up  intrenching  tools,  and  at  that  hour  disposed 
his  forces  for  battle.  He  drew  back  the  right  of  Smith's  Bri- 
gade from  the  rifle-pits  at  the  extreme  north  point  of  the 
Ridge  to  the  high  knoll  a  few  hundred  yards  south,  now  the 
grou-nds  of  the  Trueblood  House,  leaving  skirmishers  in  the 
pits.  The  Fifth,  Tenth,  and  Fifteenth  Texas,  consolidated, 
under  the  command  of  Col.  Roger  Q.  Mills,  formed  under 
the  crest  facing  west,  with  their  left  extended  toward  the  Tun- 
nel and  their  right  just  north  of  the  Trueblood  House. 
Swett's  Battery  of  four  Napoleons  was  placed  on  the  knoll 
so  as  to  sweep  the  crest  to  its  north  point.  The  rest  of 
Smith's  Brigade,  consisting  of  the  Seventh  Texas,  Col.  H. 
B.  Granbury,  and  the  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth,  Twenty- 
fourth,  and  Twenty-fifth  dismounted  Texas  Cavalry,  consoli- 
dated, Maj.  W.  A.  Taylor  commanding,  was  turned  around 
the  Trueblood  Knoll  to  the  right,  and  extended  down  the 
hill  to  the  east.  The  right  of  Govan's  Brigade  was  about 
two  hundred  yards  in  rear  of  Smith's  right  and  nearly  at 
right  angles  to  his  north  front.  Douglas'  Battery  was  placed 
on  this  line.  Lowrey's  Brigade  was  on  the  advanced  spur 
east  of  the  north  point  of  the  Ridge  with  its  left  about  two 
hundred  yards  in  front  of  Govan's  right.  Calvert's  Battery 
(Key's)  was  placed  directly  over  the  Tunnel.  As  soon  as 
the  rising  mist  revealed  the  Confederate  position,  Sherman's 
batteries  on  the  detached  hills  opened  fire,  and  the  work- 
ing parties  which  were  throwing  up  earthworks  around  the 
knoll  at  Tunnel  Hill  were  obliged  to  abandon  their  under- 


128  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

taking.  Before  the  first  assault  on  the  position  by  Gen. 
Sherman,  Gen.  Cleburne  was  put  in  command  of  the  forces 
from  the  Tunnel  northward. 

Brown's  Brigade  of  Stevenson's  Division  arrived  at  the 
Tunnel  from  Lookout  Mountain  soon  after  sunrise,  and  was 
placed  in  position  between  the  Tunnel  and  the  left  of  Smith's 
Brigade.  Cumming's  Brigade  of  the  same  division  followed, 
and  formed  on  the  left  of  Brown  about  9:30  A.  M.,  its  right 
resting  at  the  Tunnel.  Maney's  Brigade  of  Walker's  Divis- 
ion moved  up  about  2  o'clock  from  its  position  three-quar- 
ters of  a  mile  south  of  the  Tunnel,  and  was  placed  in  rear 
of  Smith's  Brigade  at  Tunnel  Hill,  and  with  Cumming's 
Brigade  took  part  at  that  point  in  the  repulse  of  the  final 
Union  attack.  Pettus'  Brigade  was  also  engaged. 

The  brunt  of  the  day's  battle  was  borne  by  Smith's 
(Texas)  Brigade,  commanded,  after  the  wounding  of  Smith, 
by  Col.  Roger  Q.  Mills ;  the  Second,  Fifteenth,  and  Twenty- 
fourth  Arkansas  consolidated  of  Govan's  Brigade,  and  Swett's 
andCalvert's  (Key's)  Batteries.  Gen.  Cleburne  denominated 
the  engagement  of  the  rest  of  his  division  as  "  heavy  skir- 
mishing." Brown's  Brigade  was  engaged  throughout  the 
day  in  hot  skirmishing  between  Smith's  left  and  the  tunnel. 
Portions  of  Cummings'  Brigade  participated  in  the  fighting 
at  the  foot  of  the  ridge  about  the  Glass  House,  and  took 
part  with  Maney's  Brigade  in  the  final  charge  from  Tunnel 
Hill  upon  the  forces  which  had  gained  the  crest  from  the 
northern  and  western  bases  of  the  Ridge. 

An  hour  before  sunset,  Brown's  Brigade,  followed  soon 
after  by  Cummings'  and  Maney's,  was  sent  in  haste  to  report 
to  Gen.  Cheatham,  some  miles  south  of  the  Tunnel,  at  which 
point  the  troops  of  his  division  were  engaged  with  the  north- 
ward advance  of  Baird's  Division  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland upon  the  crest  of  the  Ridge.  Brown  reached  Cheat- 
ham  and  formed  on  the  left  of  Walthall's  Brigade,  which 
was  then  across  the  Ridge.  The  movement  of  Baird  was 
checked  at  dusk  mainly  by  Walthall's  Brigade  of  Cheatham's 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  129 

Division.  The  Confederate  right  wing,  consisting  of  Cheat- 
ham's,  Walker's,  Stevenson's,  and  Cleburne's  Divisions,  with- 
drew in  order  with  their  material  across  the  Chickamauga. 

Confederate  Withdrawal  from  Lookout — Hooker's  Advance 
through  Rossville  Gap. 

The  Confederates  held  the  slope  of  Lookout  Mountain 
about  four  hundred  yards  east  of  the  Craven  House  until  2  A. 
M.  ,  covering  the  Summertown  Road,  while  the  troops  on 
the  summit,  with  such  stores  as  could  be  moved,  were 
withdrawn.  The  Eighteenth  and  Twenty-sixth  Tennessee 
consolidated  withdrew  by  the  McCullough  Road.  Walt- 
hall's  and  Pettus'  Brigades  held  the  line  on  which  they 
had  fought  until  n  p.  M.,  when  they  were  relieved  by  Clay- 
ton's Brigade  of  Stewart's  Division,  commanded  by  Col.  J. 
T.  Holtzclaw.  This  brigade,  with  Moore's  extending  down 
the  mountain  to  its  right  and  rear,  held  their  lines  until  2 
A.  M.,  when  they  withdrew  and  followed  the  remainder  of 
the  troops  which  had  held  Lookout  to  Missionary  Ridge. 

The  Confederate  abandonment  of  the  mountain  was  dis- 
covered at  daylight.  Shortly  before  that  hour,  Gen.  Geary 
had  ordered  small  reconnoitering  parties  to  try  to  scale  the 
cliffs  and  ascertain  if  the  enemy  was  still  on  the  mountain. 
Volunteers  for  this  work  being  called  for  by  Gen.  Whitaker 
from  the  Eighth  Kentucky,  Col.  Sidney  M.  Barnes,  the  fol- 
lowing responded,  scaled  the  palisades  a  short  distance  back 
from  the  point,  and  at  sunrise  unfurled  their  regimental 
colors  on  the  point  in  the  sight  of  both  armies  :  Capt.  John 
Wilson,  Company  C,  Sergt.  H.  H.  Davis  and  Private  William 
Witt  Company  A,  Sergts.  Joseph  Wagers  and  James  G.  Wood, 
of  Company  B,  and  Private  Joel  Bradley,  of  Company  I. 
The  Eighih  Kentucky  and  Ninety-sixth  Illinois,  Col.  Cham- 
pion, followed  to  the  summit,  and,  advancing  along  the  top 
to  Summertown,  ascertained  that  the  enemy  had  evacuated 
the  mountain.  Gen.  Hooker  reported  a  loss  in  the  battle  of 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  131 

65  killed  and  377  wounded,  230  prisoners,  two  flags 
captured,  and  130  Confederate  dead  left  on  the  field. 

At  10  A.  M.  of  the  25th,  Gen.  Hooker's  column  started 
from  the  mountain  and  was  directed  against  the  Confederate 
left  at  Rossville.  Osterhaus'  Division  led,  followed  by 
Cruft  and  Geary  in  the  order  named.  The  column  was  de- 
layed about  three  hours  a  mile  west  of  Rossville  by  the  de- 
struction of  the  bridge  over  Chattanooga  Creek..  As  soon 
as  stringers  were  laid,  the  Twenty-seventh  Missouri,  Col. 
Thomas  Curly,  crossed,  pressed  forward  as  skirmishers  into 
Rossville  Gap,  and  developed  the  enemy's  position,  which 
was  held  by  a  portion  of  Clayton's  Brigade  of  Stewart's  Divi- 
sion with  a  section  of  artillery.  Wood's  Brigade  of  Oster- 
haus' Division  formed  on  the  right  of  the  road  through  the 
gap,  and  Williamson's  Brigade  on  the  left  with  two  regiments 
observing  the  west  slope  of  Missionary  Ridge.  As  soon  as 
the  bridge  was  completed  so  that  the  column  could  close  up, 
Osterhaus  pressed  through  the  gap  to  a  road  running  parallel 
to  the  Ridge,  and  about  1,000  yards  from  its  eastern  base,  upon 
which  he  turned  his  column  northward.  After  proceeding 
a  short  distance,  he  directed  his  two  brigades  in  echelon 
toward  the  crest  of  Missionary  Ridge,  reaching  the  summit 
about  a  mile  north  of  Rossville  Gap. 

Cruft  followed  Osterhaus  into  the  gap  until  his  center 
was  opposite  the  south  point  of  Missionary  Ridge,  where, 
facing  to  the  left,  he  assaulted  and  carried  it,  moved 
northward  along  the  crest  and  joined  Osterhaus'  Division, 
which  had  reached  it  from  the  eastern  face.  Geary's  Division 
turned  northward  at  Rossville  along  the  western  base  of  the 
Ridge,  accompanied  by  five  batteries.  It  had  not  been  con- 
sidered prudent  to  send  artillery  through  the  Gap.  The  skir- 
mishers and  batteries  engaged  the  enemy  on  the  crest.  After 
an  advance  of  about  half  a  mile,  Creighton's  and  Cobham's 
Brigades,  moving  along  the  base  in  columns  of  regiments 
with  Ireland's  in  support  of  the  artillery,  were  formed 
for  assault  with  Creighton's  Brigade  in  the  first  line  and  Cob- 


132  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

ham's  in  the  second.  The  movement  was  oblique  to  the 
Ridge,  in  order  to  effect  a  junction  with  the  right  of  Johnson's 
Division  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  which  had  then 
gained  the  summit  of  the  Ridge  a  half  a  mile  to  the  north. 
Gen.  Geary's  line  reached  the  crest  at  6  p.  M.  Gen.  Oster- 
haus'  Division  bivouacked  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Ridge, 
in  close  proximity  to  Bragg's  Headquarters. 

Carlin's  Brigade,  upon  descending  the  mountain,  as  soon  as 
it  could  cross  Chattanooga  Creek,  had  rejoined  its  division 
(Johnson's)  and  formed  on  the  right  of  it  just  in  time  to 
take  part  in  the  movement  of  the  center  against  Missionary 
Ridge. 

The  Storming  of  Missionary  Ridge. 

The  advance  on  Orchard  Knob,  the  attack  on  Lookout 
Mountain,  and  Hooker's  movement  on  Rossville  Gap,  were 
not  contemplated  in  Gen.  Grant's  order  for  battle.  The  key 
movement  of  that  plan  was  the  occupation  of  the  north  end 
of  Missionary  Ridge  to  the  Tunnel  by  Gen.  Sherman  before 
the  enemy  could  concentrate  there.  At  3  o'clock,  the  attack 
at  that  point  had  failed,  and  Gen.  Grant,  then  on  Orchard 
Knob,  his  headquarters  during  the  day,  ordered  a  demon- 
stration at  the  center  against  the  enemy's  works  at  the 
foot  of  the  Ridge,  to  relieve  the  pressure  upon  Gen.  Sher- 
man. General  Thomas,  commanding  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland, and  Gen.  Gordon  Granger,  commanding  the  Fourth 
Corps,  also  had  their  headquarters  on  Orchard  Knob.  The 
movement  against  the  Confederate  center  was  quickly  ar- 
ranged. Four  divisions  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland 
were  ready  to  advance  as  soon  as  orders  could  reach  them. 
Of  the  six  divisions  which  composed  that  army,  Cruft  was 
with  Hooker,  and  Jeff.  C.  Davis  with  Sherman.  Baird,  who 
had  been  ordered  to  Sherman  and  had  joined  him  at  the 
Tunnel,  was  just  returning  to  the  center  when  the  order  for 
the  demonstration  against  the  Ridge  was  given,  and  quickly 
formed  as  the  left  of  the  advance. 

The  Union  line  ran  through  the  plain,  with  Orchard  Knob 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.         •  133 

and  the  low  range  to  the  south  of  it  as  the  directing  points. 
The  storming  line,  by  divisions  from  right  to  left,  was  com- 
posed of  Johnson's,  Sheridan's,  Wood's,  and  Baird's.  By 
brigades,  it  ran  as  follows  :  Carlin's  and  Stoughton's,  of  John- 
son— Starkweather's,  of  this  division,  holding  the  earthworks 
about  the  city ;  Sherman's,  Harker's,  and  Wagner's,  of  Sher- 
idan; Hazen's,  Willich's,  and  S.  Beatty's,  of  Wood;  Turchin's, 
Van  Derveer's,  and  Phelps',  of  Baird.  There  were  eighty- 
eight  infantry  regiments  in  the  storming  lines,  and  four  field  bat- 
teries, which,  however,  could  render  little  service,  operated 
with  them.  The  center  divisions  of  Sheridan  and  Wood  be- 
longed to  the  Fourth  Corps,  Gen.  Gordon  Granger  command- 
ing. The  right,  Johnson,  and  the  left,  Baird,  belonged  to 
the  Fourteenth  Corps,  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer  commanding. 

The  Confederate  line,  counting  from  left  to  right,  con- 
fronting this  advance  was  composed  of  the  divisions  of 
Stewart,  Breckinridge  (Bate),  Hindman  (Patton  Anderson), 
and  Cheatham.  The  brigades  composing  the  line,  their  or- 
der in  battle  not  being  fully  shown  by  the  reports,  were : 
Clayton's,  Stovall's,  Strahl's,  and  Adams'  of  Stewart's  Division ; 
Tyler's  (Bate's)  and  Finley's  of  Breckinridge's;  and  Ander- 
son's, Manigault's,  Deas',  and  Vaughn's  of  Hindman's ; 
Jackson's,  Moore's,  and  Walthall's  of  Cheatham's.  Reynolds' 
Brigade  of  Buckner's  Division  was,  with  the  greater  part  of 
Finley's  Brigade,  in  the  trenches  at  the  foot  of  the  Ridge. 
Lewis'  Brigade  of  Bate's  Division  had  been  sent  the  night  be- 
fore to  the  bridges  over  the  Chickamauga.  Cheatham's  artil- 
lery and  the  infantry  on  his  left  had  an  oblique  fire  on  Baird's 
left.  As  near  as  can  be  ascertained  from  the  reports,  there 
were  fifteen  batteries  along  the  ridge,  and  two  siege  pieces 
at  Bragg's  Headquarters,  to  oppose  the  Union  advance. 
Gen.  Stewart's  Division  was  a  very  thin  line  on  its  left,  the 
greater  part  of  Clayton's  Brigade  having  been  hurried  by 
Gen.  Breckinridge  to  Rossville  Gap,  and  the  rest  of  the  line 
being  stretched  along  the  Ridge  to  Gen.  Bragg's  Headquar- 
ters, thus  covering  three  miles. 


134  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

The  average  distance  of  the  Union  line  from  the  top  of 
the  Ridge  was  over  a  mile,  the  average  width  of  the  slope  of 
the  Ridge  about  600  yards,  and  the  average  height  400  feet. 
There  were  good  trenches  at  its  foot,  light  intermediate  de- 
fenses upon  its  slope,  and  light  rifle-pits  and  rude  defenses 
along  its  crest.  The  slope  was  for  the  most  part  steep, 
rough,  and  tangled,  and  exceedingly  difficult  of  ascent. 

The  orders  given  before  the  advance  to  the  troops  in 
Baird's  Division  on  the  left,  and  Johnson's  on  the  right,  con- 
templated their  going  to  the  top  of  the  Ridge.  Those  re- 
ceived by  the  center  divisions  were  construed  to  involve  only 
a  demonstration  against  the  position  at  the  foot  of  the  Ridge, 
although  Gen.  Willich  of  Wood's  Division  did  not  so  under- 
stand it,  and,  upon  carrying  the  earthworks  at  the  base,  he 
at  once  ordered  an  advance  upon  the  summit. 

The  signal  for  the  movement  was  to  be  six  guns  fired  in 
rapid  succession  from  Orchard  Knob.  This  was  given  at 
3:15  P.  M.  The  whole  line  started  on  a  run,  and  there  was 
no  check  at  any  part  of  it  until  the  earthworks  were  reached 
and  captured.  Baird's  Division  on  the  left,  with  Beatty's 
and  Willich's  Brigades  of  Wood's  Division  next  on  its  right, 
hastily  rectified  their  lines  at  the  earthworks,  and  started  at 
once  for  the  crest.  Johnson's  Division,  on  the  extreme 
right,  also  moved  continuously  for  the  summit.  Sheridan's 
Division  and  the  right  of  Wood's  halted  at  the  earthworks 
under  their  orders,  which  at  first  contemplated  only  the  car- 
rying of  the  earthworks  as  a  demonstration  to  relieve  the  pres- 
sure on  Sherman.  They  were  almost  immediately  ordered 
forward,  and  the  whole  line  apparently  reached  the  summit 
about  the  same  time.  As  seen  from  Orchard  Knob,  six 
points  on  the  Ridge  were  simultaneously  occupied.  The  first 
troops  on  the  crest  appear  to  have  been  those  in  Thomas  J. 
Wood's  Division. 

Upon  reaching  the  summit,  Gen.  Sheridan's  Division  de- 
scended the  eastern  slope  and  began  an  active  pursuit.  It 


136  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

was  soon  engaged  with  Bate's  Division,  which  had  taken  a 
strong  position  a  short  distance  east  of  Missionary  Ridge 
and  held  it  until  after  dark,  when  fighting  ceased  and  it 
withdrew. 

Gen.  Baird's  troops,  on  the  left,  turned  northward  along 
the  crest  in  mass,  with  little  regard  for  organization,  and 
pushed  Jackson's  and  Moore's  Brigades  of  Cheatham's  Di- 
vision eastward  and  northward  to  the  top  of  the  third  knoll. 
Here.  Gen.  Walthall's  Brigade  of  Cheatham's  Division, 
which  had  been  thrown  across  the  Ridge,  made  a  firm  stand. 
Brown's  Brigade  of  Stevenson's  Division,  which  had  been 
hurried  from  Sherman's  front  at  the  Tunnel,  formed  on  the 
left  of  it,  and  at  dusk  fighting  ceased.  From  this  point  to 
Tunnel  Hill,  the  Confederate  lines  withdrew  in  order  to  and 
across  the  Chickamauga. 

The  Union  Artillery  in  Chattanooga. 

During  the  three  days'  battle,  the  heavy  guns  in  the  works 
about  the  city  were  an  important  element.  Gen.  John  M. 
Brannan,  Chief  of  Artillery  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
had  mounted  sixteen  pieces  of  heavy  ordnance  in  the  forts 
of  the  outer  works.  Four  4^-inch  Rodman  guns  were 
placed  in  Fort  Wood,  in  addition  to  two  3o-pounder  Parrots 
already  there ;  four  2o-pounder  Parrots  were  mounted  in 
Fort  Cheatham  (Negley);  four  4^-inch  Rodmans  in  Battery 
Rousseau;  and  four  2o-pounder  Parrots  in  Fort  Sheridan. 
The  battery  on  Moccasin  Point  received  two  2o-pounder 
Parrots,  and,  with  the  guns  of  the  Eighteenth  Ohio  and 
Tenth  Indiana  Batteries,  commanded  the  face  of  Lookout 
about  the  Craven  House,  and  played  a  very  important  part 
during  Hooker's  assault.  During  its  progress,  two  10- 
pounder  Parrots  of  the  Seventh  Indiana  Battery,  and  two 
howitzers  from  the  Third  Wisconsin,  went  into  action  near 
the  mouth  of  Chattanooga  Creek.  Owing  to  the  scarcity  or 
emaciated  condition  of  artillery  horses,  only  four  field  bat- 
teries were  brought  into  action  during  the  engagements. 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  137 

These  heavy  guns  commanded  the  enemy's  camps  and  in- 
trenchments  at  the  foot  of  Missionary  Ridge  and  the  east 
base  of  Lookout.  On  each  of  the  three  days,  this  heavy 
artillery  was  used  with  great  effect,  some  of  it  being  able  to 
reach  the  crest  of  Missionary  Ridge,  and  most  of  it  proving 
effective  against  its  slope  during  the  advance  of  the  assault- 
ing lines  toward  the  earthworks  at  the  foot  of  the  Ridge. 

During  the  advance  on  Orchard  Knob  on  the  23d,  Gen. 
Howard,  of  the  Eleventh  Corps,  sent  Battery  G,  Fourth  United 
States,  and  the  First  Ohio  Battery,  to  support  Gen.  Sheridan, 
and  Gen.  Baird  sent  Battery  I,  Fourth  United  States,  and  Bat- 
tery H,  Fifth  United  States.  These  were  all  stationed  on 
Bushy  Knob,  now  the  National  Cemetery,  and  were  actively 
engaged. 

UNION  LOSSES. 

Movement  on  Orchard  Knob. 

Killed.          Wounded.  Total. 

Wood's    Division,                         32                  165  197 

Steinwehr's     "                                3                    20  23 

Schurz's-          "                                 i                    12  13 


36  J97  233 

Hooker's  Operations  at  Lookout,  Missionary  Ridge,  and  Ring- 
gold. 

Killed.  Wounded.  Total. 

Geary's    Division,                         56  285  341, 

Osterhaus'     "                                57  335  392 

Cruft's            "                                21  123  144 

Carlin's  Brigade  at   Lookout,      12  24  36 

*^«  •   

146  767  913 

Loss  at  Ringgold,          65  377  442 

81  390  471 

Leaving  a  total  loss  of  471   for  Lookout  and   Missionary 
Ridse. 


138 


THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


Storming  of  Missionary  Ridge. 
Killed. 


Wounded. 


Carlin  s              .Brigade.  )  T  , 
0.                ,                           -  Johnson. 
Stoughton  s                       j  J 

12 

25 

110 

J37 

Sherman's                         \ 

31 

275 

Wagner's                            V  Sheridan, 

70 

660 

Marker's                            ) 

29 

278 

Hazen's                             "] 

88 

427 

S.  Beatty's                         [  Wood. 

H 

1  60 

Willich's                             ) 

46 

288 

Turchin's                           ") 

5° 

231 

Van  Derveer's                   >  Baird, 

20 

141 

Phelps'                               ) 

18 

IOO 

Total, 

403 

2,807 

Troops  Operating  with  Gen. 

Sherman. 

Killed. 

Wounded. 

Giles  A.  Smith's  Brig 
Lightburn's 

ade'  1  M.  L.  Smith, 

I                                                  10 

14 

77 

Loomis' 

) 

37 

331 

Corse's 

\  Ewmg, 

34 

2IO 

Cockerill's 

3 

5 

Alexander's 

) 

4 

Raum's 

M.  E.  Smith 

,        40 

140 

Matthies' 

3 

49 

MS 

Bushbeck's 
Orland  Smith's 

isteinwehr, 

28 

4 

148 

20 

Tyndale's 

i 

4 

Krzyzanowski's 

Schurz, 

3 

Hecker's 

i 

10 

Morgan's 

) 

9 

John  Beatty's 

Meff.  C.  Davis,      3 

i? 

McCook's 

3 

2 

4 

Total, 


209 


1,141 


BATTLE    OF    CHATTANOOGA.  139 

Confederate  Losses  at  Lookout. 

Killed.  Wounded. 

Walthall's  Brigade,                                           8  91 

Moore's         "                                                   4  48- 

Pettus'            "                                                   9  38 


Total,  21  177 

In  addition,  Walthall  lost  845  captured,  largely  from  his 
picket  line  at  the  base  of  the  mountain.  This  was  posted 
along.  Lookout  Creek,  and  was  nearly  one-third  of  his  total 
strength,  1,500. 

The  missing  from  Moore's  Brigade  were  199,  and  from 
Pettus',  9.  Moore's  strength  was  1,200.  Pettus  had  only 
three  regiments. 

The  Confederate  reports  of  losses  at  Missionary  Ridge 
were  very  incomplete. 

The  three  brigades  of  Cleburne's  Division,  which  were 
engaged  at  Tunnel  Hill,  lost  42  killed,  178  wounded,  and  2 
missing. 

Brown's  Brigade  lost  at  the  same  point,  2  killed,  35. 
wounded,  and  13' missing.  Cumming's  Brigade  lost  17  killed,. 
156  wounded,  and  30  missing. 


140  THE     NATIONAL     MILITARY    PARK. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  FORCES  UNDER  COMMAND  OF  MAJ. -GEN. 
ULYSSES  S.  GRANT,  U.  S.  ARMY,  ENGAGED  IN  THE  BATTLES 
ABOUT  CHATTANOOGA.  NOVEMBER  23-25,  1863. 


[Roster  compiled  by  Hon.  J.  W.  KIRKLEY,  Board  of  Publication  of  War  Records.] 


ARMY   OF  THE  CUMBERLAND. 

Maj.-Oen.  GEORGE  H.  THOMAS. 


GENERAL  HEADQUARTERS. 
ist  Ohio  Sharpshooters,  Capt.  Gershom  M.  Barber, 
xoth  Ohio  Infantry,  Lieut. -Col.  William  M.  Ward. 


FOURTH  ARMY  CORPS. 
Maj.-Gen.  GORDON  GRANGER. 


FIRST  DIVISION  (FOURTH  CORPS).* 
Brig. -Gen.  CHARLES  CRUFT. 

Escort. 
pad  Illinois,  Company  E,  Capt.  Matthew  Van  Buskirk. 

Second  Brig.ide.  Third  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  WALTER  C.  WHITAKER.  Col.  WILLIAM  GROSE. 

96th  Illinois:  59th  Illinois,  Maj.  Clayton  Hale. 

Col.  Thomas  E.  Champion.  75th  Illinois,  Col.  John  E.  Bennett. 

Maj.  George  Hicks.  84th  Illinois,  Col.  Louis  H.  Waters. 

35th  Indiana,  Col.  Bernard  F.  Mullen.  gth  Indiana,  Col.  Isaac  C.  B.  Suman. 

8th  Kentucky,  Col.  Sidney  M.  Barnes.  36th  Indiana,  Maj.  Gilbert  Trusler. 

40th  Ohio,  Col.  Jacob  E.  Taylor.  24th  Ohio,  Capt.  George  M.  Bacon. 
5ist  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  Charles  H.  Wood. 
99th  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  John  E.  Cummins. 

Engaged,  November  24th.  at  Lookout  Mountain.     November  2  :;th, 
carried  the  soutli  end  of  Missionary  Ridge  from  Rossville  Gap. 


*  The  First  Brigade  and  Battery  M,  Fourth  U.  S.  Artillery,  Col.  D.  A.  Enyart, 
commanding,  at  Bridgeport,  Ala.;  the  One  Hundred  and  Fifteenth  Illinois  and 
Eighty-fourth  Indiana,  of  the  Second  Brigade,  and  Fifth  Indiana  Battery,  at  Shell- 
mound,  Tenn.,  and  the  Thirtieth  Indiana  and  Seventy-seventh  Pennsylvania,  of 
the  Third  Brigade,  and  Battery  H,  Fourth  U.  S.  Artillery,  at  Whitcsides,  Tenn. 


ORGANIZATION    ARMY    OF    CUMBERLAND.  141 

SECOND  DIVISION  (FOURTH  CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen.  PHILIP  H.  SHERIDAN. 

First  Brigade.  Third  Brigade. 

Col.  FRANCIS  T.  SHERMAN.  Col.  CHARLES  G.  MARKER. 

36th  Illinois:  22d  Illinois,   Lieut. -Col.  Francis  Swan- 
Col.  Silas  Miller.*  wi.k. 
Lieut. -Col.  Porter  C.  Olson.  271(1  Illinois,  Col   Jonathan  R.  Miles. 

44th  Illinois,  Col.  Wallace  W.  Barrett.  42d  Illinois: 

73d  Illinois,  Col.  James  F.  Jacquess.  Col.  Nathan  H.  Wai  worth.* 

74th  Illinois,  Col.  Jason  Marsh.  Capt.  Edgar  D.  Swain. 

88th    Illinois,    Lieut. -Col.    George    W.  5151  Illinois : 

Chandler.  Maj.  Charles  W.  Davis. 

zad  Indiana,  Col.  Michael  Gooding.  Capt.  Albert  M.  Tilton. 

2d  Missouri:  7gth  Illinois,  Col.  Allen  Buckner. 

Col.  Bernard  Laiboldt.*  3d  Kentucky,  Col.  Henry  C.  Dunlap. 

Lieut. -Col.  Arnold  Beck.  64th  Ohio,  Col.  Alexander  Mcllvain. 

i5th  Missouri :  6sth  Ohio,  Lieut  -Col.  William  A.  Bullitt. 

Col.  Joseph  Conrad.  i-'5'h  Ohio: 

Capt.  Samuel  Rexinger.  Col.  Emerson  Opdycke.':' 

24th   Wisconsin,  Maj.   Carl  von   Baum-  Capt.  Edward  P.  Bates, 
bach. 

Second  Brigade.  Artillery. 

Brig. -Gen.  GEORGE  D.  WAGNER.  Capt.  WARREN  P.  EDGARTON. 

icoth   Illinois,  Maj.   Charles   M.    Ham-  ist    Illinois    Light,    Battery   M,    Capt. 

mond.  George  W.  Spencer. 

I5th  Indiana:  loth  Indiana  Battery,  Capt.  William  A. 

Col.  Gustavus  A.  Wood.*  Naylor. 

Maj.  Frank  White.  ist  Missouri  Light,   Battery  G,  Lieut. 

Capt.  Benjamin  F.  Hegler.  Gustavus  Schueler. 

4oth  Indiana,  Lieut. -Col.  Elias  Neff.  ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  \,\  Capt.   Hu- 

5ist  Indiana, f  Lieut. -Col.  John  M.  Com-  bert  Dilger. 

paret.  4th  United   States,  Battery  G,t  Lieut. 

57th    Indiana,    Lieut. -Col.    George    W.  Christopher  F.  Merkle. 

Lennard.  5th   United  States,   Battery    H,|  Capt. 

58th  Indiana,  Lieut. -Col.  Joseph  Moore.  Francis  L.  Guenther. 
26th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  William  H.  Young. 
97th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Milton  Barnes. 

November  23d,  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Orchard  Knob. 
November  25,  engaged  in  the  assault  on  Missionary  Ridge,  the 
center  of  the  division  reaching  the  crest  at  Bragg's  Headquarters. 


*  Temporarily  in  command  of  a  demi-brigade. 

f  Between  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  en  route  to  join  brigade. 

|  Temporarily  attached. 


142  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


THIRD  DIVISION  (FOURTH  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  THOMAS  J.  WOOD. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  AUGUST  WILLICH.  Brig. -Gen.  WILLIAM  B.  HAZEN. 

25th  Illinois,  Col.  Richard  H.  Nodine.  6th  Indiana,  Maj.  Calvin  D.  Campbell. 

35th     Illinois,     Lieut. -Col.    William    P.         sth  Kentucky  : 

Chandler.  Col.  William  W.  Berry. 

8gth    Illinois,    Lieut. -Col.     William    D.  Lieut. -Col.  John  L.  Treanor. 

Williams.  6th  Kentucky,  Maj.  Richard  T.  Whit- 

32d    Indiana,   Lieut. -Col.  Frank    Erdel-  aker. 

meyer.  23d    Kentucky,    Lieut. -Col.    James    C. 

6Sth  Indiana:  Foy. 

Lieut. -Col   Harvey  J.  Espy.  istOhio: 

Capt.  Richard  L.  Leeson.  Lieut. -Col.  Bassett  Langdon. 

Sth  Kansas,  Col.  John  A.  Martin.  Maj.  Joab  A.  Stafford. 

I5th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Frank  Askew.  6th     Ohio,     Lieut. -Col.    Alexander    C. 

49th  Ohio,  Maj.  Samuel  F.  Gray.  Christopher. 

i5th  Wisconsin,  Capt.  John  A.  Gordon.        ^ist  Ohio: 

Col.  Aquila  Wiley. 
Lieut. -Col.  Robert  L.  Kimberly. 
93d  Ohio : 

Maj.  William  Birch. 
Capt.  Daniel  Bowman. 
Capt.  Samuel  B.  Smith. 
I24th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  James  Pickands. 

Third  Brigade. 
Brig.  Gen.  SAMUEL  BEATTV. 
79th  Indiana,  Col.  Frederick  Knefler. 
86th  Indiana,  Col.  Gco.  F.  Dick. 
9th  Kentucky,  Col.  Ceorge  H.  Cram. 
i;th  Kentucky,  Col.  Alexander  M.  Stout. 
I3th  Ohio,  Col.  Dwight  Jarvis,  Jr. 
igth  Ohio,  Col.  Charles  F.  Manderson. 
59th  Ohio,  Maj.  Robert  J.  Vanosdoll. 

Artillery. 

Capt.  CULLEN  BRADLEY. 

Illinois  Light,  Bridges'  Battery,  Capt.  Lyman  Bridges. 
6th  Ohio  Battery,  Lieut.  Oliver  H.  P.  Ayres. 
aoth  Ohio  Battery, *  Capt.  Edward  GrosskopfT. 
Pennsylvania  Light,  Battery  B,  Lieut.  Samuel  M.  McDowell. 

November  23d,  captured  Orchard  Knob.  November  24th,  took 
part  in  the  assault  on  Missionary  Ridge,  the  center  of  the  division 
gaining  the  summit  to  the  right  of  McCallie  Avenue  extended 

*  Temporarily  attached  from  Artillery  Reserve. 


ORGANIZATION    ARMY    OF    CUMBERLAND.  143 

FOURTEENTH    ARMY   CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen.  JOHN  M.  PALMER. 

Escort. 
ist  Ohio  Cavalry,  Company  L,  Capt.  John  D.  Barker. 


FIRST  DIVISION   (FOURTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  RICHARD  W.  JOHNSON. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  WILLIAM  P.  CARLIN.  Col.  WILLIAM  L.  STOUGHTON. 

io4th      Illinois,      Lieut. -Col.      Douglas         igth  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Alexander  W. 

Hapeman.  Raffen. 

38th     Indiana,     Lieut.-Col.  -Daniel     F.         nth  Michigan,  Capt.  Patrick  H.  Kee- 

Griffin.  gan. 

42d  Indiana,  Lieut.-Col.  William   T.  B.         6gth  Ohio,  Maj.  James  J.  Hanna. 

Mclntire.  iSth  United  States,  ist  Battalion,  Capt. 

88th  Indiana,  Col.  Cyrus  E.  Briant.  Henry  Keteltas. 

2d  Ohio,  Col.  Anson  G.  McCook.  15th  United  States,  2d  Battalion,  Capt. 

33d    Ohio,    Capt.   James    H.    M.   Mont-  William  S.  McManus. 

gomery.  i6th  United  States,  ist  Battalion,  Maj. 

94th  Ohio,  Maj.  Rue  P.  Hutchins.  Robert  E.  A.  Crofton. 

loth  Wisconsin,  Capt.  Jacob  W.  Roby.  i8th  United  States,  ist  Battalion,  Capt. 

•    George  W.  Smith. 
i8th  United  States,  2d  Battalion,  Capt. 

Henry  Haymond. 
igth  United  States,  ist  Battalion,  Capt. 

Henry  S.  Welton. 
Third  Brigade* 

Brig.-Gen.  JOHN  C.  STARKWEATHER. 
24th  Illinois,  Col.  Geza  Mihalotzy. 
37th  Indiana,  Col.  James  S.  Hull, 
aist  Ohio,  Capt.  Charles  H.  Vantine. 
74th  Ohio,  Maj.  Joseph  Fisher. 
78th  Pennsylvania,  Col.  Archibald  Blakeley. 
79th  Pennsylvania,  Maj.  Michael  H.  Locher. 
ist  Wisconsin,  Lieut.-Col.  George  B.  Bingham. 
2ist  Wisconsin,  Capt.  Charles  H.  Walker. 

Artillery. 

ist  Illinois  Light,  Battery  C,  Capt.  Mark  H.  Prescott. 
ist  Michigan  Light,  Battery  A,  Captain  Francis  E.  Hale. 
5th  United  States,  Battery  H,f  Capt.  Francis  L.  Guenther. 

November  23d  and  24th,  held  the  works  at  Chattanooga.    Toward 


*  During  the  engagements  of  the  23d,  24th,  and  25th,  was  in  line  of  battle  hold- 
ing fort  and  breastworks  at  Chattanooga, 
f  Temporarily  attached  to  Second  Division,  Fourth  Army  Corps. 


144  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

evening  of  the  24th  Carlin's  Brigade  ascended  Lookout  to  the  Craven 
House,  and  relieved  the  right  qf  Hooker's  line  under  the  palisades. 

November  25th,  Stoughton's  Brigade  formed  on  the  right  of  Sher- 
idan's Division,  where  Carlin's  Brigade  joined  it  from  Lookout 
Mountain.  The  division  took  part  in  the  assault  on  Missionary 
Ridge,  reaching  the  crest  opposite  East  Lake. 


SECOND     DIVISION  (FOURTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig  -Gen.  JEFFERSON  C.  DAVIS. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade, 

Brig. -Gen.  JAMES  D.  MORGAN.  Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  BEATTV. 

loth  Illinois,  Col.  John  Tillson.  34th  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Oscar  Van  Tas- 

i6th  Illinois,   Lieut. -Col.  Jarnes   B.  Ca-  sell. 

hill.  78th    Illinois,    Lieut. -Col.    Carter    Van 

6oth  Illinois,  Col.  William  B.  Anderson.  Vlcck. 

zist  Kentucky,  Col.  Samuel  W.  Price.  3d  Ohio.t  Capt.  Leroy  S.  Bell, 

loth  Michigan,  Lieut. -Col.  Christopher        gSth  Ohio.  Maj.  James  M.  Shane. 

J.  Dickerson.  io8th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Carlo  Piepho. 

i4th  Michigan,'5  Col.  Henry  R.  Mizner.         ii3thOhio,  Maj.  Lynn  S.  Sullivant. 

i2ist  Ohio,  Maj.  John  Yager. 

Third  Brigade. 
Col.   DANIEL  McCooK. 
8sth  Illinois,  Col.  Caleb  J.  Dilworth. 
86th  Illinois,  Lieut.-Col.  David  W.  Magee. 
noth  Illinois,  Lieut.-Col.  E.  Hibbard  Topping. 
ia5th  Illinois,  Col.  Oscar  F.  Harmon. 
5zd  Ohio,  Maj.  James  T.  Holmes. 

Artillery. 

Capt.  WILLIAM  A.  HOTCHKISS. 

2d  Illinois  Light,  Battery  I,  Lieut.  Henry  B.  Plant. 
Minnesota  Light,  ad  Battery,  Lieut.  Richard  L.  Dawley. 
Wisconsin  Light,  $th  Battery,  Capt.  George  Q.  Gardner. 

November  igth,  ordered  to  the  north  side  of  the  Tennessee  to  pre- 
pare for  and  cover  Sherman's  crossing.  Followed  the  rear  of  Sher- 
man's column  over  the  river  at  noon  of  November  24th.  Remained 
unengaged  during  the  battle  as  a  reserve  of  Gen.  Sherman's  left. 


*  Detached  at  Columbia,  Tenn. 

\  Detached  at  Kelley's  Ferry,  Tennessee  River. 


ORGANIZATION    ARMY    OF    CUMBERLAND.  145 

THIRD  DIVISION   (FOURTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  ABSALOM  BAIRD. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  B.  TURCHIN.  Col.  FERDINAND  VAN  DERVEER. 

82d  Indiana,  Col.  Morton  C.  Hunter.  7sth  Indiana,  Col.  Milton  S.  Robinson. 

nth  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Ogden  Street.  87th  Indiana,  Col.  Newell  Gleason. 

i/th  Ohio  :  loist        Indiana,        Lieut. -Col.       Thos. 
Maj.  Benjamin  F.  Butterfield.  Doan. 

Capt.  Benjamin  H.  Showers.  zd   Minnesota,    Lieut. -Col.    Judson  W. 
3ist    Ohio,    Lieut. -Col.    Frederick    W.  Bishop. 

Lister.  gth  Ohio,  Col.  Gustave  Kammerling. 

3fith  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Hiram  F.  Devol.  3Sth  Ohio: 

8gth  Ohio,  Capt.  John  H.  Jolly.  Lieut.-Col.  Henry  V.  Boynton. 

92dOhio:  Maj.  Joseph  L.  Budd. 

Lieut. -Col.  Douglas   Putnam.,  Jr.  icsth     Ohio,     Lieut.-Col.     William    R. 
Capt.  Edward  Grosvenor.  Tolles. 

Third  Brigade. 
Col.  EDWARD  H.  PHELPS. 
Col.  WILLIAM  H.  HAYS. 

.    loth  Indiana,  Lieut.-Col.  Marsh  B.  Taylor. 
74th  Indiana,  Lieut.-Col.  Myron  Baker. 
4th  Kentucky,  Maj.  Robert  M.  Kelly, 
loth  Kentucky : 

Col.  William  H.  Hays. 
Lieut.-Col.  Gabriel  C.  Wharton. 

i8th  Kentucky,*  Lieut.-Col.  Hubbard  K.  Milward. 
i4th  Ohio,  Lieut. Col.  Henry  D.  Kingsbury. 
38th  Ohio,  Maj.  Charles  Greenwood. 

Artillery. 

Capt.  GEORGE  R.  SWALLOW. 

Indiana  Light,  7th  Battery,  Lieut.  Otho  H.  Morgan. 
Indiana  Light,  igth  Battery,  Lieut.  Robert  G.  Lackey. 
4th  United  States  Battery  I,  Lieut.  Frank  G.  Smith. 

November  23d,  supported  the  right  of  the  advance  on  Orchard 
Knob.  Early  November  25th  joined  the  right  of  Sherman's  line  at 
Tunnel  Hill.  Rejoined  Thomas'  line  at  3  P.  M.,  and  took  part  in 
the  storming  of  Missionary  Ridge,  being  the  left  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland  in  that  movement.  The  center  of  the  division 
reached  the  crest  at  the  De  Long  Tower,  and  advanced  northward 
to  the  top  of  the  second  knoll  beyond. 

*  Detached  at  Brown's  Ferry. 


146  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


CAVALRY.* 

Second  Brigade  (Second  Division). 

Col.  ELI  LONG. 

pSth  Illinois  (mounted  infantry),  Lieut. -Col.  Edward  Kitchell. 
lyth  Indiana  (mounted  infantry),  Lieut. -Col.  Henry  Jordan, 
ad  Kentucky,  Col.  Thomas  P.  Nicholas. 
4th  Michigan,  Maj.  Horace  Gray, 
ist  Ohio,  Maj.  Thomas  J.  Patten. 
3d  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  Charles  B.  Seidel. 
4th  Ohio  (battalion),  Maj.  George  W.  Dobb. 
loth  Ohio,  Col.  Charles  C.  Smith. 

Long's  Brigade  operated  on  the  left  of  Sherman's  forces  during 
the  battle.     There  was  no  other  Union  cavalry  present. 


ENGINEER  TROOPS. 
Brig. -Gen.  WILLIAM  F.  SMITH. 

Engineers.  Pioneer  Brigade. 

ist  Michigan  Engineers   (detachment),  Col.  GEORGE  P.  BUELL. 

Capt.  Perrin  V.  Fox.  ist  Battalion,  Capt.  Charles  J.  Stewart. 

i3th  Michigan    Infantry,   Maj.  Willard         ad  Battalion,  Capt.  Correll  Smith. 
G.  Eaton.  3d  Battalion,  Capt.  William  Clark, 

aist  Michigan    Infantry,  Capt.   Loomis 

K.  Bishop. 
22d  Michigan  Infantry,  Maj.  Henry  S. 

Dean. 

i8th   Ohio   Infantry,    Col.  Timothy  R. 
Stanley. 

These  troops  prepared  boats  and  bridges  for  the  Brown's  Ferry 
movement  to  re-open  the  Tennessee  River  and  for  Sherman's  cross- 
ing. It  was  active  in  the  construction  of  fortifications,  and  Gen. 
Smith  carried  out  all  the  details  of  the  Brown's  Ferry  expedition, 
commanding  it  in  person. 


*  Corps  headquarters  and  the  First  and  Second  Brigades  and  Eighteenth  Indiana 
Battery,  of  the  First  Division,  at  and  about  Alexandria,  Tenn.;  the  Third  Brigade 
at  Caperton's  Ferry,  Tennessee  River.  The  First  and  Third  Brigades,  and  the 
Chicago  Board  of  Trade  Battery,  of  the  Second  Division,  at  Maysvillc,  Ala. 


ORGANIZATION    ARMY    OF    CUMBERLAND.  147 

ARTILLERY  RESERVE. 
Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  M.  BRANNAN. 

FIRST   DIVISION. 

Col.  JAMES  BARNETT. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Maj.  CHARLES  S.  COTTER.  ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  G,  Capt.  Alex- 

ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  B,  Lieut.  Nor-  ander  Marshall. 

man  A.  Baldwin.  ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  M,  Capt.  Fred- 

ist  Ohio  Light,  Battery  C,  Capt.  Marco  erick  Schultz. 

B.  Gary.  Ohio  Light,  i8th  Battery,  Lieut.  Joseph 

ist  Ohio   Light,  Battery  E,  Lieut.  Al-  McCafferty. 

bert  G.  Ransom.  Ohio   Light,  2oth   Battery,*  Capt.  Ed- 

ist  Ohio   Light,  Battery  F,  Lieut.  Giles  ward  Grosskopff. 

J.  Cockerill.  « 

SECOND    DIVISION. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Capt.  JOSIAH  W.  CHURCH.  Capt.  ARNOLD  SUTERMEISTER. 

ist  Michigan    Light,  Battery  D,  Capt.  Indiana     Light,     4th     Battery,    Lieut. 

Josiah  W.  Church.  Henry  J.  Willits. 

ist  Tennessee  Light,  Battery  A,  Lieut.  Indiana     Light,     8th     Battery,    Lieut. 

Albert  F.  Beach.  George  Estep. 

Wisconsin    Light,    3d    Battery,    Lieut.  Indiana  Light,  nth  Battery,  Capt.  Ar- 

Hiram  F.  Hubbard.  nold  Sutermeister. 

Wisconsin    Light,   8th    Battery,    Lieut.  Indiana    Light,    2ist    Battery,    Lieut. 

Obadiah  German.  William  E.  Chess. 

Wisconsin   Light,    loth    Battery,   Capt.  ist     Wisconsin     Heavy,    Company    C, 

Yates  V.  Beebe.  Capt.  John  R.  Davies. 

Besides  the  direction  of  the  field  artillery,  Gen.  Brannan  con- 
structed the  batteries  at  Moccasin  Point,  and  after  the  re-opening  of 
the  river,  he  armed  the  works  of  the  city  with  heavy  guns,  which 
were  used  to  cover  the  infantry  advances  against  Lookout  Moun- 
tain and  Missionary  Ridge. 


POST  OF  CHATTANOOGA. 

Col.  JOHN  G.  PARKHURST. 
44th  Indiana,  Lieut. -Col.  Simeon  C.  Aldrich. 
i5th  Kentucky,  Maj.  William  C.  Halpin. 
gth  Michigan,  Lieut. -Col.  William  Wilkinson. 


*  Temporarily  attached  to  Third  Division,  Fourth  Army  Corps. 


148  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


DETACHMENT  FROM  THE  ARMY  OF   THE  POTO- 
MAC. 

ELEVENTH  AND  TWELFTH  ARMY  CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen.  JOSEPH  HOOKER .* 

Provost  Guard. 
loth  Maine,  ist  Battalion,  Capt.  John  D.  Bcardsley. 

Escort. 
i5th  Illinois  Cavalry,  Company  K,  Capt.  Samuel  B.  Sherer. 


ELEVENTH  ARMY  CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen.  OLIVER  O.  HOWARD. 

GENERAL  HEADQUARTERS. 

Independent  Company,  8th  New  York  Infantry,  Capt.  Anton  Bruhn. 


SECOND  DIVISION  (ELEVENTH  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  ADOLPH  VON  STEINWEHR. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  ADOLPHUS  BUSHBECK.  Col.  ORLAND  SMITH. 

33d  New  Jersey,  Col.  George  W.  Mindil.         33d    Massachusetts,    Lieut. -Col.    God- 
i34th  New  York,  Lieut.-Col.  Allen  H.  frey  Rider,  Jr. 

Jackson.  I36th  New  York,  Col.  James  Weod,  Jr. 

i54th  New  York,  Col.  Patrick  H.Jones.         ssth  Ohio,  Col.  Charles  B.  Gambee. 
27th  Pennsylvania  :  73d  Ohio,  Maj.  Samuel  H.  Hurst. 

Maj.  Peter  A.  McAloon. 
Capt.  August  Riedt. 
73d  Pennsylvania : 

Lieut.-Col.  Joseph  B.  Taft. 
Capt.  Daniel  F.  Kelley. 
Lieut.  Samuel  D.  Miller. 

Took  part  in  the  battle  of  Wauhatchie,  October  28th,  and  the  ad- 
vance on  Orchard  Knob,  November  23d.  November  25th,  Bush- 
beck  formed  the  right  of  Sherman's  line  at  the  Tunnel  and  assaulted 
there. 


*  Maj.-Gen.  Joseph  Hooker,  commanding  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Army  Corps, 
had  tinder  his  immediate  command  for  the  battle  at  Chattanooga  the  First  Divi- 
sion, Fourth  Corps;  the  Second  Division,  Twelfth  Corps;  portions  of  the  Four- 
teenth Corps,  and  the  First  Division,  Fifteenth  Corps. 


ORGANIZATION    OF    ARMY    OF    CUMBERLAND.  149 

THIRD  DIVISION  (ELEVENTH  CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen.  CARL  SCHURZ. 

First  Brigade.  Third  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  HECTOR  TYNDALE.  Col.  FREDERICK  HECKER. 

zoist  Illinois,  Col.  Charles  H.  Fox.  Both  Illinois,  Capt  James  Neville. 

45th  New  York,  Maj.  Charles  Koch.  82d  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Edward  S.  Salo- 

I43d  New  York,  Col.  Horace  Boughton.  mon. 

6ist  Ohio,  Col.  Stephen  J.  McGroarty.  68th  New  York,  Lieut. -Col.  Albert  von 

82d  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  David  Thompson.  Steinhausen. 

75th  Pennsylvania,  Maj.  August  Ledig. 

Second  Brigade.  Artillery: 

Col.  WLADIMIR  KRZYZAMOWSKI.  Maj.  THOMAS  W.  OSBORN. 

58lh  New  York,  Capt.' Michael   Esem-         ist  New   York  Light,' Battery  I,  Capt. 

baux.  Michael  Wiedrich. 

ugth  New  York,  Col.  John  T.  Lockman.         New  York  Light,  i3th   Battery,  Capt. 
i4ist  New  York,  Col.  Wliliam  K.  Logic.  William  Wheeler. 

26th    Wisconsin,    Capt.    Frederick    C.         ist  Ohio   Light,  Battery   I,*  Capt.  Hu- 
Winkler.  bert  Dilger. 

ist     Ohio     Light,    Battery    K,    Lieut. 

Nicholas  Sahm. 

4th  United  States.   Battery  G,*  Lieut. 
Christopher  F.  Merkle. 

Took  part  in  the  battle  of  Wauhatchie,  October  28th.  Novem- 
ber 23d,  supported  the  left  of  the  attack  on  Orchard  Knob.  Novem- 
ber 2$th,  marched  to  the  support  of  Sherman's  forces,  and  remained 
unengaged  on  their  left  and  rear  during  the  battle  of  Missionary 
Ridge. 


TWELFTH  ARMY  CORPS.f 

Maj.-Gen.  HENRY  W.  SLOCUM. 


*  Temporarily  attached  to  Second  Division,  Fourth  Army  Corps. 

\  The  First  Division  engaged  in  guarding  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Rail- 
road from  Wartrace  Bridge,  Tenn.,  to  Bridgeport,  Ala.,  etc.  Maj.-Gen,  H.  W. 
Slocum,  the  corps  commander,  had  his  headquarters  at  Tullahoma,  Tenn. 


THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


FIRST  DIVISION  (TWELFTH  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  ALPHEUS  S.  WILLIAMS. 

First  Brigade.  Third  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  JOSEPH  F.  KNIPE.  Brig. -Gen.  THOMAS  H.  RUGER. 

5th     Connecticut,     Col.     Warren     W.  zjth  Indiana,  Col.  Silas  Colgrove. 

Packer.  ad    Massachusetts,  Col.  William  Cogs- 

2oth  Connecticut,  Col.  Samuel  Ross.  well. 

3d  Maryland,  Col.  Joseph  M.  Sudsburg.  1310  New  Jersey,  Col.  Ezra  A.  Carman. 

i23d   New   York,   Lieut. -Col.  James  C.  loyth  New  York,  Col.  Nirom  M.  Crane. 

Rogers.  I5oth  New  York,  Col.  John  H.  Ketcham. 

i45th  New  York,  Capt.  Samuel  T.  Allen.  ad  Wisconsin,  Col.  William  Hawley. 
46th  Pennsylvania,  Lieut. -Col.  William 
L.  Foulk. 

This  division  was  not  engaged,  but  was  active  and  successful  in 
the  more  important  work  of  keeping  open  the  lines  of  supply. 


SECOND  DIVISION    TWELFTH  CORPS  . 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  W.  GEARY. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  CHARLES  CANDY.  Col.  GEORGE  A.  COBHAM,  JR. 

Col.  WILLIAM  R.  CREIGHTON.  2gth  Pennsylvania,  Col.  William  Rick- 

Col.  THOMAS  J.  AHL.  ards,  Jr. 

5th  Ohio,  Col.  John  H.  Patrick.  logth  Pennsylvania,  Capt.  Frederick  L. 

7th  Ohio:  Gimber. 

Col.  William  R.  Creighton.  uith   Pennsylvania,  Col.   Thomas   M. 

Lieut. -Col.  Orrin  J.  Crane.  Walker. 

Capt.  Ernst  J.  Krieger. 
29th  Ohio,  Col.  William  T.  Fitch. 
66th  Ohio: 

Lieut. -Col.  Eugene  Powell. 
Capt.  Thomas  McConnell. 
28th  Pennsylvania: 

Col.  Thomas  J.  Ahl. 
Capt.  John  Flynn. 

i47th    Pennsylvania,    Lieut. -Col.    Ario 
Pardee,  Jr. 

Third  Brigade. 

Col.  DAVID  IRELAND. 
6oth  New  York,  Col.  Abel  Godard. 

78th  New  York,  Lieut. -Col.  Herbert  von  Hammerstein. 
icad  New  York,  Col.  James  C.  Lane. 
I37th  New  York,  Capt.  Milo  B.  Eldredge. 
i49th  New  York : 

Col.  Henry  A.  Barnum. 

Lieut. -Col.  Charles  B.  Randall. 


ORGANIZATION    ARMY    OF   THE   TENNESSEE. 


Artillery . 

Maj.  JOHN  A.  REYNOLDS. 

Pennsylvania  Light,  Battery  E,  Lieut.  James  D.  McGill. 
5th  United  States,  Battery  K,  Capt.  Edmund  C.  Bainbridge. 

This  division  fought  the  battle  at  Wauhatchie,  October  28th,  the 
troops  dispatched  to  his  relief  from  Brown's  Ferry  being  engaged 
to  the  north  of  the  railroad  crossing  of  Lookout  Creek.  November 
24th,  it  was  prominent  in  the  battle  of  Lookout  Mountain.  No- 
vember 25th,  it  assaulted  the  west  slope  of  Missionary  Ridge,  car- 
rying it  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  north  of  Rossville. 


ARMT  OF  THE   TENNESSEE. 

Maj. -Gen.  WILLIAM  T.  SHERMAN.* 


FIFTEENTH  ARMY  CORPS.t 

Maj. -Gen.  FRANK  P.  BLAIR,  JR. 


FIRST  DIVISION  (FIFTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen.  PETER  J.  OSTERHAUS. 


First  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  CHARLES  R.  WOODS. 
I3th  Illinois  : 

Lieut.-Col.    Frederick    W.    Par- 
tridge. 

Captain  <Jeorge  P.  Brown. 
3d  Missouri,  Lieut.-Col.  Theodore  Me 

mann. 
i2th  Missouri: 

Col.  Hugo  Wangelin. 
Lieut.-Col.  Jacob  Kaercher. 
I7th  Missouri,  Col.  John  F.  Cramer. 
2jth  Missouri,  Col.  Thomas  Curly. 
2gth  Missouri: 

Col.  James  Peckham. 
Maj.  Philip  H.  Murphy. 
3ist    Missouri,    Lieut.-Col.   Samuel    P. 

Simpson. 

32d  Missouri,  Lieut.-Col.  Henry  C. War- 
moth. 
y6th  Ohio,  Maj.  Willard  Warner. 

November  24th,  held  the  left  of  the  line  in  storming  Lookout  Moun- 

'••  Gen.  Sherman  had  under  his  immediate  command  at  the  battle  of  Chattanooga 
the  Eleventh  Corps  and  the  Second  Division,  Fourteenth  Corps,  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland  ;  the  Second  and  Fourth  Divisions,  Fifteenth  Corps,  and  the  Sec- 
ond Division,  Seventeenth  Corps,  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

t  The  Third  Division.  Brig  -Gen.  James  M.  Tuttle,  commanding,  at  Memphis, 
La  Grange,  and  Pocahontas.  Tenn. 


Second  Brigade. 
Col.  JAMES  A.  WILLIAMSON. 

4th  Iowa,  Lieut.-Col.  George  Burton. 

gth  Iowa,  Col.  David  Carskaddon. 

25th  Iowa,  Col.  George  A.  Stone. 

26th  Iowa,  Col.  Milo  Smith. 

3oth    Iowa,    Lieut.-Col.    Aurelius    Rob- 
erts. 

3ist  Iowa,  Lieut.-Col.  Jeremiah  W.  Jen- 
kins. 

Artillery. 

Capt.  HENRY  H.  GRIFFITHS. 
Iowa  Light,   ist  Battery,  Lieut.  James 

M.  Williams, 
ad   Missouri    Light,   Battery    F,    Capt. 

Clemens  Landgraeber. 
Ohio  Light,  4th  Battery,  Capt.  George 
Froehlich. 


152  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

tain.  November  25th,  cleared  Rossville  Gap  of  the  enemy,  and  turn- 
ing north  along  the  eastern  base  of  Missionary  Ridge  assaulted  and 
carried  it  about  a  mile  north  of  Rossville,  bivouacking  on  the  east 
slope  at  Bragg's  Headquarters. 


SECOND  DIVISION  (FIFTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  MORGAN  L.  SMITH. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  GILES  A.  SMITH.  Brig. -Gen.  JOSEPH  A.  J.  LIGHTRI'RN. 
Col.  NATHAN  W.  TUPPER. 

55th  Illinois,  Col.  Oscar  Malmborg.  83(1  Indiana,  Col.  Benjamin  J.  Spooner. 

ii'ith  Illinois:  3oth  Ohio,  Col.  Theodore  Jones. 

Col.  Nathan  W.  Tupper.  3/th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Lewis  Von  Bless- 

Lieut.-Col.  James  P.  Boyd.  ingh. 

i2/th  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Frank  S.  Cur-  47th  Ohio,  Col.  Augustus  C.  Parry. 

tiss.  54'h  Ohio,  Maj.  Robert  Williams,  Jr. 

6th  Missouri,  Lieut. -Col.  Ira  Boutell.  4th  West  Virginia,  Col.  James  H.   Day- 

8th  Missouri,  Lieut. -Col.  David  C.  Cole-  ton. 

man. 

57th  Ohio,  Lieut. -Col.  Samuel   R.  Mott. 
I3th  United  States,  ist  Battalion,  Capt. 
Charles  C.  Smith. 

Artillery, 

ist  Illinois  Light,  Battery  A,  Capt.  Peter  P.  Wood, 
ist  Illinois  Light,  Battery  B,  Capt.  Israel  P.  Rumsey. 
ist  Illinois  Light,  Battery  H.  Lieut.  Francis  De  Gress. 

November  24th,  the  division  occupied  the  detached  range  north  of 
the  extremity  of  Missionarv  Ridge.  November  25th,  Giles  A.  Smith's 
Brigade,  with  most  of  Lightburn's,  was  engaged  in  the  attack  on  the 
north  point  of  Missionary  Ridge,  approaching  it  from  the  north 
east. 


ORGANIZATION    ARMY    OF    THE    TENNESSEE.  153 


FOURTH  DIVISION  (FIFTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen.  HUGH  EWING. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  JOHN  M.  LOOMIS.  Brig.-Gen.  JOHN  M.  CORSE 

afith  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Robert  A.  Gill-  Col.  CHARLES  C.  WALCUTT. 

more.  4Oth  Illinois,  Maj.  Hiram  W.  Hall, 

goth  Illinois :  io3d    Illinois,  Col.  Willard    A.   Dicker- 

Col.  Timothy  O'Meara.  man. 

Lieut. -Col.  Owen  Stuart.  6th     Iowa,     Lieut. -Col.     Alexander    J. 

i2th  Indiana,  Col.  Reuben  Williams.  Miller. 

rooth       Indiana,       Lieut. -Col.      Albert         isth   Michigan,*  Lieut. -Col.  Austin  E. 
Heath.  Jaquith. 

46th  Ohio: 

Col.  Charles  C.  Walcutt. 
Capt.  Isaac  N.  Alexander. 
Third  Brigade. 
Col.  JOSEPH  R.  COCKERILL. 
48th  Illinois,  Lieut. -Col.  Lucien  Greathouse 
97th  Indiana.  Col.  Robert  F.  Catterson. 
99th  Indiana,  Col.  Alexander  Fowler. 
53  Ohio,  Col.  Wells  S.  Jones, 
joth  Ohio,  Major  William  B.  Brown. 

Artillery. 

Capt.  HENRY  RICHARDSON. 

ist  Illinois  Light,  Battery  F,  Capt.  John  T.  Cheney, 
ist  Illinois  Light,  Battery  I,  Lieut.  Josiah  H.  Burton, 
ist  Missouri  Light,  Battery  D,  Lieut.  Byron  M.  Callender. 

November  25th,  Cockerill's  Brigade  remained  on  the  crest  of  de- 
tached hills  north-west  of  Missionary  Ridge.  Corse's  Brigade  de- 
scended their  slope,  assaulted  and  carried  the  north  point  of  Mission- 
ary Ridge  at  the  Moon  House.  This  point  was  held  till  near  night, 
Corse  being  wounded  early,  and  Col.  C.  C.  Walcutt  commanding 
thereafter.  Loomis'  Brigade  assaulted  to  the  left  of  the  Tunnel, 
and  fought  till  late  in  the  afternoon. 


Detached  at  Scottsborough,  Alabama. 


154  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


SECOND     DIVISION  (SEVENTEENTH  CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen.  JOHN  E.  SMITH. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  JESSE  I.  ALEXANDER.  Col.  GREEN  B.  RAUM. 

63d  Illinois,  Col.  Joseph  B.  McCown.  Col.  FRANCIS  C.  DEIMLING. 

48th    Indiana,    Lieut.-Col.    Edward    J.  Col.  CLARK  R.  WEVER. 

Wood.  56th  Illinois,  Maj.  Pinckney  J.  Welsh. 

59th  Indiana,  Capt.  Wilford  H.  Welman.         i7th  Iowa  : 
4th    Minnesota,    Lieut.-Col.    John     E.  Col.  Clark  R.  Wever. 

Tourtellotte.  Maj.  John  F.  Walden. 

i8th  Wisconsin,  Col.  Gabriel  Bouck.  loth  Missouri: 

Col.  Francis  C.  Deimling. 
Lieut.-Col.  Christian  Happel. 
24th  Missouri,  Company  E,  Capt.  Will- 
iam W.  McCammon. 
Both  Ohio,  Lieut.-Col.  Pren  Metham. 

Third  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gen.  CHARLES  L.  MATTHIES. 
Col.  BENJAMIN  D.  DEAN. 
Col.  JABEZ  BANBURY. 
93d  Illinois : 

Col.  Holden  Putnam. 
Lieut.-Col.  Nicholas  C.  Buswell. 
5th  Iowa  : 

Col.  Jabez  Banbury. 
Lieut.-Col.  Ezekiel  S.  Sampson, 
loth  Iowa,  Lieut.-Col.  Paris   P.  Henderson. 
a6th  Missouri,  Col.  Benjamin  D.  Dean, 

Artillery.. 

Capt.  HENRY  DILLON. 

Cogswell's  (Illinois)  Battery,  Capt.  William  Cogswell. 
Wisconsin  Light,  6th  Battery,-  Lieut.  Samuel  F.  Clark. 
Wisconsin  Light,  i2th  Battery,  Capt.  William  Zickerick. 

November  25th,  Alexander's  Brigade  remained  on  the  detached 
hills.  Matthies'  and  Raum's  Brigades  assaulted  to  the  left  of  Tunnel 
Hill,  and  gained  the  crest  north  of  it,  but,  after  severe  fighting,  were 
compelled  to  withdraw. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  TENNESSEE.  155 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  TENNESSEE,  GEN.  BRAX- 
TON  BRAGG,  C.  S.  ARMY,  COMMANDING,  NOVEMBER  20, 
1863. 


GENERAL  HEADQUARTERS. 

ist  Louisiana  (regulars),  Col.  James  Strawbridge. 
ist  Louisiana  Cavalry,  Maj.  J.  M.  Taylor. 


DETACHMENT  FROM  THE  ARMT  OF  NORTHERN 
VIRGINIA. 


LONGSTREET'S  ARMY  CORPS.* 

Lieut. -Gen.  JAMES  LONGSTREET. 


McLAWS'  DIVISION   (LONGSTREET'S  CORPS).f 

Maj. -Gen.  LAFAYETTE  McLAWS. 

Kershaiu's  Brigade.  Wofforct 's  Brigade. 

ad  South  Carolina,  Col.  John  D.  Ken-  i6th  Georgia,  Col.  Henry  P.  Thomas. 

nedy.  i8th  Georgia,  Col.  S.  Z.  Ruff. 

3d  South  Carolina,  Col.  James  D.  Nance.  24th  Georgia,  Col.  Robert  McMillan. 

7th    South.  Carolina,    Col.     D.    Wyatt  Cobb's   Legion,   Lieut. -Col.    Luther   J. 

Aiken.  Glenn. 

8th  South  Carolina,  Col.  John  W.  Hena-  Phillips'  Legion,  Lieut.-Col.  E.  S!  Bar- 

gan.  clay. 

i5th  South  Carolina,  Col.  Joseph  F.  Gist.  3d    Georgia    Battalion    Sharpshooters, 
3d    South    Carolina    Battalion,    Lieut.-  Lieut.-Col.  N.  L.  Hutchins,  Jr. 

Col.  William  G.  Rice. 

Humphreys'  Brigade.  Bryan's  Brigade. 

i3th  Mississippi,  Col.  Kennon  McElroy.  xoth  Georgia,  Col.  John  B.  Weems. 

iyth  Mississippi,  Col. William  D.  Holder.  soth  Georgia,  Col.  Peter  McGlashan. 

i8th  Mississippi,  Col.  Thomas  M.  Griffin.  sist  Georgia,  Col.  Edward  Ball, 

aist  Mississippi,  Col.  William  L.  Bran-  53d  Georgia,  Col.  James  P.  Simms. 
don. 


*  Detached,  November  4th,  for  operations  in  East  Tennessee. 
t  Detached,  November  4th,  and  sent  to  East  Tennessee. 


156  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


Artillery  Battalion. 

Maj.  AUSTIN  LEVDEN. 

Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  Tyler  M.  Peeples. 

Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  Andrew  M.  Wolihin. 

Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  Billington  W.  York. 


HOOD'S  DIVISION   (LONGSTREET'S  CORPS). 

Maj.  Gen.  JOHN  B.  HOOD. 

Jenkins'  Brigade.  Anderson ' s  Brigade. 

ist  South   Carolina,  Col.   Franklin   W.        7th  Georgia,  Col.  W.  W.  White. 

Kilpatrick.  8th  Georgia,  Col.  John  R.  Towers. 

2d  South  Carolina  Rifles,  Col.  Thomas        gth  Georgia,  Col.  Benjamin  Beck. 

Thomson.  nth  Georgia,  Col.  F.  H.  Little. 

5th  South  Carolina,  Col.  O.  Coward.  sgth  Georgia,  Col.  Jack  Brown. 

6th  South  Carolina,  Col.  John  Bratton. 
Hampton  (South  Carolina)  Legion,  Col.  Benning 's  Brigade. 

Martin  W.  Gary.  2d  Georgia.  Col.  Edgar  M.  Butt. 

Palmetto  (South  Carolina1  Sharpshoot-         isth  Georgia,  Col.  Dudley  M.  DuBose. 
ers,  Col.  Joseph  Walker.  ijth  Georgia,  Col.  Wesley  C.  Hodges. 

aoth  Georgia,  Col.  J.  D.  Waddell. 
Robertson  s  Brigaiie. 

3d  Arkansas,  Col.  VarfH.  Manning.  Artillery  Battalion. 

ist  Texas,  Col.  A.  T.  Rainey.  Col.  E.  PORTER  ALEXANDER. 

4th  Texas,  Col.  J.  C.  G.  Key.  South    Carolina    Battery,    William   W. 

5th  Texas,  Col.  R.  M.  Powell.  Fickling. 

Virginia   Battery,  Capt.  Tyler  C.  Jor- 
Law's  Brigade.  ^n  dan. 

4th  Alabama,  Col.  Pinckney  D.  Bowles.         Louisiana    Battery,    Capt.    George    V. 
i$th  Alabama,  Col.  W.  C.  Gates.  Moody. 

44th  Alabama,  Col.  William  F.  Perry.  Virginia    Battery,    Capt.    William    W. 

47th  Alabama,  Col.  Michael  J.  Bulger.  Parker. 

48th    Alabama,  Col.  James  L.  Sheffield.         Virginia    Battery,    Capt.    Osmond     B. 

Taylor. 

Virginia  Battery,  Capt.  Pichegru  Wool- 
folk,  Jr. 

Law's  Brigade  was  picketing  Brown's  Ferry  when  the  latter  was 
captured.  Jenkins'  Brigade  attacked  Geary  at  Wauhatchie  the  night 
of  October  28th,  supported  by  Benning's,  Laws',  and  Robertson's 
Brigades  on  the  heights  at  and  north  of  the  railroad  crossing  of 
Lookout  Creek.  November  4th,  the  division  was  sent  to  East  Ten- 
nessee. 


ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    ARMY    OF    TENNESSEE.  157 

HARDEE'S  CORPS. 

Lieut. -Gen.  WILLIAM  J.  HARDEK. 


CHEATHAM'3  DIVISION  (HARDEE'S  CORPS). 
Maj.-Gen.  B.  F.  CHEATHAM. 

Jackson  s  Brigade.  WalthaiC  s  Brigade. 

ist  Georgia  (Confederate),  Maj.  James        24th  and  27th   Mississippi,  Col.  William 

C.  Gordon.  F.  Dowd. 

5th  Georgia,  Col.  Charles  P.  Daniel.  291)1  and  3oth   Mississippi,  Capt.  W.  G. 

37  Georgia,  Capt.  J.  J.  Harper.  Reynolds. 

6sth     Georgia,    Lieut. -Col.    Jacob     W.         34th  Mississippi,  Col.  Samuel  Benton. 

Pearcy. 
zd    Georgia    Battalion     Sharpshooters,  Wright's  Brigade. 

Lieut. -Col.       Richard       H.         8th  Tennessee,  Col.  John  H.  Anderson. 
Whitely.  i6th  Tennessee,  Col.  D.  M.  Donnell. 

5th  Mississippi,  Maj.  John  B.  Herring.  28th  Tennessee,  Col.  Sidney  S.  Stanton. 

8th  Mississippi,  Maj.  John  F.  Smith.  38th  Tennessee,  Lieut. -Col.  Andrew  D. 

Gwynne. 

Moore' s  Brigade.  5ist  and  52d  Tennessee,  Lieut. -Col.  John 

37th  Alabama,  Col.  James  F.  Dowdell.  G    Hall. 

4oth  Alabama,  Col.  John  H.  Higljey.  Murray's  (Tennessee)  Battalion,  Lieut.- 

42d    Alabama,   Lieut. -Col.    Thomas    C.  Col.  Andrew  D.  Gwynue. 

Lanier. 

Artillery  Battalion. 
Maj.  MELANCTHON  SMITH. 
Alabama  Battery,  Capt.  William  H.  Fowler. 
Florida  Battery,  Capt.  Robert  P.  McCants. 
Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  John  Scogin. 
Mississippi  Battery  (Smith's),  Lieut.  William  B.  Turner. 

Walthall's  Brigade  fought  the  battle  of  Lookout  Mountain  until 
the  Craven  House  was  carried  by  Hooker.  Moore's  Brigade  then 
supported  his  right,  and  Pettus'  Brigade  of  Stevenson's  Division 
came  up  to  Walthall's  line.  Wright's  Brigade  was  at  Chicka- 
mauga  Station.  November  25th,  Cheatham's  Division  was  on  Mis- 
sionary Ridge  just  north  of  the  DeLong  Tower.  When  the  enemy 
carried  the  Ridge  at  the  latter  point,  Walthall's  Brigade  checked 
his  further  advance,  supported  by  Brown's  Brigade  of  Stevenson's. 
Division  on  his  left. 


158  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

CLEBURNE'S  DIVISION   (HARDEE'S  CORPS;. 
Maj.-Gen.  PATRICK  R.  CLEBVRNE. 

LiddelCs  Brigade.  Folk's  Brigade. 

2d    and    i$th  Arkansas,   Maj.   E.  War-  ist  Arkansas,  Col.  John  W.  Colquitt. 

field.  3d  and  5th  Confederate,  Lieut.-Col.  J. 
5th   and    i3th   Arkansas,  Col.  John    E.  C.  Cole. 

•  Murray.  2d  Tennessee,  Col.  William  D.  Robison. 

6th  and  7th  Arkansas,  Lieut. -Col.  Peter  35th  and  48th  Tennessee,  Col.  Benjamin 

Snyder.  J.  Hill. 

8th  Arkansas,  Maj.  Anderson  Watkins. 
ipth  and  24th  Arkansas,  Lieut.-Col.  A. 

S.  Hutchison. 

Smith's  Brigade..  L<nvrey  s  Brigade. 

6th  and  loth  Texas  Infantry  and  isth         i6th  Alabama.  Maj.  Frederick  A.  Ash- 
Texas     (dismounted)    Cav-  ford, 
airy,  Col.   Roger  Q.  Mills.             33d  Alabama,  Col.  Samuel  Adams. 
7th  Texas,  Col.  Hiram  B.  Granbury.               45th  Alabama,  Lieut.-Col.  H.  D.  Lamp- 
i7th,  i8th,  24th,  and  25th  Texas  Cavalry  ley, 

(dismounted),  Maj.  William         32d  and  45th  Mississippi,  Lieut.-Col.  R. 
A.  Taylor.  Charlton. 

I5th   Mississippi  Battalion  Sharpshoot- 
ers, Capt.  Daniel  Coleman. 

Artillery  Battalion. 
Maj.  T.  R.  HOTCHKISS. 

Arkansas  Battery  (Calvert's),  Lieut.  Thomas  J.  Key. 
Texas  Battery,  Capt.  James  P.  Douglas. 

Alabama  Battery  (Semple's).  Lieut.  Richard  W.  Goldthwaite. 
Mississippi  Battery  (Swett's),  Lieut.  H.  Shannon. 

November  23d,  this  division  returned  from  Chickamauga  Station. 
November  24th,  until  2  p.  M.,  it  was  constructing  earthworks  on  the 
Ridge  north  from  Bragg's  Headquarters  to  the  Shallow  Ford  Road. 
At  that  hour  it  was  ordered  to  Tunnel  Hill,  reaching  it  at  2:30  p.  M. 
November  25th,  it  resisted  Sherman  and  fought  the  battle  of  Tunnel 
Hill,  assisted  at  various  points  of  the  line  by  Cumming's,  Pettus',  and 
Brown's  Brigades  of  Stevenson's  Division,  and  Maney's  of  Walker's. 


ORGANIZATION    ARMY    OF    TENNESSEE.  159 

STEVENSON'S  DIVISION  (HARDEE'S  CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen.  CARTER  L.  STEVENSON. 

Brown's  Brigade.*  Pettus'  Brigade.  \ 

3d  Tennessee, f  Col.  Calvin  H.  Walker.          aoth  Alabama,  Capt.  John  W.  Davis. 
i8th   and  26th    Tennessee,    Lieut. -Col.         23d  Alabama,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  B.  Eibb. 

William  R.  Butler.  3oth  Alabama,  Col.  Charles  M.  Shelley. 

3zd  Tennessee,  Capt.  Thomas   D.  Deav-        3151  Alabama,  Col.  D.  R.  Hundley. 

enport.  46th  Alabama,  Capt.  George  E.  Brewer. 

45th  Tennessee  and  23d  Tennessee,  Bat- 
talion, Col.  Anderson  Scarcy.  Vaughn's  Brigade.\ 

3d  Tennessee  (Provisional  Army), 
Cummings'  Brigade,  \  3gth  Tennessee. 

34th  Georgia,  Col.  J.  A.  W.  Johnson.  43d  Tennessee.  . 

36th  Georgia,  Lieut.-Col.  Alexander  M.         sgth  Tennessee. 

Wallace. 

39th  Georgia,  Col.  J.  T.  McConnell. 
56th  Georgia,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  T.  Slaugh- 
ter. 

Artillery  Battalion.\ 
Capt.  WILLIAM  W.  CARNES. 
Tennessee  Battery,  Capt.  Edmund  D.  Baxter. 
Tennessee  Battery,  Capt.  William  W.  Carnes. 
Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  Max  Van  Den  Corput. 
Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  John  B.  Rowan  (Maryland  Battery). 

November  24th,  held  the  top  of  Lookout.  At  1 130  P.  M.  Pettus' 
Brigade  assisted  Walthall.  November  25th,  it  reached  the  Tunnel 
at  9  A.  M.,  occupying  the  high  ground  south  of  it.  Cummings',  Pet- 
tus', and  Brown's  Brigades  assisted  Cleburne's  forces.  About  ^  P.M. 
Brown's  Brigade  returned  to  the  center  to  assist  in  checking  Baird, 
reaching  Baird's  line  just  as  Walthall's  Brigade  of  Cheatham's  Divis- 
ion had  stopped  his  northward  advance  along  the  crest  of  the  Ridge. 

*  Transferred  from  Stewart's  Division,  November  12,  1863. 
t  In  Gregg's  Brigade,  October  31,  1863. 

*  Regimental  commanders  not  reported  in  original,  are  supplied  from  Stevenson's 
roster. 

g  Reassigned  to  division,  November  12,  1863. 

|  Note  on  original :  "  Exchanged  prisoners  ;  but  few  reported." 
Tf  According  to  Stevenson's  return,  his  artillery  battalion  consisted  at  this  date  of 
Games',  Corput's,  and  Rowan's  Batteries,  and   the  2oth  Alabama  Battalion,  viz.: 
Company  A,  Capt.  Winslow  D.    Emery;  Company  B,  Capt.   Richard   H.  Bellamy, 
and  Company  C,  Capt.  T.  J.  Key. 


l6o  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


WALKER'S  DIVISION*  (HARDEE'S   CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen.  W.  H.  T.  WALKER. 

Maney's  Brigade.^  Cist's  Brigade. 

ist  and  27th  Tennessee,  Col.   Hume  R.  46th  Georgia,    Lieut. -Col.    William    A. 

Field.  Daniel. 

4th  Tennessee  (Provisional  Army)  Capt.  8th  Georgia  Battalion  Lieut. -Col.  Leroy 

Joseph  Bostick.  Napier. 

6th  and  pth   Tennessee,    Lieut. -Col.   J.  i6th  South  Carolina,  Col.  James  McCul- 

W.  Buford.  lough. 

4ist  Tennessee,  J  Col.  Robert  Farquhar-  24th  South  Carolina,  Col.   Clement   H. 

son.  Stevens. 
50th  Tennessee, J  Col  Cyrus  A.  Sugg, 

a^th    Tennessee    Battalion   (Sharpshoot-  Artillery  Battalion. 

ers),  Maj.  Frank  Maney.  Maj.  ROBERT   MARTIN. 

Missouri  Battery,  Capt.  Hiram  M.  Bled- 

Wilson's  Brigade.  soe. 

25th  Georgia,  Col.  Claudius  C.  Wilson.  South    Carolina    Battery,    Capt.    T.    B. 

291)1  Georgia,  Col.  William  J.  Young.  Ferguson. 

3oth  Georgia,  Col.  Thomas   W.    Mang-  Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  Evan  P.  Howell. 

ham. 
26th  Georgia   Battalion,  Maj.   John  W. 

Nisbet. 
ist    Georgia  Battalion    Sharpshooters, § 

Maj.  Arthur  Shaaff. 

November  23d,  the  division  was  sent  from  the  base  of  Lookout  to 
a  point  on  Missionary  Ridge,  a  mile  south  of  Tunnel  Hill.  No- 
vember 25th,  Maney's  Brigade  reported  to  Cleburne  at  the  latter 
point  and  supported  it  in  the  engagement. 

*  Transferred  from   Longstreet's  Corps,   November   12,   1863,  and   regiments  of 
Gregg's  Brigade  distributed  to  Bate's,  Maney's,  and  Smith's  Brigades. 
•(•  Transferred  from  Cheatham's  Division,  November  12,  1863. 
\  From  Gregg's  Brigade, 
fj  Assigned,  November  12,  1863. 


ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    ARMY    OF    TENNESSEE.  l6l 

BRECKINRIDGES'  ARMY  CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen.  JOHN  C.  BRECKINRIDGE. 


STEWART'S  DIVISION  iBRECKINRIDGE'S  CORPS). 
Maj.-Gen.  ALEXANDER  P.  STEWART. 

Adams'  Brigade.  Clayton's  Brigade. 

i3th  and  2oth  Louisiana,  Col.  Leon  von         i8th  Alabama,  Maj.  Shep.  Ruffin. 

Zinken.  3zd  Alabama,  Capt.  John  W.  Bell. 

i6th   and   25th    Louisiana,    Col.    Daniel        36th  Alabama,  Col.  Lewis  T.  Woodruff. 

Gober.  38th  Alabama,  Col.  Charles  T.  Ketchum. 

igth  Louisiana,  Col.  W.  P.  Winans.  58th     Alabama,     Lieut. -Col.    John     W. 

4th  Louisiana  Battalion,  Lieut. -Col.  John  Inzer. 

McEnery. 
i4th  Louisiana  Battalion  Sharpshooters, 

Maj.  J.  E.  Austin. 

Strahl's  Briga.de.  Stoval?  s  Brigade. 

4th  and  sth  Tennessee,  Col.  Jonathan        4oth  Georgia,  [Col.  Abda  Johnson]. 

J.  Lamb.  4ist  Georgia,  [Col.  William  E.  Curtiss]. 

igth  Tennessee,  Col.  Francis  M.  Walker.        4zd  Georgia,  [Col.  R.  J.  Henderson]. 
24th  Tennessee,  Col.  John  A.  Wilson.  43d  Georgia,  [Col.  Hiram  P.  Bell]. 

3ist  Tennessee,  Col.  Egbert  E.  Tansil.  52d  Georgia,  [Maj.  John  J.  Moore]. 

33d    Tennessee,    Lieut. -Col.    Henry   C. 
McNeill 

Artillery  Battalion. 
Capt.  HENRY  C.  SEMPLE. 

Georgia  Battery  (Dawson'st,  Lieut.  R.  W.  Anderson. 
Arkansas  Battery  (Humphrey's),  Lieut.  John  W.  Rivers. 
Alabama  Battery,  Capt.  McDonald  Oliver. 
Mississippi  Battery,  Capt.  Thomas  J.  Stanford. 

November  24th,  at  night,  Stewart  withdrew  from  the  earthworks 
and  occupied  Missionary  Ridge  from  Bragg's  Headquarters  to  Ross- 
ville.  November  25th,  his  line  was  carried,  being  assaulted  in  front 
by  the  right  of  Sheridan's  Division  and  all  of  Johnson's  and  Geary's, 
on  its  left  flank  by  Cruft's,  and  its  rear  by  Osterhaus'. 


162  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


BRECKINRIDGE'S  DIVISION  (BRECKINRIDGE'S  CORPS). 

Biig.-Gen.  WILLIAM  B.  BATE. 

Lewis'  Brigade.  Bate ' s  Brigade* 

2d    Kentucky,    Lieut. -Col.    James    W.  37th  Georgia,  Col.  A.  F.  Rudler. 

Moss.  4th    Georgia    Battalion    Sharpshooters, 

4th  Kentucky,  Maj.  Thomas  W.  Thomp-  Lieut.  Joel  Towers 

son.  roth  Tennessee, t  Col.  William  Grace. 

5th  Kentucky,  Col.  H.  Hawkins.  isth  and  37th  Tennessee,  Lieut. -Col.  R. 

6th      Kentucky,      Lieut.-Col.      W.      L.  Dudley  Frayser. 

Clarke.  aoth  Tennessee,  Maj.  W.  M.  Shy. 

gth  Kentucky,  Lieut.-Col.  John  C.  Wick-  3oth  Tennessee,-)'  Lieut.-Col.  James  J. 

liffe.  Turner. 

John  H.  Morgan's  dismounted  men.  ist  Tennessee  Battalion, f  Maj.  Stephen 

H.  Colms. 

Florida  Brigade.^  Artillery  Battalion. 

ist  and  3d  Florida,  Capt.  W.  T.  Saxon.  Capt.  C.  H.  SLOCOMB. 

4th  Florida,  Lieut.-Col.  E.  Badger.  Kentucky     Battery     (Cobb's),     Lieut: 

6th  Florida,  Col.  Jesse  J.  Finley.  Frank  P.  Gracey. 

7th  Florida,  Lieut.-Col.  Tillman  Ingram.  Tennessee  Battery,  Capt.  John  W.  Me- 

ist  Florida  Cavalry  (dismounted),  Col.  bane. 

G.  Troup  Maxwell.  Louisiana  Battery  (Slocomb's),  Lieut  W. 

C.  D.  Vaught. 

The  night  of  November  24th,  the  division  withdrew  from  the 
earthworks  and  occupied  the  line  on  Missionary  Ridge  next  north 
of  Bragg's  Headquarters.  It  fought  stubbornly  until  both  of  its 
flanks  were  exposed  to  the  fire  of  heavy  forces,  when  it  withdrew  to 
the  next  Ridge  in  the  rear,  and  there  checked  the  advance  of  Sheri- 
dan's Division, 


*  Transferred  from  Stewart's  Division,  November  12,  1863. 
t  Transferred  from  Gregg's  Brigade,  November  12,  1863. 
J  Organized,  November  12,  1863. 


ORGANIZATION    OF   THE   ARMY   OF    TENNESSEE.  163 

BUCKNER'S  DIVISION*  (BRECKINRIDGE'S  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  BUSHROD  R.  JOHNSON. 

Johnson ' s  Brigade.  Grade's  Brigade. 

i/th    and    23d    Tennessee,    Lieut. -Col.         4151  Alabama,  Lieut. -Col.  Theodore  G. 

Watt  W.  Floyd.  Trimmier. 

25th    and   44th   Tennessee,    Lieut. -Col.         43d  Alabama,  Col.  Young  M.  Moody. 

John  L.  McEwen,  Jr.  ist  Battalion,  Alabama  (Milliard's)  Le- 

6sd  Tennessee,  Maj.  John  A.  Aiken.  gion,  Maj.  Daniel  S.  Troy. 

2d  Battalion,  Alabama  (Milliard's)   Le- 
gion, Capt.  John  H.  Dillard. 
3d    Battalion,  Alabama  (Milliard's)   Le- 
gion,   Lieut. -Col.   John    W. 
A.  Sanford. 

4th  Battalion,  Alabama  (Milliard's)  Le- 
gion, Maj.  John  D.  McLennan. 

Artillery  Battalion. 

Reynolds'  Brigade.  Maj.  SAMUEL  C.  WILLIAMS. 

58th  North  Carolina,  Col.  John  B.  Pal-  Mississippi   Battery  (Darden's),  Lieut. 

mer.  H.  W.  Bullen. 

6oth   North    Carolina,    Capt.  James   T.  Virginia  Battery,  Capt.  William  C.  Jeff- 
Weaver,  ress. 

54th  Virginia,  Lieut. -Col.  John  J.  Wade.  Alabama  Battery,  Capt.  R.  F.  Kolb. 
63d  Virginia,  Maj.  James  M.  French. 

This  division,  with  the  exception  of  Reynolds'  Brigade,  was  ab- 
sent in  East  Tennessee.  Reynolds  was  sent  to  the  trenches,  and  re- 
tired to  the  Ridge  in  the  face  of  the  general  assault  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,  and  formed  on  the  line  of  Bate's  Division. 


HINDMAN'S  DIVISION  (BRECKINRIDGE'S  CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen.  PATTON  ANDERSON. 

Anderson  s  Brigade.  Deas'  Brigade. 

7th  Mississippi,  Col.  William  H.  Bishop.         igth  Alabama,  Col.  Samuel  K.  McSpad- 
gth  Mississippi,  Maj.  Thomas  H.  Lynam.  den. 

loth  Mississippi,  Capt.  Robert  A.  Bell.  22d  Alabama,  Capt.  Harry  T.  Toulmin. 

4ist  Mississippi,  Col.  W.  F.  Tucker.  25th  Alabama,  Col.  George  D.  Johnson. 

44th  Mississippi,  Lieut. -Col.  R.  G.  Kel-        3gth  Alabama,  Col.  Whitneld  Clark. 

sey.  Soth  Alabama,  Col.  J.  G.  Coltart. 

gth  Mississippi  Battalion  Sharpshooters,         I7th  Alabama  Battalion  Sharpshooters, 
Capt.  W.  W.  Tucker.  Capt.  James  F.  Nabers. 


*  Detached,  November  22d,  for  operations  against   Burnside  in   East  Tennessee. 
Reynolds'  Brigade  and  the  artillery  were  recalled. 


164  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


Manigault's  Brigade.  I'aughan's  Brigade. 

24th  Alabama  Col.  N.  N.  Davis.  nth  Tennessee,  Col.  George  W.  Gordon. 

28th  Alabama,  Maj.  W.  L.  Butler.  izth  and  47th  Tennessee,  Col.  William 

34th  Alabama,  Maj.  John  N.  Slaughter.  M.  Watkins. 

loth    and     igth    South    Carolina,    Col.  isth  and  i54th  Tennessee,  Lieut. -Col.  R. 

James  V.  Pressley.  W.  Pitman. 

2pth  Tennessee,  Col.  Horace  Rice. 

Artillery  Battalion. 
Maj.  ALFRED  R.  COURTNEY. 
Alabama  Battery,  Capt.  S.  H.  Dent. 
Alabama  Battery,  Capt.  James  Garrity. 
Tennessee  Battery  (Scott's),  Lieut.  John  Doscher. 
Alabama  Battery  (Waters'),  Lieut.  William  P.  Hamilton. 

November  25th,  Anderson's  Division,  having  withdrawn  from  the 
earthworks  at  the  foot  of  the  Ridge  during  the  night  before,  was  on 
the  right  of  Bate's,  and  extended  nearly  to  the  DeLong  Tower.  His 
line  was  carried  in  the  general  assault  by  the  left  of  Wood's  Di- 
vision and  the  right  of  Baird's. 


WHEELER'S  CAVALRY  CORPS. 

Maj. -Gen.  JOSEPH  WHEELER. 

.  The  Confederate  cavalry  was  not  engaged  at  the  battle  of  Chatta- 
nooga. After  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  it  made  effective  raids 
north  of  the  Tennessee  upon  the  Union  lines  of  communication, 
and  operated  in  East  Tennessee.  Kelley's  Division  was  stationed 
about  Calhoun  and  Charleston  at  the  time  of  the  battle,  and  a  por- 
tion of  it  attacked  Col.  Eli  Long's  Brigade  of  cavalry  at  Cleveland, 
November  27,  and  followed  it  back  toward  Chattanooga, 


WHARTON'S  DIVISION  (WHEELER'S  CORPS). 

Maj. -Gen.  JOHN  A.  WHARTON. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  THOMAS  HARRISON.  Brig. -Gen.  HENRY  B.  DAVIDSON. 

3d  Arkansas,  Lieut. -Col.  M.  J.  Hender-         ist  Tennessee,  Col.  James  E.  Carter, 
son.  2d  Tennessee,  Col.  Henry  M.  Ashby. 

6sth  North  Carolina  (6th  Cavalry),  Col.         4th   Tennessee,  Col.  William  S.   McLe- 

George  N.  Folk.  more. 

8th  Texas,  Lieut. -Col.  Gustave  Cook.  6th  Tennessee,  Col.  James  T.  Wheeler, 

nth  Texas,  Lieut. -Col.  J.  M.  Bounds.  nth   Tennessee,    Col.  Daniel   W.   Hoi- 

man. 


ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    ARMY    OF    TENNESSEE.  165 


MARTIN'S   DIVISION  (WHEELER'S  CORPS). 

Maj. -Gen.  WILLIAM  T.  MARTIN. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen.  JOHN  T.  MORGAN.  Col.  J.  J.  MORRISON. 

ist  Alabama,  Lieut.-Col.  D.  T.  Blakey.  ist  Georgia,  Lieut. -Col.  S.  W.  Davitte. 

3d  Alabama,  Lieut.-Col.  T.  H.  Mauldin.  2d  Georgia,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  M.  Ison. 

4th  Alabama  (Russell's'i,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  3d  Georgia,  Lieut. -Col.  R.  Thompson. 

M.  Hambrick.  4th  Georgia,  Col.  Isaac  W.  Avery. 

Malone's     (Alabama)     Regiment,   Col.  6th  Georgia,  Col.  John  R.  Hart. 

James  C.  Malonc,  Jr. 
$ist  Alabama,  Capt.  M.  L.  Kirkpatrick. 


ARMSTRONG'S  DIVISION  (WHEELER'S  CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen.  FRANK  C.  ARMSTRONG. 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Brig.-Gcn.  WILLIAM  Y.  C   HUMES.  Col.  C.  H.  TYLER. 

4th  Tennessee  (Baxter  Smith's),  Lieut.-         Clay's    (Kentucky)     Battalion,    Lieut.- 
Col.  Paul  F.  Anderson.  Col.  Ezekiel  F.  Clay.  . 
5th    Tennessee,    Col.   George   W.    Me-         Edmundson's  (Virginia)  Battalion,  Maj. 
Kenzie                                                                        S.  P.  McConncll. 

8th  Tennessee,  (Dibrell's), .  Jessee's  (Kentucky)  Battalion,  Maj.  A. 

9th  Tennessee,  Col.  Jacob  B.  Biffle.  L.  McAfee, 

loth  Tennessee.  Col.  Nicholas  N.  Cox.  Johnson's   (Kentucky)    Battalion,   Maj. 

O.  S.  Tenney. 


KELLY'S  DIVISION  (WHEELER'S  CORPS). 

First  Brigade.  Second  Brigade. 

Col.  WILLIAM  B.  WADE.  Col.  J.  WARREN  GRIGSBY. 

ist  Confederate,  Capt.  C.  H.  Conner.  yd    Kentucky,  Col.  Thomas   G.  Wood- 

3d  Confederate,  Col.  W.  N.  Estes.  ward. 

8th    Confederate,    Lieut.-Col.    John    S.         ist  Kentucky,  Col.  J.  R.  Butler. 

Prather.  gth   Kentucky,  Col.  W.  C.  P.  Breckin- 

loth      Confederate,    Col.     Charles     T.  ridge. 

Goode.  Allison's   (Tennessee)  Squadron,  Capt. 

R.  D.  Allison. 

Hamilton's       (Tennessee)        Battalion, 
Lieut.-Col.  O.  P.  Hamilton. 
Ruckcr's  Legion,  E.  W.  Rucker. 

Artillery. 

Tennessee  Battery,  Capt.  A.  L.  Huggins. 
Tennessee  Battery,  Capt.  Gustave  A.  Huwald. 
Tennessee  Battery,  Capt.  B.  F.  White,  Jr. 
Arkansas  Battery,  Capt.  J.  H.  Wiggins. 


l66  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

RESERVE  ARTILLERY. 

Maj.  FELIX  H.  ROBERTSON. 

Missouri  Battery,  Capt.  Overton  \V.  Barret. 
Georgia  Battery  (Havis'),  Lieut.  James  R.  Duncan. 
Alabama  Battery  (Lumsdeti's),  Lieut.  Harvey  H.  Cribbs. 
Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  Thomas  L.  Massenburg. 


DETACHED. 

Roddey's  Cavalry  Brigade. 
4th  Alabama,  Col.  William  A.  Johnson. 
$th  Alabama,  Col.  Josiah  Patterson. 
53d  Alabama,  Col.  M.  W.  Hannon. 

Moreland's  (Alabama)  Battalion,  Lieut. -Col.  M.  D.  Moreland. 
Georgia  Battery,  Capt.  C.  B.  Ferrell. 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  '167 


CHAPTER   XIII. 

GUIDE    TO     THE    CHICKAMAUGA     FIELD,     APPROACHING     FROM 
CRAWFISH    SPRINGS.* 

There  are  three  points  from  which  to  make  the  tour  of  the 
Chickamauga  battle  field.  The  most  natural  one  is  to  start 
from  Crawfish  Springs,  thirteen  miles  from  Chattanooga,  on 
the  Chattanooga,  Rome  and  Columbus  Railroad,  and  drive 
over  the  roads  by  which  Rosecrans'  army  reached  the  field. 
The  second  is  to  take  the  train  to  Battle  Field  Station,  nine 
miles  from  Chattanooga,  on  the  Rome  Road,  and  thence  drive 
about  the  Park.  This  station  is  near  the  center  of  the  west 
line  of  the  field,  half  way  between  Snodgrass  Hill  and  Widow 
Glenn's  and  a  few  hundred  yards  west  of  Dyer's  House.  The 
third  is  to  drive  from  Chattanooga;  but  those  who  adopt  this 
method  should  first  study  this  chapter  showing  how  the  armies 
came  upon  the  battle  field,  since,  in  driving  from  the  city,  the 
various  positions  for  the  first  day  are  reached  in  their  reverse 
order. 

To  the  Field  from  Crawfish  Springs. 

Those  who  desire  to  visit  the  extreme  point  of  infantry 
fighting  on  the  Union  right  and  the  Confederate  left  will  find 
it  at  Glass's  Mill,  on  the  Chickamauga,  two  and  three-quarters 
miles  south-east  of  Crawfish  Springs.  The  first  road  to  the 
left,  about  a  mile  south  of  the  latter  point,  leads  to  the  mill. 
The  direct  road  runs  to  Pond  Spring,  Davis'  Cross  Roads, 
Dug  Gap,  Blue  Bird  Gap,  Bailey's  Cross  Roads,  Stevens' 
Gap,  and  other  points  of  the  campaign  in  McLemore's 
Cove. 

The  road  to  Glass'  Mill  emerges  from  the  woods  on  high 


*  See  maps,  pn-jes  i,  30.  and  42. 


SchmecLlinq,  P/toto, 


CRAWFISH   SPRING — THE  OLD   WHEEL.     ( See  page  xviii.) 


GUIDE   TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  169 

ground  overlooking  the  Valley  of  the  Chickamauga.  It  de- 
scends into  the  low  ground  and  runs  direct  to  the  mill. 

Breckinridge's  Division  occupied  the  south  bank  of  the 
river  opposite  the  mill  at  daylight,  September  i9th.  Helm's 
Brigade  crossed  to  the  west  side  at  the  mill,  and  attacked 
John  Beatty's  Brigade  of  Negley's  Division.  The  latter  was 
drawn  up  on  the  crest  to  the  left  of  the  road  as  it  comes  out 
of  the  woods.  The  fighting  was  chiefly  between  the  artillery. 
Beatty's  Brigade  was  supported  by  Stanley's.  After  two 
hours  engagement  between  the  batteries  of  each  side,  Breck- 
inridge's troops  were  withdrawn,  and  proceeded  to  the  vicin- 
ity of  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill.  The  casualties  were:  Union, 
2  killed  and  17  wounded;  Confederate,  22  killed  and 
wounded. 

On  the  2oth,  Wheeler's  cavalry  crossed  at  Glass'  Mill,  dis- 
mounted, and  attacked  Eli  Long's  Brigade  of  Crook's  Di- 
vision, driving  it  back  to  the  vicinity  of  Crawfish  Springs, 
with  a  loss  of  127  killed,  wounded,  and  missing.  The  Union 
cavalry  was  operating  in  the  vicinity  of  and  at  the  fords 
above  Glass'  Mill  throughout  the  ipth  and  2oth  of  Sep- 
tember. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  2oth,  the  Union  cavalry  was 
massed  in  the  fields  to  the  right  and  left  of  the  road  for  a 
half  mile  or  more  south  of  the  Park  Hotel,  at  Crawfish 
Springs. 

The  old  undershot  wheel  and  mill  stood  at  the  upper  side 
of  the  present  pool  nearest  the  road.  The  dam  had  not 
been  constructed  at  the  time  of  the  battle,  and  the  stream 
from  the  spring  ran  unobstructed  to  the  Chickamauga.  The 
railroad  from  Chattanooga  was  built  after  the  war. 

Back  of  the  Park  Hotel,  on  the  high  ground  across  the 
road,  stands  the  Lee  Mansion,  which  was  Gen.  Rosecrans' 
headquarters  from  the  morning  of  September  i6th  until  the 
forenoon  of  the  ipth,  when  they  were  moved  to  Widow 
Glenn's.  Near  it  were  the  Union  Field  Hospitals. 

From  the  tower  of  the  hotel  the  principal  points  in  Me- 


1 70  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Lemore's  Cove,  such  as  Stevens',  Dougherty's,  Blue  Bird, 
Dug,  and  Wrothen's  Gaps,  and  the  Lookout  and  Pigeon 
Ranges,  are  plainly  seen. 

The  observation  tower  to  the  north-east  marks  the  ground 
near  Hall's  Ford  where  Bragg  concentrated  that  part  of  his 
army  which  had  crossed  the  Chickamauga  during  the  night 
of  the  1 8th  and  early  morning  of  the  ipth,  and  formed  to 
attack  Crittenden's  Corps.  The  latter  then  stretched  north- 
ward along  the  La  Fayette  road  for  a  mile,  its  right  resting 
at  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill. 

The  troops  of  Thomas'  Corps  (Fourteenth)  began  to  ar- 
rive at  Crawfish  from  McLemore's  Cove,  about  5  o'clock  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  i8th.  Negley's  Division,  leading,  was 
turned  off  toward  Glass'  Mill.  The  other  divisions  pressed 
on  through  the  night,  following  the  road  along  which  the 
railroad  now  runs  to  the  Widow  Glenn's,  and  thence  along 
the  present  Park  Road  skirting  the  east  of  the  Dyer  Fields, 
thence  to  the  La  Fayette  Road  in  the  vicinity  of  Kelly's. 
The  broad  road  east  of  the  railroad  running  from  Craw- 
fish Springs  to  the  Viditoe  House  did  not  exist  at  the  time  of 
the  battle.  It  was  built  by  the  Park  Commissioners  to  en- 
able visitors  to  avoid  the  seven  dangerous  railroad  crossings 
on  the  old  Crawfish  Springs  Road  to  Widow  Glenn's  and 
Viditoe's.  This  new  road  between  these  points  does  not 
cross  the  track  after  leaving  Crawfish  Springs.  It  runs 
throughout  its  length  east  of  and  nearly  parallel  to  the  old 
road  over  which  a  large  part  of  Rosecrans'  army  advanced 
on  the  night  of  the  i8th  and  during  the  ipth.  Baird's  Divi- 
sion, which  became  the  advance  when  Negley  left  the  column 
at  Crawfish,  after  crossing  the  road  from  Dyer's  to  Brother- 
ton,  took  the  first  road  to  the  right,  and  reached  the  La  Fay- 
ette Road  between  Kelly's  and  Poe's  at  daylight.  Brannan 
passed  on  to  the  foot  of  Snodgrass  Hill,  and  then  turning  to 
the  right,  reached  Kelly's,  on  the  La  Fayette  Road,  at  sun- 
rise. 

Gen.  Thomas'  field  headquarters  were  then  at  the  cross- 


172  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

roads  at  that  point,  on  the  west  side  of  the  La  Fayette  Road, 
and  south  of  the  cross-roads. 

Brannan's  Division  lighted  fires  for  breakfast,  but  before  it 
could  be  prepared,  was  ordered  forward  by  Gen.  Thomas 
upon  the  report  from  Col.  Dan.  McCook  that  a  Confederate 
brigade  had  crossed  at  Reed's  Bridge,  that  the  bridge  had 
been  destroyed,  and  the  brigade  could  be  captured.  Bran- 
nan  marched  rapidly  north  along  the  La  Fayette  Road  to 
McDonald's,  and  there  turned  eastward  with  his  left  brigade, 
Van  Derveer's,  while  his  right,  Croxton's,  moved  eastward 
from  the  center  of  the  Kelly  Field,  and  soon  after  struck 
Forrest's  cavalry  in  the  vicinity  of  Jay's  Mill. 

Reynolds'  Division,  following  the  same  road  from  Craw- 
fish, came  out  on  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  Poe's,  about  i 
o'clock.  Johnson's  Division  of  McCook's  Corps  reached 
the  road  just  before  noon  over  the  same  route  as  Baird's. 
The  latter,  about  9  A.  M.,  marched  eastward  from  the  La 
Fayette  Road  along  the  road  skirting  the  south  side  of  the 
Kelly  Field,  and  came  into  action  on  Brannan's  right  and 
rear  between  9  and  10  o'clock. 

Johnson's  Division,  moving  along  the  same  road,  followed 
Baird  into  action  soon  after  noon. 

Reynolds'  Division  was  sent  in  on  the  right  and  left 
of  Palmer's  Division  of  Crittenden's  Corps.  The  latter  di- 
vision had  been  dispatched  by  Crittenden  to  Thomas  without 
orders,  and  had  marched  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  to  Poe's  by 
the  La  Fayette  Road,  and  attacked  to  the  right  of  Johnson 
and  south-east  of  Poe's.  This  move  was  at  once  reported  to 
Gen.  Rosecrans  and  approved. 

Davis'  Division  of  McCook's  Corps  followed  the  column 
on  the  Crawfish  Springs  Road  to  a  point  near  the  Widow 
Glenn's,  where  it  was  turned  eastward 'through  the  woods  to 
Viniard's,  and  attacked  the  Confederate  left  east  of  that 
point  between  i  and  2  p.  M.  The  place  where  Davis  left  the 
Crawfish  Springs  Road  is  indicated  by  a  tablet. 

A  short  distance  north  of  this  point  is  the  site  of  Widow 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  173 

Glenn's  House,  the  headquarters  of  Gen.  Rosecrans  from 
Saturday  forenoon  until  Sunday  noon.  The  high  shaft  to 
Wilder's  Brigade  marks  the  position.  Standing  here,  the 
line  of  telegraph  poles  along  the  La  Fayette  Road  can  be 
seen  across  the  open  ground  to  the  east.  Turning  back  to 
the  railroad,  and  looking  north  along  its  track,  the  high 
ground  in  the  distance  is  the  southern  point  of  Snodgrass 
Hill,  immediately  above  the  Viditoe  House.  A  few  hundred 
yards  north,  and  to  the  right  of  the  railroad,  is  Bloody  Pond. 
It  was  the  only  water  on  this  part  of  the  field  during  the  bat- 
tle. The  low  wooded  rise  across  the  open  ground  north  of 
Widow  Glenn's  is  Lytle  Hill,  upon  which  is  the  monument 
to  Gen.  William  H.  Lytle,  who  was  killed  there.  Following 
the  road  around  its  eastern  base,  the  large  fields  next  beyond 
are  on  the  Dyer  Farm.  Through  and  over  these  fields 
streamed  Longstreet's  columns  after  they  had  broken  through 
the  Union  line  on  Sunday  at  Brotherton's,  to  the  east  of 
them. 

The  last  division  to  pass  Saturday  over  the  road  from 
Crawfish  Springs  to  the  Dyer  Fields  was  Negley's,  which  ar- 
rived at  the  latter  point  at  5  o'clock  Saturday  evening.  It 
assisted  in  restoring  the  line  which  had  been  broken  at 
Brotherton  by  Stewart's  Division,  one  of  whose  brigades 
penetrated  to  the  Tan  Yard  in  the  Dyer  Fields. 

To  follow  the  rest  of  the  Union  troops  into  battle  on  Sat- 
urday, upon  reaching  the  southern  boundary  of  the  Park 
from  Crawfish  Springs,  take  the  right-hand  road,  which  forms 
this  southern  limit,  and  drive  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill,  a 
mile  distant  on  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  the  crossing  of  the 
Chickamauga. 

Crittenden's  Corps  occupied  the  line  of  the  La  Fayette 
Road  during  Friday  night  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mill 
northward  for  more  than  a  mile.  The  right  of  Wood's  Di- 
vision rested  on  the  bluff  above  and  west  of  the  mill.  Van 
Cleve's  was  in  the  field  west  of  Scott's,  and  Palmer's  Division, 
on  the  left  of  it,  reached  into  the  woods  beyond. 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  175 

The  observation  tower  to  the  north-east  stands  on  the 
ground  where  Bragg's  army  began  at  daylight  to  form  for  an 
attack  on  Crittenden,  then  supposed  by  Bragg  to  be  the 
Union  left,  as  the  night  march  of  the  center  and  right  from 
McLemore's  Cove  to  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  Kelly's  had  not 
been  discovered.  .  . 

At  ii  o'clock  A.  M.  of  Saturday,  Palmer's  Division  was 
dispatched  along  the  La  Fayette  Road  to  Poe's,  where  it 
formed  and  moved  at  once  "into  action  in  the  woods  to  the 
south-east  of  that  point.  Two  brigades  of  Van  Cleve's  Di- 
vision followed  Palmer  about  i  o'clock,  and  attacked  400 
yards  south-east  of  Brotherton's,  on  Palmer's  right. 

Soon  after  Van  Cleve  had  passed  Viniard's,  as  he  was 
moving  "north,  Davis'  Division,  marching  from  the  vicinity 
of  Widow  Glenn's,  reached  that  point,  and,  moving  into  the 
fields  east  of  the  La  Fayette  Road,  was  soon  heavily  engaged 
with  Hood's  troops  advancing  from  the  forest  east  of  the 
Viniard  Fields.  Wilder's  Brigade  of  Mounted  Infantry, 
which  had  occupied  the  line  of  forest  west  and  north  of 
Viniard's  since  daylight,  assisted  Davis.  Wood's  Division 
next  moved  up  from  Lee  and  Gordon's,  reaching  Viniard's 
about  4  o'clock,  followed  soon  by  Barnes'  Brigade  of  Van 
Cleve's  Division,  and  next  by  Bradley's  and  Laibolt's  Bri- 
gades of  Sheridan's,  Lytle's  Brigade  being  left  at  Lee  and 
Gordon's.  The  battle  at  Viniard's  lasted  from  2  o'clock  till 
sundown,  and  was  one  of  the  most  desperate  of  the  whole 
engagement.  The  opposing  Confederate  troops  were  the  di- 
visions of  Law  and  Bushrbd  Johnson  of  Hood's  Corps,  and 
Trigg's  Brigade  of  Preston's  Division. 

Riding  north  on  the  La  Fayette  Road  from  Viniard's,  to 
the  left  is  seen  the  shell  monument  to  mark  the  spot  where 
Col.  Heg,  commanding  a  brigade  of  Davis'  Division,  was 
killed.  He  was  attempting  to  rally  his  line,  which  had  been 
forced  across  the  road  from  the  north-east. 

To  the  right,  and  further  north,  in  the  open  ground  which 
was  then  in  timber,  Harker's  Brigade  of  Wood's  Division  en- 


176  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

gaged  a  part  of  Gregg's  and  McNair's  Brigades  of  Bushrod 
Johnson's  Division.  A  little  further  north,  upon  the  first 
road  to  the  left,  part  of  Marker's  command  struck  the  rear 
of  Fulton's  Brigade,  the  right  of  Johnson's  Division,  which 
had  crossed  the  La  Fayette  Road  and  wheeled  north  toward 
Brotherton's.  Fulton  was  attacking  the  right  of  Van  Cleve's 
Division,  then  rallying  on  the  high  ground  south  of  Brother- 
ton's  in  the  face  of  Stewart's  advance.  Four  regiments  of 
Law's  Brigade,  under  command  of  Col.  W.  C.  Gates,  Fif- 
teenth Alabama,  were  engaged  on  the  right  of  Fulton. 

Brotherton's  House  is  next  reached.  It  marks  both  the 
point  where  Clayton's  Brigade  of  Stewart's  Division  pene- 
trated the  Union  line  on  Saturday,  and  where  Johnson's  Divi- 
sion, followed  by  Law's  and  Kershaw's,  these  being  the 
center  of  Longstreet's  column,  pierced  the  Union  line  on 
Sunday.  The  tablets  marking  Longstreet's  lines  before  this 
advance  will  be  found  on  the  road  leading  east  from  Brother- 
ton's,  and  about  700  yards  from  the  latter  point. 

Poe's  House,  known  in  the  Confederate  reports  as  the 
"burning  house,"  is  next  north  of  Brotherton's  on  the  left. 
From  the  north  end  of  the  Poe  Field,  Gen.  Reynolds,  with 
his  own  troops,  and  part  of  Palmer's,  assisted  by  twenty  guns 
which  he  had  collected,  repulsed  the  extreme  advance  of 
Bate's  Brigade  of  Stewart's  Division  about  5  o'clock  Saturday 
evening. 

The  first  road  to  the  left,  north  of  Poe's,  is  the  one  upon 
which  Baird's  Division,  the  head  of  Rosecrans'  turning 
column,  reached  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  daylight,  September 
1 9th,  from  Crawfish  Springs.  The  second  road  to  the  left  is 
the  one  upon  which  Brannan's  Division  reached  the  La  Fay- 
ette Road  at  sunrise,  while  Reynolds  reached  the  Poe  House 
about  i  o'clock  by  the  road  upon  which  Baird  had  moved. 

The  best  route  for  visiting  the  whole  line  of  the  first  day's 
battle  is  to  follow  Brannan's  advance  from  the  McDonald 
House  to  the  vicinity  of  Jay's  Mill,  and  then  drive  from  the 
latter  point  to  Brotherton's.  This  will  cover  the  whole,  ex- 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  177 

cept  the  battle  about  Viniard's,  the  general  features  of  which 
have  already  been  given  (page  175). 

Soon  after  sunrise,  Brannan's  left  Brigade  (Van  Derveer's) 
turned  eastward  opposite  the  McDonald  House  toward  Reed's 
Bridge.  At  the  same  time,  Croxton  took  a  road  leading  from 
the  center  of  the  east  side  of  Kelly's  Field  to  the  same  point 
by  way  of  Jay's  Mill.  The  Reed's  Bridge  Road,  a  few  rods 
north  of  the  McDonald  House,  leads  directly  to  the  ground 
of  Van  Derveer's  engagement,  though  his  brigade  took  a 
farm  lane  that  led  through  the  grounds  opposite  McDonald's, 
and  reached  the  true  Ringgold  Road  a  short  distance  before 
it  went  into  action.  This  latter  point  is  at  the  cross-roads  on 
the  crest  of  the  Ridge  a  mile  east  of  McDonald's. 

Arriving  at  the  cross-roads,  with  deployed  lines  on  each 
side  of  the  Reed's  Bridge  Road,  Van  Derveer  swung  his  front 
toward  the  south-east,  descended  the  slope  a  hundred  yards, 
and  became  hotly  engaged  about  8  o'clock  with  Forrest's 
dismounted  cavalry,  soon  re-enforced  by  Ector's  Infantry 
Brigade  of  Walker's  Division. 

The  crest  to  the  north  of  the  cross-roads  running  nearly 
parallel  to  the  Reed's  Bridge  Road  marks  the  line  of  Van  Der- 
veer's Brigade  at  the  close  of  the  fighting  on  Brannan's 
front,  when  Forrest's  command  was  repulsed  in  a  final  at- 
tempt to  turn  Van  Derveer's  left. 

The  trace  passing  along  the  rocky  glade  to  the  right  from 
the  cross-roads  leads  in  rear  of  Van  Derveer's  first  posi- 
tion up  to  the  tower  which  stands  just  in  rear  of  his  right. 
Here,  part  of  Connell's  Brigade  with  its  battery  re-enforced 
Van  Derveer.  From  a  point  a  short  distance  to  the  right 
(south)  of  the  tower,  the  Ninth  Ohio  charged  forward  from 
Van  Derveer's  right  to  recapture  the  battery  of  the  regular 
brigade  of  Baird's  Division,  which  had  lost  its  guns  and 
been  driven  back  over  Van  Derveer's  troops  by  an  attack  on 
its  right  flank  from  Walthall's  Brigade  of  LiddelPs  Division. 
At  this  point  of  recapture  now  stands  the  monument  to  Bat- 
tery H,  Fifth  U.  S.  Artillery. 


iy8  THE    NATIONAL    MIL-ITARY    PARK. 

Passing  along  the  road  by  the  observation  tower  toward 
Jay's  Mill,  600  yards  beyond  it  the  position  is  reached  where 
the  regular  brigade  (J.  H.  King's),  which  came  to  the  relief 
of  Croxton  about  10  A.  M.,  was  broken  later  by  the  sudden 
appearance  of  WalthalFs  Brigade  of  LiddelPs  Division  on 
its  right  flank.  A  few  hundred  yards  beyond  that  is  the 
position  where  Croxton's  Brigade,  advancing  from  the  Kelly 
Field  on  the  right  of  Van  Derveer,  opened  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga.  The  right  of  Croxton's  line,  marked  by  the 
Seventy-fourth  Indiana,  is  beyond  the  monument  to  Battery 
H,  in  the  edge  of  the  first  field  reached,  and  near  the  Brother- 
.ton  Road.  Croxton  became  engaged  at  7:30  A.  M.;  Van  Der- 
veer, at  8. 

Across  this  latter  road,  and  some  hundred  yards  beyond 
it  in  the  wood's  Wilson's  Infantry  Brigade  of  Walker's  Divis- 
ion appeared  on  Croxton's  right  flank.  Croxton's  line  was 
then  changed  to  face  toward  Wilson,  and  stretched  westward 
in  the  general  direction  of  the  Brotherton  Road  a  full  brigade 
front. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  Wilson's  Infantry  Brigade  was 
hurried  forward  to  Forrest's  support  with  the  statement  to  its 
officers  that  a  Federal  brigade  had  been  discovered  in  the 
woods  near  Reed's  Bridge,  which  could  be  captured  by 
prompt  work.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Brannan  had 
been  dispatched  toward  Reed's  Bridge  upon  a  similar  report 
from  Dan.  McCook  in  regard. to  an  isolated  Confederate 
brigade. 

Driving  east  on  the  Brotherton  Road,  the  site  of  Jay's 
Steam  Saw-mill  is  soon  reached.  It  stood  at  the  junction  of 
this  road  with  the  one  from  Alexander's  to  Reed's  Bridge. 
Here  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  began. 

Forrest's  Cavalry,  coming  early  from  Alexander's  Bridge^ 
was  formed  in  the  general  direction  of  the  road  facing  toward 
the  positions  afterward  occupied  by  Brannan's  Division. 

Dan.  McCook's  Brigade  of  J.  D.  Morgan's  Division  of 
Granger's  Corps,  supported  by  Mitchell's  Brigade  of  Steed- 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  179 

man's  Division,  had  bivouacked  the  night  of  the  i8th  across 
the  road  from  Reed's  Bridge  to  McDonald's  at  the  first  frame 
house  seen  on  the  north  side  of  the  clearing.  At  daylight, 
McCook  made  an  attempt  to  burn  the  bridge,  and  his  skir- 
mishers tried  to  reach  the  spring  at  Jay's  Mill  for  water,  but 
were  sharply  attacked  by  Forrest's  men.  McCook  and 
Mitchell  were  withdrawn  at  sunrise  toward  Rossville,  passing 
the  left  flank  of  Van  Derveer's  Brigade  as  it  was  advancing. 

At  7:30,  Croxton's  skirmishers  had  advanced  nearly  to  the 
mill,  and  soon  after -the  main  lines  were  heavily  engaged, 
Forrest's  men  fightin'g  dismounted. 

From  a  point  a  few  paces  north  of  the  spring  the  observa- 
tion tower  can  be  plainly  seen  which  marks  the  right  of  Van 
Derveer's  first  position.  At  the  time  of  the  battle,  the  present 
clearing  was  woods,  with  the  exception  of  a  field  extending 
two  or  three  hundred  yards  west  of  the  spring. 

Soon  after  10  o'clock  Ector's  Infantry  Brigade  came  to  the 
assistance  of  Forrest,  formed  east  of  the  spring,  and  ad- 
vanced westward  against  Van  Derveer. 

Forrest's  last  offensive  movement  was  to  throw  a  strong 
column  into  the  ravine  north  of  Van  Derveer's  left,  and  ad- 
vance against  that  flank  of  Brannan's  line.  The  movement 
was  discovered,  and  Van  Derveer  rapidly  changed  his  front 
to  meet  it.  After  a  severe  engagement,  Forrest  withdrew, 
and  the  fighting  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mill  ceased  about  i 
o'clock. 

Returning  westward  along  the  Brotherton  Road  the  drive 
is  across  the  Alexander's  Bridge  Road,  and  on  to  the  Brock 
Field,  nearly  between  the  Union  and  Confederate  lines. 
After  passing  through  the  first  open  field,  and  the  woods  to 
the  west  of  it,  the  higher  ground  to  the  right  in  the  field  be- 
yond is  the  position  of  Scribner's  Brigade,  the  right  of  Baird's 
Division.  To  the  left,  and  back  along  the  line  of  road  just 
traversed,  the  troops  of  Wilson's  Brigade,  and  Forrest's  dis- 
mounted men  operating  with  them,  attacked  Croxton's  line 
north  of  the  road.  The  fighting  was  prolonged  and  severe. 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  l8l 

About  1 1  o'clock,  Liddell's  Division,  with  Walthall's  Brigade 
on  its  right,  and  Govan's  on  its  left,  marching  from  the  south, 
struck  Scribner  in  flank,  Govan  capturing  his  battery  (Van 
Pelt's  First  Michigan).  Walthall,  passing  further  to  the  right, 
marched  northward  to  the  next  crest,  striking  the  right  flank 
of  King's  Regular  Brigade  (the  left  of  Baird),  on  the  ground 
where  the  monument  to  Battery  H,  Fifth  U.  S.  Artillery, 
stands.  Here  Walthall  captured  this  battery,  and  drove 
King  to  his  left,  and  over  Van  Derveer's  Brigade.  The 
troops  of  the  latter  line,  in  turn,  repulsed  Walthall. 
Govan  and  Walthall  then  retired,  before  a  movement  on 
their  flank,  to  the  ground  near  where  Wilson  first  came  into 
action. 

Riding  on  to  the  junction  of  the  Alexander's  Bridge  Road, 
we  reach  the  right  flank  of  Cheatham's  Division,  which  ad- 
vanced next  after  Liddell.  The  right  of  Jackson's  Brigade, 
as  it  -advanced  into  action,  was  near  the  culvert  next  east 
of  the  Alexander's  Bridge  Road.  From  this  point  Cheat- 
ham's  line  extended  southwesterly,  passing  west  of  the  Win- 
frey House  (now  Reed's),  which'is  the  first  one  to  the  east  on 
the  Alexander's  Bridge  Road,  and  through  the  Brock  Field 
to  a  point  near  its  south-west  corner,  where  the  left  of 
Wright's  Brigade  rested.  Between  Jackson's  and  Wright's 
Brigades,  on  the  front  line,  was  Preston  Smith's.  Maney's 
and  Strahl's  Brigades  constituted  the  second  line.  Upon 
advancing,  Jackson  struck  a  line  believed  to  have  been  Stark- 
weather's Brigade  of  Baird's  Division,  and  pushed  it  over  the 
crest  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north-west  of  the  Brotherton  Road. 
Just  beyond  this  crest,  Willich's  Brigade  of  Johnson's  Divi- 
.vision  was  encountered.  After  two  hours'  fighting  Jackson 
was  relieved  on  the  crest  by  Maney's  Brigade.  By  3  p.  M., 
Johnson's  Division  had  advanced  across  the  Brotherton  Road 
nearly  to  the  Winfrey  (Reed)  House,  Dodge  being  on  the 
right,  Willich  in  the  center,  and  Baldwin  on  the  left  in  the 
field  where  Scribner's  Brigade  of  Baird's  Division  first  had 
position.  Cheatham's  Division  retired  before  Johnson's  at- 


l82  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

tack  to  the  rear  of  the  high  ground  next  south  of  the  Win- 
frey House,  establishing  its  batteries  on  that  elevation. 

The  ground  south  of  the  Brotherton  Road  from  the  eastern 
edge  of  the  Brock  Field  to  the  first  crest  west  of  Jay's  Mill 
is  the  scene  of  the  furious  night  fight  Between  Johnson's 
Division  and  Scribner's  and  Starkweather's  Brigades  of  Baird's 
Division  on  the  Union  side,  and  Cleburne's  Division  and 
Jackson's  and  Preston  Smith's  brigades  of  Cheatham's  Divi- 
sion on  the  Confederate.  This  engagement  was  brought  on 
by  Cleburne.  Crossing  the  Chickamauga  at  Thedford's 
Ford,  reaching  Jay's  Mill  at  6  o'clock,  and  forming  his  line 
along  the  Jay's  Mill  and  Alexander's  Bridge  Road,  with  his 
right  brigade  (Folk's)  at  the  mill,  Wood's  in  the  center,  and 
Deshler's  on  the  left,  he  advanced  in  a  north-west  direction, 
encountering  Baird's  two  brigades  on  the  left  of  Johnson, 
and  soon  after  Johnson's  whole  division.  Jackson's  and 
Smith's  Brigades  of  Cheatham's  Division  advanced,  in  rear 
of  Cleburne's  left.  Preston  Smith,  riding  through  an  open- 
ing in  Cleburne's  line,  came  upon  Dodge's  Brigade  of 
Johnson's  Division  and  was  killed.  The  shell  monument 
which  marks  the  spot  will  be  found  within  sight,  and  west  of 
the  Winfrey  (Reed's)  House. 

The  next  .point  of  interest  on  the  road  toward  Brotherton's 
is  the  Brock  Field.  Hazen's  Brigade,  the  left  of  Palmer's 
Division,  marching  from  the  direction  of  the  Poe  House, 
came  into  its  eastern  half.  It  became  engaged  to  the  right, 
or  north  of  the  road,  forced  its  way  well  toward  the  cen- 
ter of  the  field,  and  faced  its  eastern  border.  Cruft's  Bri- 
gade, the  center  of  Palmer's  Division,  entered  the  western 
side  of  the  Brock  Field  from  the  north  of  the  road,  and 
Grose's  Brigade,  the  right  of  the  division,  from  the  same 
direction,  occupying  a  position  south  of  the  road,  and  half 
way  between  the  western  edge  of  the  Brock  Field  and 
the  Brotherton  House. 

About  4  o'clock,  Hazen's  Brigade  was  withdrawn   to  the 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  183 

Poe  House  to  replenish  ammunition,  and  Turchin's  Brigade 
of  Reynolds'  Division  took  its  place  in  the  Brock  Field. 

Shortly  before  2  o'clock,  S.  Beatty's  and  Dick's  Brigades  of 
Van  Cleve's  Division  advanced  from  the  La  Fayette  Road  at 
Brotherton's,  and  went  into  action  to  the  right  of  Grose's  line, 
about  400  yards  east  of  the  La  Fayette  Road. 

Cheatham's  line  having  been  forced  considerably  to  the 
rear,  Stewart's  Division  was  dispatched  from  the  vicinity  of 
the  Park  House  to  its  assistance.  It  entered  the  Brock  Field 
at  its  south-west  corner,  moving  north  in  column  of  brigades, 
and  at  once  wheeled  to  the  left,  advancing  in  the  general  di- 
rection of  Brotherton's  and  Poe's  Houses.  Clayton's  Brigade 
attacked  first,  and,  after  persistent  fighting,  was  replaced  by 
Brown's,  and  the  latter  in  turn  by  Bate's.  A  small  part  of 
Law's  Brigade  (Sheffield's),  marching  from  east  of  Viniard's, 
joined  in  the  attack  on  Cruft  in  the  Brock  Field,  and  the 
whole  was  charged  by  Turchin,  who  wheeled  upon  these 
lines  from  the  north-eastern  portion  of  the  field,  and,  with 
the  help  of  Cruft,  repulsed  them.  King's  Brigade  of  Rey- 
nolds' Division  came  from  the  Poe  Field,  and  reinforced  both 
Grose  and  Van  Cleve. 

At  4  P.  M.,  Clayton  pushed  Van  Cleve  across  the  La  Fay- 
ette Road  at  Brotherton's,  and  at  4:30  drove  him  west  of  the 
Dyer  Field.  Bate  turned  north  into  the  Poe  Field,  and  was 
repulsed  at  5  o'clock  by  troops  and  guns  collected  by  Gen. 
Reynolds  from  his  own  and  Palmer's  commands. 

From  a  short  distance  south  of  Brotherton's,  neither  line 
of  battle  was  continuous  toward  the  south,  but  both  soon 
began  again,  and  were  as  described  (p.  175)  where  the  move- 
ments and  positions  about  Viniard's  are  given. 

To  follow  the  movements  of  the  Confederate  forces  into 
Saturday's  battle,  it  will  be  necessary  to  start  in  succession 
from  Reed's  Bridge,  Alexander's  House,  and  the  Hall's  Ford 
Tower. 

Bushrod  Johnson's  Division  and  Robertson's  Brigade  of 
Hood's  (Law's),  marching  from  Ringgold  early  in  the  morn- 


184  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

ing  of  September  i8th,  had  forced  a  crossing  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga  at  Reed's  Bridge  about  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of 
that  day.  Here  Hood  arrived  and  took  command.  There 
was  stubborn  resistance  from  Minty's  cavalry  and  a  portion 
of  Wilder's  mounted  infantry.  The  latter,  at  Alexander's 
Bridge,  had  prevented  the  attempted  crossing  of  Walker's 
Corps  by  sharp  resistance  and  final  dismantling  of  the  bridge. 
Walker  then  crossed  at  Byram's  Ford,  passed  Alexander's  on 
the  road  to  Viniard's,  and  bivouacked  west  of  the  great 
bend  in  the  river.  Hood  bivouacked  still  further  in  advance 
on  the  same  road,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  east  of  Viniard's. 

During  the  night  of  the  i8th  and  morning  of  the  ipth, 
Buckner's  Corps,  consisting  of  Stewart's  and  Preston's  Di- 
visions, crossed  the  Chickamauga,  the  former  at  Thedford's 
and  the  latter  at  Dalton's  (Hunt's)  Ford,  and  early  formed 
line  on  the  ground  now  marked  by  the  observation  tower 
near  Thedford's  House.  Preston's  left  rested  just  west  of 
and  to  the  left  of  the  tower.  Stewart  formed  to  the  right  of 
Preston,  near  the  Park  House.  Hood's  Corps  moved  for- 
ward from  its  bivouac  to  the  crest  in  front,  which  during  the 
night  had  been  occupied  by  Wilder's  Brigade,  and  formed 
line  of  battle  with  Bushrod  Johnson's  Division  on  the  right 
of  Stewart,  and  Law's  Division  on  Johnson's  right. 

Cheatham's  Division  crossed  early  on  the  ipth  at  Dalton's 
Ford,  and  formed  in  reserve  in  rear  of  Buckner's  Corps. 
All  this  ground  is  best  seen  from  the  Hall's  Ford  Tower. 
Walker's  Corps  was  near  the  great  bend  in  the  river,  as  de- 
scribed, about  to  move  forward  to  form  on  Hood's  right. 
Forrest's  cavalry  had  bivouacked  near  Alexander's,  and  very 
early  had  marched  to  Jay's  Mill  to  observe  in  that  direction. 

Such  was  the  Confederate  position  early  on  September 
ipth,  with  lines  deployed  toward  Lee  and  Gordon's,  ready  to 
advance  on  Crittenden's  Corps,  when  Brannan's  Division  at- 
tacked Forrest  at  Jay's  Mill.  Forrest  himself  soon  went  for  in- 
fantry assistance,  and  finding  Wilson's  Brigade  at  Alexander's 
on  the  march  toward  its  corps  (Walker's),  he  took  it  in  haste 


186  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

to  the  aid  of  his  troops.  Ector's  Brigade,  also  of  Walker's  Di- 
vision, was  dispatched  soon  after  to  the  same  point.  About 
1 1  o'clock,  Liddell's  Division  started  northward.  At  noon, 
Cheatham's  Division  followed,  and  at  i  o'clock  Stewart  was 
on  the  march  to  the  Brock  Field  to  assist  Cheatham.  At  2 
o'clock,  Hood's  Corps,  assisted  by  Trigg's  Brigade  of  Pres- 
ton's Division,  moved  westward  into  battle  at  Viniard's. 
Hindman's  Division  crossed  at  Dalton's  Ford  at  4  o'clock, 
and  advanced  toward  Viniard's,  but  did  not  become  en- 
gaged. 

The  Lines  Sunday  Morning,  September  2oth. 

During  the  night  of  the  igth,  the  lines  of  both  armies  were 
re-arranged.  Before  the  battle  re-opened,  at  9:30  A.  M.  the 
Union  line  extended  from  the  north-east  corner  of  the  Kelly 
Field  along  it  eastern  and  southern  borders.  Over  this  part 
of  the  line  it  was  protected  by  roughly  constructed  log- 
works.  It  crossed  the  La  Fayette  Road  on  the  northern 
side  of  the  Poe  Field,  ran  along  its  western  side  and  in  rear 
of  Brothertoas  Field  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Tan- Yard,  and 
thence  to  Widow  Glenn's.  The  line  to  the  Tan- Yard  was 
protected  by  a  rough  barricade  of  rails,  stumps,  and  stones. 

The  Confederate  lines  at  the  time  of  attack  began  with 
Forrest's  cavalry  on  their  extreme  right  in  the  woods  east  of 
the  Cloud  House,  facing  the  La  Fayette  Road.  The  right 
division  of  infantry  was  Breckinridge's.  Two  of  its  brigades 
and  half  of  the  third  reached  beyond  the  left  of  the  Union 
line.  Following  thence  toward  the  Confederate  left,  the 
front  line  ran  about  600  or  700  yards  east  of  the  Union  posi- 
tion. Its  divisions  next  on  the  left  of  Breckinridge  were 
Cleburne,  Stewart,  Bushrod  Johnson,  and  Hindman.  Walker's 
Corps  was  in  reserve  to  the  right  and  rear  of  Breckinridge. 
Cheatham's  Division  was  in  reserve  behind  Cleburne  and 
Stewart,  and  Preston's  to  the  left  and  rear  of  Hindman.  In 
the  center,  east  of  the  Brotherton  House,  Law's  Division 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  187 

was  in  rear  of  Bushrod  Johnson's,  and  Kershaw's  in  rear  of 
Law's. 

As  the  attack  opened  on  the  Union  left  and  extended  to 
its  right,  the  most  satisfactory  route  by  which  to  examine 
the  lines  is  to  follow  the  movements  of  the  battle. 

Forrest's  position  will  be  most  easily  reached  by  riding 
eastward  from  McDonald's  on  the  Ringgold  Road  to  the  first 
glade,  a  distance  of  about  700  yards.  The  left  of  Forrest's 
line  will  be  found  on  this  glade  about  100  yards  north. 

Breckinridgc's  position,  where  the  attack  of  the  Confed- 
erate infantry  began,  is  best  found  by  following  the  Alex- 
ander Bridge  Road,  the  first  to  the  left  south  of  McDonald's, 
to  the  glade  east  of  this  road.  Here,  on  the  right,  will  be 
found  the  monuments  marking  the  Union  left.  Breckin- 
ridge  assaulted  the  crest  on  the  east  side  of  this  glade,  and 
from  this  crest,  at  the  foot  of  the  slope  beyond  it,  can  be 
seen  the  pyramidal  monument  of  shells  marking  the  spot 
where  Helm,  commanding  his  left  brigade  was  mortally 
wounded.  To  the  north  of  the  Helm  monument  is  one  to 
Colquitt,  killed  while  commanding  a  brigade  in  Gist's 
(Walker's)  Division,  which,  after  Breckinridge's  repulse,  at- 
tacked nearly  on  the  same  ground.  To  the  south  of 
the  Helm  monument,  and  on  the  same  ridge,  but  nearly 
opposite  the  south  end  of  the  Kelly  Field,  will  be  found  a 
monument  to  Deshler,  killed  there  in  command  of  the  left 
brigade  of  Cleburne's  Division. 

Baird's  Division  held  the  left  of  the  Union  line  around  the 
north-east  corner  of  the  Kelly  Field,  including  the  eastern 
and  northern  salients  of  the  logworks,  and  the  reverse  ex- 
tending toward  the  La  Fayette  Road  This  reverse  is  marked 
by  the  monuments  of  the  regular  brigade.  Before  the  attack 
began,  Grose's  Brigade  of  Palmer,  Dodge's  of  Johnson,  and 
part  of  John  Beatty's  of  Negley,  strengthened  the  reverse, 
and  extended  it  nearly  to  the  La  Fayette  Road.  Proceed- 
ing along  the  eastern  side  of  the  Kelly  Field,  on  the  right  of 
Baird's,  came  Johnson's  Division,  and  next  Palmer's,  while 


1 88  .THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Reynolds'  extended  the  line  around  the  south-east  corner 
and  south  side  of  the  field,  his  line  crossing  the  La  Fayette 
Road  and  joining  Brannan's  Division  north  of  the  Poe  Field. 
The  latter  was  formed  along  the  west  side  of  the  Poe  Field  ; 
its  right  extended  toward  the  west  side  of  the  Brotherton 
Field,  and  nearly  reaching  it,  at  which  point  it  joined  Neg- 
ley,  whose  line  along  the  west  side  of  the  Brotherton  Field 
reached  to  the  Tan-Yard. 

Just  before  the  attack  opened  at  the  Brotherton  House, 
Negley's  Division  had  been  sent  to  the  left,  and  its  place 
taken  by  Wood's  Division.  This  being  also  sent  to  the  left, 
almost  at  the  moment  the  Confederate  attack  was  delivered, 
Longstreet's  column  marched  into  the  gap,  and,  in  spite  of 
considerable  fighting  from  the  flanks  of  the  opening,  forced 
its  way  into  the  Dyer  Field.  At  this  moment,  Davis'  Division, 
from  about  the  Tan- Yard,  was  attempting  to  close  to  the  left, 
and  fill  the  space  vacated  by  Wood.  Sheridan  was  hastening 
toward  the  same  point  from  his  position  in  front  of  Widow 
Glenn's.  While  thus  moving,  these  two  divisions  were  at- 
tacked from  the  front  and  right  by  Hindman,  and  by  Bush- 
rod  Johnson  on  their  left,  forced  off  the  field  and  over  the 
ridge  west  of  the  Crawfish  Springs  Road. 

Wilder's  mounted  infantry  held  the  Union  right  at  the 
opening  of  the  action,  being  posted  on  the  ridge  next  west 
of  the  Widow  Glenn's,  and  from  that  line  with  Harrison's 
regiment  of  mounted  infantry,  charged  the  left  of  Hindman's 
advance,  and  pushed  it  back  across  the  La  Fayette  Road. 

At  daylight  four  Union  divisions  and  Wilder's  Brigade 
occupied  the  ridge  west  of  and  overlooking  the  Crawfish 
Springs  Road.  Next  to  Wilder's  troops,  which  formed  the 
right,  was  Sheridan's  Division  nearly  opposite  the  Bloody 
Pond,  next  Davis',  reaching  nearly  to  a  point  opposite  Lytle 
Station,  then  Wood's  with  his  left  on  the  road  to  Dyers'  and 
Van  Cleve's  with  his  right  on  this  road  and  his  left  overlook- 
ing the  Viditoe  Fields. 

Just  before  the  break   in   the  lines  back   of  Brotherton's, 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  189 

Van  Cleve  had  been  sent  forward  to  Dyer's  Field,  and  then 
diagonally  to  the  left,  being  nearly  in  rear  of  Brannan's  line  back 
of  Poe's  at  the  time  of  the  break.  Wood,  with  Barnes'  Brigade 
of  Van  Cleve,  had  been  moved  forward  into  Negley's  line 
back  of  Brotherton's.  Davis  had  moved  forward  to  the  vi- 
cinity of  the  Tan-Yard,  and  Sheridan  to  the  widow  Glenn's. 

When  the  break  first  occurred,  Gen.  Rosecrans,  with  part 
of  his  staff,  and  the  Fifteenth  Pennsylvania  Cavalry,  was  on 
the  crest  next  east  of  Lytle's  Station,  and  in  front  of  the  grove 
on  the  right  of  the  road  to  Dyer's.  At  the  first  signs  of 
trouble  on  the  lines  he  rode  to  Widow  Glenn's  to  hasten 
Sheridan  to  the  left. 

From  the  La  Fayette  Road  near  the  Poe  House,  the  posi- 
tion of  Stewart's  Division,  which  was  next  on  the  left  of  Cle- 
burne,  can  be  seen.  It  occupied  the  first  low  ridge  in  the 
woods  to  the  east.  Its  right  joined  Cleburne,  and  its  left 
rested  on  Bushrod  Johnson's  Division. 

The  Brotherton  House  at  the  La  Fayette  Road  marks  the 
spot  where  Longstreet's  central  column  pierced  the  Union 
center.  The  position  of  this  line  at  the  time  of  its  advance 
can  be  seen  from  the  La  Fayette  Road.  Its  front,  Bushrod 
Johnson's  Division,  was  on  the  same  ridge  with  Stewart's  line. 
In  rear  of  Johnson  was  Law's  Division  of  Hood's  Corps, 
with  Kershaw's  Division  in  the  third  line.  The  center  of 
each  of  these  was  on  the  road  leading  east  from  Brotherton's. 
Hindman's  Division  was  on  the  left  of  Johnson's,  its  left 
nearly  reaching  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  a  point  half  way  be- 
tween Brotherton's  and  Viniard's.  Trigg's  Brigade,  the  right 
of  Preston's  Division,  was  on  the  east  line  of  the  Viniard 
Field,  and  the  left  of  the  division  rested  at  the  observation 
tower  near  Hall's  Ford. 


Snodgrass  Hill. 


The  Snodgrass  Hill  position  can  be  most  readily  under- 
stood by  approaching  it  from  the  direction  taken  by  the 
Union  troops  when  falling  back  to  occupy  it. 


190  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

When  Bushrod  Johnson's  Division,  advancing  from  the  for- 
est east  of  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  the  Brotherton  House, 
forced  its  way  through  the  gap  in  the  Union  lines  west  of 
Brotherton's  caused  by  the  sending  of  Wood  to  the  left,  it 
turned  to  the  right  upon  reaching  the  Dyer  Field,  and  moved 
forward  to  the  ridge  on  its  western  edge. 

Law's  Division  followed  by  Kershaw  moved  against  Bran- 
nan's  lines  in  the  western  edge  of  the  Poe  Field.  Being 
forced  back,  Brannan  directed  his  two  brigades — Connell's 
and  Croxton's,  Van  Derveer's  having  been  sent  to  Baird  be- 
fore the  break — toward  the  Snodgrass  House. 

Harker's  Brigade  of  Wood's  Division,  having  passed  to  the 
rear  of  Brannan  and  to  his  left,  finding  that  the  enemy  was 
marching  northward  in  the  Dyer  Field,  moved  back  rapidly  by 
the  left  flank,  and  formed  across  the  field  upon  the  first  high 
ground  toward  its  northern  limits.  From  this  point  it  re- 
pulsed Law's  Division,  and  was  in  turn  pushed  back  by  Ker- 
shaw's  Division,  which  passed  over  Law,  and  attacked  Har- 
ker  in  force.  This  checking  of  Hood's  column  greatly  as- 
sisted Brannan  in  forming  a  line  of  troops,  of  his  own  and 
various  other  commands,  reaching  from  the  Snodgrass  House 
to  the  high  point  of  the  hill  at  the  present  observation  tower. 
Battery  I,  Fourth- U.  S.  Artillery,  Lieut.  Frank  G.  Smith, 
already  held  position  at  the  house.  Stanley's  Brigade  of  Neg- 
ley  formed  next  on  the  right  of  this  battery,  Croxton's  Bri- 
gade and  portions  of  Connell's  next,  and  the  Twenty-first 
Ohio  of  Sirwell's  Brigade  of  Negley  on  the  extreme  right. 

Standing  at  the  Snodgrass  House,  and  looking  north,  the 
open  country  is  the  ground  over  which  Gordon  Granger  ad- 
vanced on  Sunday  to  the  assistance  of  Gen.  Thomas.  His 
troops,  upon  arriving,  marched  rapidly  into  the  ravine  back 
of  the  house,  attacked  the  force  which  had  gained  Brannan's 
rear,  pushed  it  back  over  the  ridge  and  extended  Thomas' 
line. 

When  Harker  was  forced  back  by  Kershaw,  he  took  posi- 
tion on  the  low  open  crest  to  the  north  of  the  Snodgrass  barn. 


192  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Later  in  the  afternoon,  Hazen's  Brigade  of  Palmer's  Division 
joined  Harker  from  the  Kelly  Field  line. 

Marker's  position  was  unsuccessfully  assaulted  at  2  o'clock 
by  Humphrey's  Brigade  of  Kershaw's  Division,  and  Brannan's 
line  by  Kershaw's  Brigade  of  the  same  division. 

At  2  p.  M.,  Johnson's  Division,  with  Anderson's  Brigade 
of  Hindman's  Division  on  his  right,  assaulted  Snodgrass  Hill 
from  the  direction  of  Viditoe's  House,  and  a  portion  of  his 
line  passed  over  the  crest  beyond  Brannan's  right,  and  at  2:30 
p.  M.  had  gained  the  northern  slope  in  his  rear  below  the  ob- 
servation tower. 

At  that  point  he  was  met  by  Whitaker's  Brigade,  followed 
by  Mitchell's,  both  of  Steedman's  Division  of  Gordon 
Granger's  Corps.  The  latter  had  been  marched  rapidly  by 
Gen.  Granger  from  McAfee's  Church  to  the  assistance  of 
Gen.  Thomas,  who  was  then  in  command  of  the  army,  with 
headquarters  at  the  Snodgrass  House. 

Whitaker  charged  Johnson's  advance,  regained  the  crest, 
and  prolonged  Brannan's  right,  which  was  still  further  ex- 
tended by  Mitchell's  Brigade  fighting  its  way  to  the  summit 
and  taking  position  on  Whitaker's  right.  A  portion  of  the 
Ninety-sixth  Illinois,  belonging  to  Whitaker,*  was  upon  the 
right  of  Mitchell,  and  held  the  extreme  right  of  the  army. 
Gen.  Thomas'  line  was  then  solid  from  the  edge  of  the 
woods  north-east  of  the  Snodgrass  House  to  a  point  beyond 
the  ravine  through  which  the  road  leads  down  to  the  Viditoe 
House. 

Van  Derveer's  Brigade  returned  intact  from  an  engage- 
ment with  Breckinridge's  troops  in  the  Kelly  Field  at  the 
same  time  that  Granger's  troops  arrived.  It  formed  on  the 
left  of  Steedman's  Division,  moved  to  the  crest  of  the  ridge 
with  it,  and  strengthened  Brannan's  line  from  the  tower  to 
the  right  of  Stanley's  Brigade. 

At  6  o'clock,  Steedman,  being  out  of  amunition,  withdrew 
to  the  next  ridge  in  his  rear,  the  Confederates  following  to 
the  bottom  of  the  ravine  on  the  northern  side  of  the  ridge. 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHICKAMAUGA    FIELD.  193 

Three  regiments  on  the  left  of  Whitaker  which  had  not  re- 
ceived notice  to  withdraw  were  mostly  captured  by  Trigg's 
and  Kelly's  Brigades  of  Preston's  Division.  These  were  the 
Twenty-first  and  Eighty-ninth  Ohio  and  the  Twenty-second 
Michigan.  Their  place  of  capture  was  upon  the  next  knoll 
150  yards  south-west  of  the  observation  tower. 

The  withdrawal  to  McFarland's  Gap  from  Wood's  and 
Brannan's  lines  was  from  left  to  right,  beginning  on  the  left 
of  Wood  at  7  P.  M.;  after  fighting  had  ceased,  and  ending 
on  the  right  of  Brannan,  at  the  tower,  at  8  o'clock. 

The  road  at  the  base  of  Snodgrass  Hill,  beginning  a  few 
hundred  yards  south  of  the  Snodgrass  House,  follows  the  .base 
to  the  Viditoe  House.  It  passes  along  the  line  of  Confederate 
assault.  Humphrey's  Brigade  of  Kershaw's  Division  faced 
Harker's  position  on  the  open  crest.  The  right  of  Ker- 
shaw's Brigade  rested  upon  and  not  far  from  the  beginning 
of  this  road  to  Viditoe's.  Anderson's  Brigade  of  Hindman's 
Division  was  on  the  left  of  Kershaw,  and  the  three  brigades 
of  Bushrod  Johnson's  Division,  Sugg,  Fulton,  and  McNair, 
next  in  line,  reached  Viditoe's,  and  Manigault's  and  Deas'  of 
Hindman's  Division  were  on  the  extreme  left.  Deas'  Bri- 
gade was  directed  against  the  high  spur  to  the  left  of  the 
road,  leading  from  the  railroad  up  the  gorge  to  the  Union 
right.  The  point  of  the  spur  to  the  right  of  this  road  was 
carried  early,  in  the  action  by  Fulton's  Brigade,  assisted  by 
Manigault's,  and  held  until  the  close  of  the  battle. 

The  Union  line  on  Snodgrass  Hill  can  be  reached  by  the 
road  up  the  gorge  near  the  Viditoe  House.  This  road 
crosses  the  crest  on  the  line  of  Mitchell's  Brigade,  the  right 
of  Granger's  line.  The  brigades  as  they  succeeded  this  one 
toward  the  Union  left  were  Whitaker's  of  Steedman,  Van 
Derveer's  of  Brannan,  with  portions  of  Croxton's  and  Cou- 
ncil's of  the  same  division,  Stanley's  of  Negley,  Harker's 
of  Wood,  and  Hazen's  of  Palmer. 


194  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Division  and  Brigade  Positions  on  Snodgrass  Hill. 
Wood's  Division  held  the  line  on  the  open  crest  from  the 
Snodgrass  barn  to  the  woods,  Hazen's  Brigade  of  Palmer's 
Division  being  sent  to  re-enforce  it  about  3  o'clock.  Stan- 
ley's Brigade  of  Negley's  Division,  which  was  under  the 
command  of  Brannan  after  Negley  left  the  field,  extended 
from  the  Snodgrass  House  to  the  first  high  point  south  of  it. 
Brannan's  Division  reached  thence  to  the  observation  tower, 
and  Steedman's  Division  from  the  tower  to  the  top  of  the 
ravine  running  down  to  the  Viditoe  House.  The  two  com- 
panies of  the  Ninety-sixth  Illinois,  posted  across  the  high 
ridge  beyond,  acted  there  throughout  the  afternoon  as  sharp- 
shooters, checking  the  advance  of  Deas'  left. 

An  Incident  at  Widow  Glenn's. 

This  position  was  held  Sunday  forenoon  by  portions  of  two 
companies  of  the  Twenty-first  Michigan  under  Lieut.  Charles 
E.  Belknap,  assisted  by  Lieut.  A.  E.  Barr,  when  enveloped 
by  the  left  of  Hindman's  Division.  This  was  one  of  the 
brilliant  lesser  affairs  of  the  battle.  The  plucky  command 
was  finally  saved  by  a  charge  of  Wilder's  Brigade. 


VISITING    CHICKAMAUGA    FROM    CHATTANOOGA.  195 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

VISITING    CHICKAMAUGA    FROM    CHATTANOOGA.* 

Those  who  decide  to  visit  the  Chickamauga  Park  by  driv- 
ing from  Chattanooga,  should  first  read  Chapter  XIII,  pre- 
senting in  detail  the  movements  of  both  Rosecrans'  and 
Bragg's  armies  to  the  field.  As  these  reached  it  from  the 
south  instead  of  from  the  direction  of  Chattanooga,  those 
who  drive  from  the  latter  point  reverse  the  more  natural 
order  of  approaching  the  field  as  the  armies  did. 

The  direct  route  is  by  Rossville,  and  thence  through  the 
Gap  by  the  La  Fayette  Road.  It  is  four  miles  to  Rossville, 
and  four  and  a  half  thence  to  Kelly's,  which  is  central  on  the 
field. 

If  the  desire  is  to  see  as  much  as  possible  of  Missionary 
Ridge  and  Chickamauga  the  same  day,  by  driving  on  Mc- 
Callie  Avenue  to  the  Ridge,  a  distance  of  about  three  miles, 
the  visitor  can  then  pass  along  upon  the  Crest  Road  above 
the  greater  part  of  the  line  of  assault  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  and  overlook  the  scenes  of  nearly  all  the  battles 
about  Chattanooga.  The  added  distance  to  Chickamauga  by 
this  plan  is  about  five  miles. 

This  route  takes  the  visitor  to  Bragg's  Headquarters  on 
Missionary  Ridge.  Here  the  government  has  purchased  be- 
tween three  and  four  acres,  and  erected  one  of  the  steel  ob- 
servation towers.  Each  of  these  is  seventy  feet  to  the  upper 
platform. 

Upon  reaching  Rossville  Gap,  it  is  not  necessary  to  de- 
scend to  Rossville,  as  a  cut-off  along  the  crest  runs  direct  to 
the  La  Fayette  Road  at  the  top  of  the  Gap. 


*  See  pages  i,  30  and  42. 


TOWER.  BRAGG'S  HEADQI  ARTTRS,  MISSIONARY  RIDGE.    (P.  xvi.) 


VISITING    CHICKAMAUGA    FROM    CHATTANOOGA.  197 

At  Rossville  the  roads  of  the  Park  are  reached.  About 
this  position,  and  on  the  ridges  and  in  the  Gap  just  beyond 
it,  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  went  into  line  again  after 
withdrawing  from  Chickamauga  at  nightfall  of  September 
2oth.  Crittenden's  Corps  occupied  Missionary  Ridge  to  the 
north  of  the  Gap,  Thomas'  Corps  held  the  Gap,  and  the  ridge 
south  of  it,  and  McCook's  Corps  was  in  position  across 
Chattanooga  Valley.  These  dispositions  continued  until 
midnight  of  Monday,  September  2ist,  when,  the  enemy  not 
attacking,  the  army  marched  into  Chattanooga.  The  road  to 
the  right,  at  Rossville,  runs  to  McFarland's  Gap,  two  and 
three-quarters  miles  distant,  and  thence  to  Crawfish  Springs, 
six  miles  and  a  quarter  from  the  Gap,  the  road  from  that  point 
forming  the  western  boundary'  of  the  Park. 

The  first  road  to  the  left  in  descending  from  the  Gap,  after 
passing  the  crest  road,  leads  to  McAfee's  Church  and  Ring- 
gold.  As  the  tablet  at  the  junction  shows,  Gordon 
Granger's  Corps,  after  a  forced  march  of  thirty-five  miles 
from  Bridgeport,  moved  ever  it  to  Ringgold,  and  was  sub- 
sequently established  in  the  vicinity  of  McAfee's  Church. 
From  that  point,  it  marched,  shortly  before  noon  of  Sunday, 
September  2oth,  to  the  assistance  of  Gen.  Thomas  on  Snod- 
grass  Hill. 

The  first  Union  force  to  pass  over  the  La  Fayette  Road 
in  the  Chickamauga  campaign  was  Harker's  Brigade  of 
Wood's  Division  of  Crittenden's  Corps,  which  left  Rossville 
Gap  the  morning  of  September  loth,  reaching  Lee  and  Gor- 
don's Mill  at  4:30  P.  M.,  skirmishing,  at  intervals,  with 
Armstrong's  Division  of  Forrest's  cavalry  from  a  point  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  the  Gap.  The  marks  of  this 
affair  can  still  be  easily  detected  on  the  larger  trees.  About 
a  mile  from  the  Gap  a  tablet  will  be  found  pointing  out  Mc- 
Afee's Church. 

Two  miles  and  a  half  from  the  Gap  the  north  line  of  the 
Park  is  reached.  It  is  marked  with  a  small  tablet.  The 
first  house  beyond  on  the  left  of  the  road  is  the  site  of  the 


Ip8  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

church,  which,  with  its  horse-sheds,  was  used  as  a  hospital 
by  the  Fourteenth  Corps,  as  was  the  Cloud  House,  which  stood 
on  the  slope  of  the  hill  opposite.  The  mounting-block  of  the 
church  can  still  be  seen  in  the  door  yard.  The  low  ground 
to  the  west  of  the  road,  a  short  distance  beyond,  about  the 
Cloud  Spring,  was  an  extensive  field  hospital.  All  these 
were  captured  by  Forrest's  cavalry,  which  advanced  from  the 
east  about  1 1  o'clock  Sunday  morning.  They  were  re- 
captured at  noon  by  Whitaker's  Brigade,  the  advance  of 
Steedman's  Division  of  Granger's  Reserve  Corps,  as  it  was 
hastening  from  McAfee's  Church  to  Snodgrass  Hill. 

This  column  reached  the  La  Fayette  Road  in  the  low 
ravine  next  north  of  the  Cloud  Church  site.  Whitaker's 
Brigade  deployed  on  the  west  of  the  road  and  at  right  angles 
to  it,  and,  advancing  rapidly,  drove  Forrest  from  the  hos- 
pitals and  pressed  on  in  the  lead  toward  Snodgrass  Hill, 
followed  by  Mitchell's  Brigade  of  Steedman's  Division,  and 
Dan  McCook's  of  J.  D.  Morgan's  Division.  Abput  the 
present  Dixon  House,  the  first  frame  with  fine  grounds  on 
the  right  after  leaving  Cloud's,  the  column  left  the  road 
and  moved  to  the  right  across  the  fields  to  Snodgrass  Hill. 
McCook's  Brigade  was  put  in  position  on  the  ridge  north- 
west of  Dixon's,  and  about  700  yards  from  it.  In  this  posi- 
tion it  remained  until  10  p.  M.,  engaged  at  frequent  intervals 
with  Forrest's  cavalry,  which  held  a  line  about  as  far  east 
of  the  La  Fayette  Road  as  McCook  was  west  of  it. 

Arriving  at  Dixon's,  many  features  of  Sunday's  battle  are 
to  be  seen  from  the  high  point  in  the  road.  The  edge  of 
the  low  woods  and  glade  to  the  east  mark  the  position  of 
Armstrong's  Division  of  dismounted  cavalry,  which  was  on 
the  right  of  the  Confederate  infantry  line  at  the  time  the  bat- 
tle of  Sunday  opened.  Breckinridge's  Division  was  on  the 
left  of  Armstrong's  with  Adams'  Brigade  as  its  right,  Stovall's 
its  center,  and  Helm's  its  left.  The  latter  brigade  extended 
half  its  front  south  of  the  north  salient  of  the  Union  log- 
works  north-east  of  the  Kelly  Field.  The  high  pines  to  the 


VISITING    CHICK AMAUGA    FROM    CHATTANOOGA.  199 

south,  beyond  the  first  woods,  mark  the  location  of  Snodgrass 
Hill. 

Riding  to  the  clump  of  cedars  on  the  right,  and  near 
the  foot  of  the  slope,  the  site  of  the  McDonald  House 
(called,  also,  in  the  Confederate  reports,  Glenn's)  is  found. 
This  was  one  of  the  landmarks  of  the  battle.  Through  the 
farmyard  opposite,  the  head  of  Thomas'  Corps,  after  march- 
ing all  night,  September  i8th,  turned  eastward  toward  Jay's 
Mill  soon  after  sunrise  on  Saturday,  the  ipth,  and  opened  the 
battle  of  Chickamauga  near  that  point.  The  distance  to  the 
mill  is  a  little  over  two  miles.  The  frame  house  now  opposite 
McDonald's  has  been  built  since  the  battle.  The  log  stables 
were  there  at  the  time. 

The  ground  about  McDonald's,  and  east  of  it,  was  the 
scene  of  the  opening  of  the  engagement  on  Sunday  morn- 
ing, and  of  its  close  on  the  Confederate  right  flank  Sunday 
evening. 

Looking  south  along  the  road,  the  position  of  the  Kelly 
Field  can  be  seen  beyond  the  first  woods.  This  field  extends 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  east  of  the  road  and  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  along  it.  The  Union  line,  Sunday  morning,  ran 
entirely  around  that  part  of  it  east  of  the  road  at  a  distance 
of  about  150  yards  from  its  border;  except  that  the  line 
along  the  'northern  side  did  not  extend  to  the  La  Fayette 
Road  by  about  300  yards.  The  front  was  protected  by  rough 
low  logworks.  Breckinridge's  Division,  formed  as  above  de- 
scribed, moved  first  to  the  attack.  Its  left  brigade  (Helm's) 
struck  the  Union  logworks  around  Baird's  left,  and  was  shat- 
tered. Adams'  and  Stovall's  Brigades,  with  the  right  of 
Helm's,  moved  directly  forward  to  the  La  Fayette  Road, 
forcing  back  John  Beatty's  Brigade  of  Negley's  Division, 
which,  under  orders,  was  attempting,  with  four  regiments,  to 
fill  out  the  gap  from  the  left  of  Baird's  Division  north  of  the 
Kelly  Field  to  the  McDonald's  House.  Two  guns  of  Beatty's 
Battery  (Bridge's)  were  captured  by  Helm's  regiments  on 


200  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

the  west  side  of  the  La  Fayette  Road  where  the  Crawfish 
Springs  Road  leaves  it. 

Upon  reaching  the  road,  Adams'  and  StovalPs  Brigades 
changed  direction  to  the  left  until  their  lines  were  perpendic- 
ular to  it,  the  former  on  the  right  at  McDonald's,  the  latter 
on  the  left,  with  the  road  between  them.  Placing  Slocomb's 
(Louisiana)  Battery  on  the  knoll  to  the  west  of  the  road,  these 
two  brigades  marched  directly  toward  the  Kelly  Field  to  strike 
the  Union  left  and  gain  its  rear.  Adams  was  stoutly  resisted 
upon  entering  the  woods  west  of  the  road,  first  by  the  rem- 
nants of  John  Beatty's  Brigade,  and  then  checked  by  Stan- 
ley's Brigade,  also  of  Negley's  Division.  Adams  was 
wounded  and  Col.  Randall  R.  Gibson  took  command. 
Stanley's  Brigade  being  withdrawn  by  its  left  toward  Snod- 
grass  Hill,  in  pursuance  of  a  call  from  that  direction,  both 
Adams  and  Stovall  advanced  beyond  the  north  line  of  the 
Kelly  Field.  Moving  forward;  Stovall  was  met  and  repulsed 
by  a  charge  of  Van  Derveer's  Brigade  of  Brannan's  Division, 
which  had  been  hastily  dispatched  from  the  Dyer  Field  to  the 
assistance  of  the  Union  left.  Breckinridge's  troops  were  then 
pushed  back  to  their  original  position  before  their  advance. 

Sunday  Evening  Movements  About  McDonald's. 
Between  5  and  6  o'clock,  Liddell's  Division  of  Walker's 
Corps  advanced  from  the  glade  east  of  McDonald's  as  the 
right  flank  of  the  general  Confederate  attack  delivered  at 
that  time.  This  division,  with  Walthall's  Brigade  on  the 
right  and  Govan's  on  the  left,  crossed  the  road  and  ad- 
vanced to  the  low  crest  in  the  fields  beyond.  The  guns  now 
mounted  upon  it  represent  Fowler's  and  Swett's  Batteries. 
While  Dan.  McCook's  Battery  opened  an  oblique  fire  upon 
these  lines  and  threw  forward  some  guns  which  enfiladed 
their  right,  Turchin's  Brigade  of  Reynolds'  Division,  the 
latter  then  in  the  act  of  withdrawing  from  the  south  line 
of  the  Kelly  Field,  suddenly  rushed  out  of  the  woods  west 
of  the  La  Fayette  Road  and  swept  north  along  the  front  of 


VISITING    CHICKAMAUGA    FROM    CHATTANOOGA.  2OI 

LiddelPs  line,  capturing  its  skirmishers  and  forcing  it  to  re- 
tire in  haste  across  the  La  Fayette  Road. 

Those  wishing  to  drive  around  the  whole  line  of  Saturday's 
battle  can  do  so  by  starting  eastward  at  the  McDonald  House. 
A  full  description  of  the  route,  and  of  the  engagement  at  the 
various  points  of  it,  will  be  found,  beginning  on  page  177. 
The  whole  drive  eastward  to  Jay's  Mill  and  westward  from 
that  point  to  Brotherton's,  on  the  La  Fayette  Road,  a  mile 
and  a  half  south  of  McDonald's,  is  four  miles  and  a  half. 
From  that  point,  by  the  La  Fayette  Road  to  the  right  of  the 
Union  line,  near  Viniard's,  September  ipth,  is  a  mile  and  a 
quarter  further. 

Instead  of  riding  directly  to  the  Kelly  Field,  which  is  Sun- 
day's center  of  interest  on  the  La  Fayette  Road  after  leaving 
McDonald's,  time  will  be  saved  by  taking  the  Alexander's 
Bridge  Road,  which  is  the  first  to  the  left,  and  riding  along 
the  front  of  the  Union  line  east  of  the  Kelly  Field,  following 
it  back  to  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  the  south  border  of  the 
field.  This  drive  and  the  points  of  interest  upon  it  are  de- 
scribed on  page  186. 

It  is  well  to  remember  that  the  first  road  to  the  right,  after 
leaving  McDonald's,  leads  to  McFarland's  Gap,  and  is  the 
main  road  over  which  the  Union  army  withdrew  from  the 
field  on  Sunday  night ;  and  that  the  road  opposite  the  inter- 
section of  the  Alexander  Bridge  Road  leads  direct  to  Snod- 
grass  Hill  and  the  Dyer  Field. 

But  a  more  satisfactory  way  of  reaching  Snodgrass,  when 
driving  from  Chattanooga,  unless  the  purpose  be  to  omit  the 
lines  east  of  the  Kelly  Field,  is  to  take  the  Alexander  Bridge 
Road  and  follow  the  Union  line  around  the  field  to  the 
Kelly  House,  and  then,  crossing  the  La  Fayette  Road  there, 
drive  direct  to  the  Snodgrass  House. 

The  most  satisfactory  route,  however,  to  those  who  wish  to 
study  all  the  outlines  of  the  position  and  the  movements 
against  Snodgrass,  is  to  drive  to  it  from  the  La  Fayette  Road 
at  Brotherton's,  as  set  forth  on  page  189.  This  can  be  done 


202  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

• 

either  after  driving  around  the  line  of  Saturday's  battle,  as 
explained  on  page  177,  and  reaching  the  La  Fayette  Road 
from  Jay's  Mill,  or  by  driving  direct  on  the  La  Fayette 
Road  to  Brotherton's.. 

The  Kelly  Field  Operations. 

Before  leaving  the  Kelly  Field,  the  position  there  can  be 
best  understood  by  driving  to  the  Goodspeed  Monument, 
Battery  A,  First  Ohio,  just  north  of  the  Kelly  House,  from 
or  near  which  point  the  best  general  view  of  the  field  can  be 
had. 

There  was  no  fighting  in  or  around  this  field  on  Saturday. 
The  nearest  was  in  the  Poe  Field,  next  south.  It  was,  how- 
ever, a  base  of  operations  for  the  battle  east  and  south-east 
of  it.  The  early  movements  of  Saturday  morning  are  detailed 
on  page  170. 

During  the  night  of  the  ipth,  the  Union  left  was  withdrawn 
from  its  fighting  ground  of  Saturday,  and  formed  about  the 
north,  east,  and  south  sides  of  Kelly  Field.  The  line  was 
about  150  yards  inside  the  timber  surrounding  it.  Baird's 
Division  was  around  the  north-east  corner,  Johnson's  and 
Palmer's  covered  nearly  all  the  eastern  side,  while  Reynolds' 
ran  around  the  south-east  corner  and  reached  across  the  La 
Fayette  Road  north  of  the  Poe  Field.  When  the  break  oc- 
curred in  the  Union  line  at  Brotherton's,  Reynolds  brought 
his  right  brigade  (King's)  to  the  east  side  of  the  La  Fayette 
Road  and  posted  it  in  front  of  the  south  edge  of  the  field, 
facing  toward  Poe's  House.  To  the  left  of  Baird's  line, 
around  the  north-east  corner  of  the  fields,  the  brigades  of 
Grose,  Dodge,  Barnes,  and  John  Beatty  were  sent  just  before 
the  Confederate  attack,  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the  line 
to  the  La  Fayette  Road  at  the  McDonald  House. 

Before  this  was  formed,  Breckinridge's  Division,  the  right 
of  the  Confederate  infantry,  attacked  Baird's  position.  The 
Union  line  was  protected  by  hastily  constructed  obstructions 
of  stumps,  stones,  rails,  and  logs.  Only  the  left  of  Breckin- 


VISITING    CHICKAMAUGA    FROM    CHATTANOOGA.  203 

ridge's  line  struck  Baird's  eastern  front.  This  was  Helm's 
Brigade.  It  assaulted  three  times,  and  was  badly  broken  up, 
Gen.  Helm  being  mortally  wounded.  But  its  two  right  regi- 
ments, which  cleared  Baird's  works,  kept  on  to  the  La  Fay- 
ette  Road  and  captured  two  guns  from'John  Beatty's  Brigade 
at  that  point.  A  shell  monument  just  over  the  slope  east  of 
the  glade  marks  the  spot  where  Helm  fell.  Adams'  and 
StovalPs  Brigades  pushed  forward  to  the  La  Fayette  Road  at 
the  McDonald  House,  and  there,  changing  direction  to  the 
left,  marched,  with  the  La  Fayette  Road  between  them,  di- 
rectly toward  the  Kelly  Field,  as  already  described,  and 
Stovall's  Brigade  burst  out  of  the  woods  on  its  northern  edge, 
covering  the  ground  from  the  road  to  the  low  ravine  half 
way  across  the  field.  The  line  of  Adams'  Brigade  at  the 
same  moment. was  abreast  of  it  in  the  woods  west  of  the 
road.  Portions  of  John  Beatty's  Brigade,  in  very  attenuated 
line,  had  vainly  attempted  to  resist  this  advance.  Stanley's 
Brigade  had  checked  Adams,  the  left  of  it,  and  then  had 
been  withdrawn  by  its  left  toward  Snodgrass  Hill. 

It  seemed  at  the  moment  as  if  the  Union  left  must  be  en- 
veloped. Johnson,  Palmer,  and  Reynolds  were  hotly  en- 
gaged, and  could  not  leave  their  lines  east  of  the  field  to  resist 
a  flank  or  rear  attack.  Cleburne  was  assaulting  the  first  two, 
and  Stewart  was  attacking  Reynolds.  Bullets  flying  over  these 
lines  from  the  east  reached  the  La  Fayette  Road,  and  those 
from  Stewart's  troops  were  falling  half  way  to  Stovall's  front. 
Goodspeed's  Battery,  from  behind  Johnson's  Division,  whirled 
toward  this  advance  and  opened  upon  it  with  canister.  But 
Stovall  and  Adams  were  moving  rapidly,  and  the  situation 
was  growing  desperate. 

Just  then  the  deployed  lines  of  Van  Derveer's  Brigade, 
which  Brannan  had  sent  from  the  Dyer  Field  to  assist  Baird, 
dashed  into  the  field  from  a  point  a  little  north  of  the 
Kelly  House.  There  were  two  regiments  in  his  front  line 
and  two  in  the  second,  both  parallel  to  the  road.  Before  it 
had  cleared  the  thicket  of  pines,  which  then  lined  the  west 


204  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

side  of  the  road,  the  Confederates,  then  only  two  hundred 
yards  from  its  left  flank,  opened  a  heavy  enfilading  fire  upon 
it.  The  men  in  the  ranks  could  not  see  the  enemy.  Van 
Derveer  took  in  the  situation  at  a  glance,  rushed  his  brigade 
into  the  open  field,  changed  front  toward  Stovall  on  a  run, 
and  laid  both  lines  down  almost  in  the  face  of  the  advancing 
enemy,  fired  a  full  volley,  sent  his  second  line  over  the  first 
in  a  .charge  which  the  first  followed  and  took  part  in.  Sto- 
vall and  Adams,  being  unsupported,  were  repulsed  and  forced 
back  around  the  Union  left,  and  the  position  was  saved. 

By  i  o'clock  the  persistent  but  unsuccessful  assaults  of  the 
Confederates  upon  the  Kelly  Field  line  had  diminished  to 
affairs  between  skirmishers. 

About  5:30  P.  M.,  orders  were  received  from  Gen.  Thomas 
to  withdraw  the  line,  beginning  with  Reynolds.  His  two 
brigades  moved  by  the  right  flank  to  the  La  Fayette  Road 
and  marched  northward.  Arriving  near  the  north  line  of 
the  field,  Turchin's  Brigade  filed  to  the  left,  and,  facing 
by  the  rear  rank,  all  started  north  on  a  charge  through  the 
McDonald  Field.  Its  right  flank  passed  close  to  the  fronts 
of  Govan's  and  WalthalPs  Brigades,  capturing  a  portion  of 
their  skirmishers,  and  forcing  their  main  line  with  its  bat- 
teries to  withdraw  eastward  across  the  La  Fayette  Road. 

Palmer's  Division  marched  .directly  back  toward  the  Kelly 
House  and  reached  the  middle  of  the  field  before  it  was  sub- 
jected to  fire.  Here  it  received  a  sharp  artillery  fire  from 
the  Poe  Field,  and  also  from  beyond  the  north-east  corner 
of  the  Kelly  Field.  However  it  reached  the  woods  west  of 
the  road  in  organized  condition,  and  proceeded  toward 
McFarland's  Gap.  Johnson  and  Baird  were  hotly  attacked 
just  as  the  order  came  to  retire.  They  withdrew  under  this 
attack  in  considerable  confusion,  but  immediately  reorgan- 
ized when  once  in  the  cover  of  the  woods  west  of  the  La  Fay- 
ette Road.  At  dusk  the  field  and  edge  of  the  woods  west 
and  north  of  it  were  filled  with  the  Confederate  lines  of 
Breckinridge,  Gist,  Cleburne,  Cheatham  and  Stewart. 


206  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

The .  Withdrawal  from  Snodgrass  Hill. 
At  sundown,  Gen.  Steedman's  Division  being  out  of  am- 
munition, withdrew  to  the  next  -ridge  in  rear  of  the  one  upon 
which  they  had  fought  during  the  afternoon.  The  Confed- 
erates followed  to  the  crest  and  some  distance  down  its 
northern  slope.  Above  half  of  three  regiments,  the  Twenty- 
First  and  Eighty-ninth  Ohio,  and  the  Twenty-second  Michi- 
gan, attached  to  the  left  of  Whitaker's  Brigade,  not  receiving 
notice  to  withdraw,  were  captured  at  dusk  by  Trigg's  and 
Kelly's  Brigades  of  Preston's  Division.  At  7  o'clock  the 
rest  of  the  Snodgrass  Hill  line  began  to  withdraw,  commenc- 
ing with  the  left  of  Wood's,  and  ending  about  8  o'clock 
with  Van  Derveer's  Brigade,  the  right  of  Brannan's  line, 
which  then  rested  at  the  present  observation  tower.  The  di- 
visions as  they  withdrew,  both  from  Snodgrass  Hill  and  the 
Kelly  Field,  passed  through  McFarland's  Gap  to  Rossville, 
and  immediately  took  positions  in  Rossville  Gap  and  upon 
Missionary  Ridge,  to  the  right  and  left  of  it,  and  across  the 
valley  nearly  to  Lookout  Mountain.  They  thus  remained  in 
line  of  battle  throughout  September  2ist.  During  the  night 
of  that  day  they  moved  on  to  Chattanooga  and  established 
their  lines  about  the  city  on  the  morning  of  the  226..  These 
were  immediately  covered  by  rifle-pits,  which  in  a  few  days 
grew  into  formidable  field  works. 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHATTANOOGA    FIELDS.  2OJ 


CHAPTER  XV. 

GUIDE    TO    THE    CHATTANOOGA    FIELDS  — LOOKOUT     MOUNTAIN, 
WAUHATCHIE,    ORCHARD     KNOB,    MISSIONARY    RIDGE. 

Arriving  in  Chattanooga  in  clear  or  fair  weather,  it  is  best 
to  take  advantage  of  it  and  first  visit  Lookout  Mountain. 
From  this  point  all  the  general  features,  and  many  of  the 
details  of  the  various  campaigns  and  battles  which  resulted 
in  the  capture  of  Chattanooga,  can  be  readily  understood. 

The  view  presented  of  the  ranges  over  which  Rosecrans 
marched  makes  it  easy  to  comprehend  the  strategy  of  his 
campaign. 

The  electric  cars  from  the  city  connect  at  the  base  of 
the  mountain  with  the  Incline,  which  is  a  cable  road  to 
the  foot  of  the  palisades,  connecting  with  steam  cars  that 
run  along  the  western  bluff,  overlooking  the  Wauhatchie 
Valley,  and  the  whole  scene  of  Hooker's  operations  there, 
up  to  and  including  the  battle  of  Lookout  Mountain.  The 
train  then  runs  across  the  top  of  the  mountain  to  its  eastern 
side,  and,  turning  again  toward  the  point,  stops  at  Lookout 
Inn,  to  which  station  it  is  best  to  purchase  a  round  trip 
ticket  at  the  foot  of  the  Incline.  From  the  Inn  a  short 
walk  brings  the  visitor  to  the  jutting  point  of  the  mountain, 
which  is  so  plainly  seen  from  Chattanooga.  From  this  open 
rocky  floor  above  the  palisades,  one  of  the  most  interesting 
views  which  any  land  affords  spreads  widely  in  all  directions. 
Points  in  seven  states  are  within  the  range  of  vision  when 
the  day  is  absolutely  clear.  Large  areas  of  Alabama,  Georgia, 
and  Tennessee  are  close  at  hand.  The  mountains  of  South 
Carolina  and  North  Carolina  can  be  seen  in  ordinary  condi- 
tions of  the  atmosphere,  and  on  exceptionally  clear  days  the 


208  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

eye  reaches  northward  across  Tennessee  to  the  mountains 
about  Cumberland  Gap  in  Kentucky  and  Virginia. 

Standing  on  the  point  and  facing  Chattanooga,  Wauhatchie 
Valley,  with  the  Raccoon  Range  beyond  it  over  which 
Rosecrans'  army  marched  from  Bridgeport,  are  at  the  left. 
Wauhatchie  Station  is  at  the  forks  of  the  railroad  toward  the 
upper  end  of  the  valley.  The  branch  to  the  right  runs  to 
Bridgeport,  the  one  to  the  left  to  Trenton  and  Valley  Head, 
at  which  points  the  Fourteenth  Corps,  and  the  Twentieth  and 
Cavalry  Corps,  respectively,  crossed  Lookout,  before  the 
battle  of  Chickamauga,  into  the  rear  of  Chattanooga. 

The  little  church  and  farm  house  a  short  distance  toward 
the  river  from  Wauhatchie  Station  is  the  ground  of  the  night 
attack  of  Longstreet's  troops  on  Geary's  Division.  (See 
Chapter  X.) 

Looking  down  the  Tennessee,  in  its  last  bend  lies  Will- 
iams' Island.  Just  above  it  on  the  left  bank  is  a  low  range 
of  hills  parallel  to  the  river.  Brown's  Ferry  is  opposite 
the  first  gap  in  this  range  above  the  island.  To  this  point 
the  flotilla  of  52  boats  carrying  1,600  men  floated  from 
behind  Cameron  Hill,  the  highest  point  in  the  city,  before 
daylight  of  October  ayth,  and,  landing  there,  captured  the 
hills  on  either  side  of  the  road  to  the  ferry.  A  bridge  was 
then  thrown,  and  a  short  way  opened  across  the  narrow  neck 
to  Chattanooga  out  of  range  of  the  guns  on  Lookout.  This 
movement,  in  conjunction  with  Hooker's  forces,  which 
marched  simultaneously  from  Bridgeport,  re  opened  the  Ten- 
nessee. The  first  crest  in  the  range  to  the  right  of  the  rail- 
road where  it  crosses  Lookout  Creek  is  Tyndale's  Hill,  and 
the  next  to  the  right  of  that  is  Smith's  Hill,  so  called  after 
the  brigades  of  the  Eleventh  Corps,  which  captured  them  in 
the  night  fight  of  October  2Sth.  For  full  details,  see  Chap- 
ters IX  and  X. 

Turning  toward  Wauhatchie  Station,  a  short  distance  be- 
yond it  and  to  the  left,  is  seen  a  low  range  running  parallel 
to  the  mountain.  Through  the  first  gap  in  that  range  Geary's 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHATTANOOGA    FIELDS.  209 

forces  passed  to  cross  Lookout  Creek  and  ascend  to  the  foot 
of  the  palisades,  as  the  first  move  in  the  battle  of  Lookout 
Mountain. 

The  Confederate  works,  held  by  the  brigade  of  Gen.  E. 
C.  Walthall,  were  parallel  to  the  palisades  along  the  western 
side  of  the  mountain  and  upon  the  first  bench  of  the  moun- 
tain below  their  foot.  They  are  still  well  preserved.  The 
left  of  these  works  was  some  1.500  feet  south  of  the  point 
of  the  mountain.  Directly  under  this  north  point  lies  the 
Craven  House  plateau,  where  the  Union  line,  advancing 
from  the  west  side  of  the  mountain  during  the  battle,  first 
came  into  view  from  Chattanooga.  The  Craven  House, 
known  at  the  time  of  the  battle  as  the  White  House,  was 
the  headquarters  of  Gen.  Walthall.  The  great  bend  in  the 
river  opposite  Lookout  is  Moccasin  Point,  the  heel  of  the 
moccasin  being  near  Brown's  Ferry.  The  Union  batteries 
were  on  the  highest  ground,  and  so  swept  the  north  face  of 
the  mountain  that  troops  could  not  move  upon  it  in  daylight 
with  safety.  At  its  base,  to  the  left  and  across  Lookout 
Creek,  is  the  ground  from  which  Osterhaus'  Division  of 
Sherman's  army  crossed  to  take  part  under  Hooker  in 
the  assault  on  the  mountain.  One  brigade  crossed  from  the 
open  ground  to  the  right  of  the  railroad  bridge,  and  one 
through  the  gap  to  the  left  of  it.  One  brigade  of  Cruft's 
Division  crossed  with  Geary,  and  the  other  near  Osterhaus' 
upper  crossing.  For  full  details  of  the  battle  of  Lookout 
Mountain,  which  was  the  second  of  the  three  day's  battle  of 
Chattanooga,  see  page  116. 

Looking  toward  the  city,  and  to  the  extreme  right  of  it, 
a  large,  low  stand-pipe  can  be  seen.  It  marks  the  site  of 
Fort  Wood  (afterward  Creighton),  a  strong  work  which  was 
the  eastern  salient  of  the  Union  line.  Upon  the  slope  under 
its  eastern  face  the  Union  forces  formed  on  the  afternoon  of 
November  23,  1863,  for  the  movement  on  Orchard  Knob, 
which  lies  half  way  between  Fort  Wood  and  Missionary 
Ridge.  The  Knob  can  be  seen  just  beyond  the  National 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHATTANOOGA    FIELDS.  211 

Cemetery.  For  the  details  of  this  engagement,  the  first  of 
the  three  days'  battle  of  Chattanooga,  see  page  113. 

Fort  Sheridan,  the  strong  work  of  the  city  defenses  upon 
the  Union  right,  is  still  nearly  perfect.  It  is  upon  the 
point  of  the  Cameron  Hill  Ridge  nearest  Lookout.  The 
circular  road  plainly  seen  at  the  base  of  the  slope  under 
it,  marks  its  position.  Fort  Lytle  was  near  the  large  school- 
building  on  the  next  height  in  the  city  east  of  Fort  Sheri- 
dan, and  Fort  Negley  (afterward  Phelps)  stood  about  half  a 
mile  south-east  of  the  Public  Building.  It  was  also  known 
as  the  Star  Fort,  and  by  the  Confederates  as  Fort  Cheatham, 
it  having  been  begun  by  them.  It  was  the  strongest  outer 
work  at  the  center  of  the  line. 

To  the  right  across  the  plain,  is  Missionary  Ridge.  Ross- 
ville  Gap,  through  which  the  main  road  runs  across  the  Chick- 
amauga  Field  to  La  Fayette,  is  the  low  depression  directly 
east  of  the  point  of  the  mountain.  The  distance  from  Ross- 
ville  to  the  north  end.  of  Missionary  Ridge  is  eight  miles. 
The  first  tower  north  of  the  Gap  marks  the  site  of  Bragg's 
Headquarters.  It  is  four  miles  from  Rossville.  The  second 
tower  marks  the  point  where  Baird's  Division,  the  left  of 
Gen.  Thomas'  assaulting  column,  gained  the  Ridge.  The 
right  of  the  storming  line  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland 
reached  nearly  half  way  between  Bragg's  Headquarters  and 
Rossville. 

The  small  town  in  the  gap  of  Missionary  Ridge  near  its 
northern  point  marks  the  ground  of  Gen.  Sherman's  fighting 
in  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge.  For  the  details  of  his 
crossing  of  the  river,  see  page  120,  and  for  the  account  of 
the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge,  see  page  123. 

The  next  depression  south  of  Rossville  is  McFarland's 
Gap.  The  battle  field  of  Chickamauga  lies  about  two  and 
one-half  miles  east  of  Missionary  Ridge  and  between  Ross- 
ville and  McFarland's  Gap.  Through  the  latter,  the  Union 
army  withdrew  at  the  close  of  the  battle,  and,  passing  out 
again  through  Rossville  Gap,  formed  its  lines  at  its  southern 


SCALING  THE  PALISADES — LOOKOUT,  Nov.  25.    (See  p.  xvii.) 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHATTANOOGA    FIELDS.  213 

opening,  and  on  each  side  of  it,  upon  Missionary  Ridge,  and 
across  the  valley  to  Lookout.  Here  it  remained  during  Sep- 
tember 2 1 st.  The  night  of  that  day,  and  the  morning  of 
the  22d,  it  moved  forward  to  Chattanooga,  and  for  the  first 
time  occupied  the  city  in  force. 

From  the  summit,  stairs  on  the  west  lead  down  the  pali- 
sades to  the  Incline.  These  stairs  have  replaced  rude  lad- 
ders and  ropes  by  which  the  summit  could  be  reached  in  war 
times,  and  they  mark  the  line  over  which  a  company  from 
the  Eighth  Kentucky  of  Whitaker's  Brigade  of  Cruft's  Divi- 
sion clambered  before  daylight  of  November  25th,  and  at 
sunrise  displayed  their  flag  in  the  sight  of  both  armies. 
From  the  wide  porches  at  the  hotel  at  the  base  of  the  pali- 
sades, the  same  view  heretofore  described,  spreads  below  the 
observer,  and  the  conveniences  for  studying  it  are  all  that 
could  be  desired. 

Orchard  Knob,  Sherman  Heights,  and  Bragg 's  Headquarters. 
There  are  two  lines  of  electric  cars  to  Orchard  Knob.  One 
of  these  passes  the  National  Cemetery,  and  runs  to  Bragg's 
Headquarters  on  Missionary  Ridge,  and  thence  along  the 
Ridge  about  balf  way  to  Rossville.  If  the  visitor  has  not 
time  to  drive  on  the  Ridge,  or  does  not  care  to  take 
a  carriage,  this  trip,  with  the  scene  from  the  observation 
tower  at  Bragg's  Headquarters,  gives  a  very  satisfactory  idea 
of  the  Ridge  and  the  battle  fields  about  it. 

A  line  of  steam  cars  runs  by  way  of  Orchard  Knob  to 
Sherman  Heights,  the  station  at  the  latter  point  being  in  the 
center  of  Gen.  Sherman's  operations  against  the  north  end  of 
Missionary  Ridge.  The  positions  of  Hardee's  troops  on  the 
summit  of  Tunnel  Hill,  and  the  ground  of  the  assaults  of 
Corse's,  Loomis',  Matthias',  Raum's,  and  Bushbeck's  Bri- 
gades are  within  fair  walking  distance.  The  fares  by  all 
these  lines  are  the  ordinary  street  car  rates. 


214  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Orchard  Knob. 

Standing  on  the  Knob,  and  looking  back  toward  the  city, 
the  position  of  Fort  Wood  is  marked  by  the  low,  black  stand- 
pipe.  The  slope  in  front  of  it  is  where  the  Union  army 
formed  for  the  advance  on  Orchard  Knob  and  the  adjacent 
lines.  For  details,  see  page  113. 

Looking  toward  Missionary  Ridge,  the  tower  to  the  left 
stands  at  the  point  where  Van  Derveer's  Brigade  of  Baird's 
Division  went  up  the  Ridge.  This  was  the  left  division  of 
the  line  of  assault  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  The 
tower  to  the  right  is  on  the  site  of  Bragg's  Headquarters  and 
also  marks  the  point  where  the  center  of  Sheridan's  Division 
gained  the  crest.  A  division  and  half  front  of  the  assaulting 
line  was  south  of  this  tower.  The  storming  column  started 
across  the  plain  from  the  line  of  Orchard  Knob.  Its  front 
was  two  miles  and  a  half,  and  the  lines  diverging  somewhat 
as  they  advanced,  the  length  of  the  crest  carried  by  the  as- 
sault was  three  miles,  excluding  the  south  end  toward  Ross- 
ville,  where  a  mile  was  carried  by  Hooker's  troops. 

For  the  details  of  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge,  see  page 
123. 

As  has  been  elsewhere  explained,  a  visit  to  the  Ridge  and 
to  Chickamauga  may  be  combined  by  driving  first  to  Bragg's 
Headquarters,  or  even  to  the  tower  at  the  De  Long  place,  and 
then  taking  the  Crest  Road  to  Chickamauga.  Or,  this  may 
be  reversed,  driving  first  by  Rossville  to  Chickamauga  and 
returning  by  the  Crest  Road.  This,  however,  is  too  long  a 
drive  to  allow  of  any  thing  more  than  a  glance  at  the  prom- 
inent points  of  interest. 

The  Drive  upon  the  Crest  Road. 

The  most  satisfactory  method  of  visiting  Missionary  Ridge 
is  to  take  a  carriage  from  Chattanooga  and  drive  its  entire 
length.  The  grades  are  such  toward  the  northern  end  as  to 
make  Rossville  the  better  point  of  approaching  the  Ridge 


GUIDE    TO    THE    CHATTANOOGA    FIELDS.  215 

than  Sherman  Heights.  From  the  latter  point  the  return  can 
then  be  by  the  Harrison  Turnpike  through  the  valley. 

At  Rossville,  the  ground  of  Hooker's  advance  from  Look- 
out Mountain  is  reached.  The  tablets  through  the  Gap  ex- 
plain the  movements  of  his  division.  Osterhaus,  leading, 
passed  through,  and,  marching  northward  along  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Ridge,  assaulted  it  from  that  direction,  gaining 
the  crest  about  a  mile  north  of  Rossville. 

Cruft  marched  into  the  Gap,  faced  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  Ridge  and  carried  it.  Geary  turned  along  its  western 
base  from  Rossville,  and  finally  assaulted  and  carried  the 
crest  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  north. 

Leaving  these  positions,  which  are  indicated  by  the  tablets 
on  the  Crest  Road,  a  short  drive  suffices  to  reach  the  right 
of  the  assault  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  This  point 
is  about  opposite  East  Lake,  which  is  plainly  seen  near  the 
base  of  the  Ridge. 

The  Confederate  divisions  on  the  crest,  running  from  the 
left  at  Rossville  to  the  right  at  Tunnel  Hill,  were  as  follows : 
Stewart's,  stretched  from  Rossville  Gap  to  Bragg's  Head- 
quarters. As  Gen.  Breckinridge  took  Stewart's  strongest  bri- 
gade (Clayton's)  to  resist  Hooker  in  Rossville  Gap,  the  left 
of  Gen.  Stewart's  line  was  exceedingly  thin,  and  all  of  it 
was  much  attenuated.  Next  north  of  Bragg's  Headquarters 
was  Reynolds'  Brigade  of  Bushrod  Johnson's  Division,  fol- 
lowed on  the  line  by  Breckinridge's  Division,  commanded  by 
Bate.  Beyond  Bate,  came  Hindman's  Division,  commanded 
by  Patton  Anderson,  reaching  to  the  vicinity  of  the  tower  at 
the  De  Long  place.  North  of  that,  and  beyond  the  left  of 
the  assaulting  lines  of  Gen.  Thomas,  were  the  divisions  of 
Cheatham,  Walker,  and  Stevenson,  the  latter  supporting 
Cleburne  at  the  Tunnel,  and,  lastly,  the  division  of  Cle- 
burne  strongly  posted  on  the  first  high  hill  north  of  it. 

Beginning  at  the  right  of  Johnson's  line  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,  which  rested  nearly  as  far  south  as  East 
Lake,  the  force  of  Gen.  Thomas  which  moved  from  its  cen- 


2l6  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

tral  line  in  the  plain  to  storm  the  Ridge  was  arranged  from 
right  to  left  as  follows:  Johnson,  Sheridan,  Wood,  and 
Baird.  Sheridan's  center  moved  against  Bragg's  Head- 
quarters ;  Wood's  right  crowned  the  Ridge  about  the  cross- 
ing of  the  Bird's  Mill  Road — the  point  where  the  electric 
road  at  the  extreme  end  of  McCallie  Avenue  now  reaches  the 
summit.  Baird's  center  gained  the  crest  at  the  De  Long 
Tower,  and  his  left  brigade  (Phelps')  at  the  next  jutting  spur 
north  of  it. 

All  these  positions  are  clearly  designated  by  tablets.  In 
reading  them,  it  should  be  remembered  that  at  nearly  all 
points  the  Confederate  line  was  established  upon  the  summit, 
and  did  not  follow  the  present  road,  although  near  it  through- 
out its  extent. 

From  the  towers  can  be  seen  both  Orchard  Knob,  the 
headquarters  of  Gens.  Grant,  Thomas,  and  Gordon  Granger 
during  the  battle  of  the  25th  November,  and  Fort  Wood, 
before  which  the  lines  were  formed  for  the  first  day's  advance 
to  Orchard  Knob.  The  place  of  Sherman's  crossing  is  also 
visible. 

The  open  ground  behind  the  crest,  some  600  yards 
north  of  the  De  Long  Tower,  is  where  Walthall's  Brigade  of 
Cheatham's  Division  formed  to  resist  the  northward  advance 
of  Baird's  Division,  after  the  latter  had  reached  the  summit 
of  the  Ridge.  Jackson  and  Moore's  Brigades,  which  con- 
stituted the  left  of  Cheatham's  Division,  were  rushed  to  the 
left  to  oppose  Baird  as  his  movement  up  the  Ridge  began, 
but  were  unsuccessful.  Walthall's  line,  however,  held  until 
darkness  ended  the  contest.  Meantime,  before  the  action 
closed,  Brown's  Brigade  of  Stevenson's  Division  had  arrived 
from  the  Tunnel.  Forming  on  the  left  of  Walthall,  it  par- 
ticipated in  the  final  checking  of  Baird's  northward  advance 
along  the  Ridge. 

Contrary  to  prevailing  impressions,  no  Confederate  troops 
left  the  front  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  to  oppose  Gen. 
Sherman,  after  the  battle  of  Tunnel  Hill  opened.  It  is  true, 


2l8  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

instead,  that  troops  left  Sherman's  front  soon  after  the  move- 
ment of  Gen.  Thomas'  line  began,  and  reached  Cheatham's 
position  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  effort  to  resist  Baird's  ad- 
vance on  the  Ridge. 

After  leaving  the  ground  of  Walthall's  fight,  the  drive 
passes  beyond  the  left  of  the  Union  troops  in  the  center. 
Cheatham's  and  Walker's  Divisions  had  no  enemy  in  their 
front  until  Cheatham's  moved  to  resist  Baird.  Stevenson's 
Division,  which  came  next  on  their  right,  but  with  a  consid- 
erable interval  intervening,  reached  to  the  left  of  Sherman's 
lines,  and  joined  Cleburne's  Division  at  the  Tunnel. 

Tablets  along  this  section  of  the  Crest  Road  designate  all 
these  positions.  .  % 

For  a  full  account  of  Sherman's  crossing  and  advance 
against  Tunnel  Hill,  and  Hardee's  defense  of  the  latter, 
which  was  chiefly  executed  by  Gen;  Cleburne,  see  pages  120, 
126,  and  following. 

The  most  convenient  way  of  returning  to  the  city  is  to 
leave  the  Ridge  at  the  Tunnel,  and  drive  down  through 
Sherman  Heights,  over  the  ground  of  Gen.  Sherman's  forma- 
tions for  attack,  and  thence  to  the  city  by  the  Harrison 
Turnpike. 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        219 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

ORIGIN     AND     DEVELOPMENT     OF      THE      PARK      PROJECT — THE 
CHICKAMAUGA    MEMORIAL    ASSOCIATION. 

The  first  steps  in  the  development  of  the  National  Military 
Park  embraced  only  the  battle  field  of  Chickamauga.  This 
part  of  the  project  had  its  origin  in  a  visit  to  the  field,  in 
June,  1888,  of  Gen.  Ferd.  Van  Derveer,  a  noted  officer  of 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland;  and  the  author  of  this  work, 
then  Washington  correspondent  of  the  Cincinnati  Commercial 
Gazette. 

In  a  series  of  letters  to  that  newspaper  describing  the  con- 
dition of  the  field,  and  reviewing  the  campaign  and  the  bat- 
tle, the  Park  scheme  was  thus  suggested : 

"The  survivors  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  should 
awake  to  great  pride  in  this  notable  field  of  Chickamauga. 
Why  should  it  not,  as  well  as  eastern  fields,  be  marked  by 
monuments,  and  its  lines  be  accurately  preserved  for  history  ? 
There  was  no  more  magnificent  fighting  during  the  war  than 
both  armies  did  there.  Both  sides  might  well  unite  in  pre- 
serving the  field  where  both,  in  a  military  sense,  won  such 
renown." 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  from  the  first  the  plan  differed 
essentially  from  that  of  Gettysburg^  where,  up  to  that  time, 
only  the  Union  lines,  that  is,  only  one  side  of  the  battle,  had 
been  marked.  The  suggestion  was  received  with  much  fa- 
vorable comment  at  the  North. 

At  the  next  annual  meeting  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,  held  at  Chicago  a  few  weeks  later,  on  mo- 
tion of  Gen.  Henry  M.  Cist,  then  corresponding  secretary 
of  the  society,  a  resolution  was  adopted  providing  that  a 


220  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

committee  of  five  be  appointed  by  the  chair  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  the  necessary  steps  to  inaugurate  a  movement  for 
the  purchase  of  the  ground  on  which  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga  was  fought,  that  monuments  be  placed  thereon  to 
mark  the  location  of  the  troops  that  fought  there,  and  that 
it  be  preserved  similar  to  the  plan  of  the  battle  field  of 
Gettysburg.  Gen.  Rosecrans,  president  of  the  society,  ap- 
pointed as  members  of  this  committee  Gen.  Henry  M.  Cist, 
Gen.  Charles  F.  Manderson,  Gen.  Russell  A.  Alger,  Gen. 
Absalom  Baird,  Gen.  Henry  V.  Boynton. 

This  committee  met  in  Washington  City,  February  13, 
1889.  Gen.  Manderson  presided.  It  was  agreed  to  invite 
such  Confederate  veterans  of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  as 
were  in  Washington  to  unite  in  forming  a  Chickamauga  Me- 
morial Association.  This  joint  conference  was  held  February 
1 4th,  in  the  room  of  the  Senate  Committee  on  Military 
Affairs.  Those  present  were  Gens.  Rosecrans,  Baird,  Rey- 
nolds, Cist,  Manderson,  and  Boynton,  and  Col.  Kellogg,  of 
the  Union  officers;  and  Gens.  Bate,  of  Tennessee;  Colquitt, 
of  Georgia ;  Walthall,  of  Mississippi ;  Morgan  and  Wheeler, 
of  Alabama;  Wright,  of  Tennessee;  and  Cols.  Bankhead,  of 
Alabama;  and  Morgan,  of  Mississippi. 

The  plan  of  preserving  and  marking  the  field  of  Chicka- 
mauga, under  the  auspices  of  a  joint  memorial  corporation  rep- 
resenting all  the  states  that  had  troops  there,  patterned  in  gen- 
eral after  the  organization  of  the  Gettysburg  Association,  was 
cordially  approved.  Gens.  Cist  and  Colquitt  were  appointed 
a  committee,  with  power  to  add  four  to  their  number,  to  pre- 
pare an  act  of  incorporation  and  correspond  with  leading 
officers  from  each  state  whose  troops  fought  at  Chickamauga, 
with  a  view  of  securing  a  proper  list  of  incorporators,  The 
sub-committee  was  completed  by  adding  Gens.  Baird,  Boyn- 
ton, Walthall,  Wheeler,  Wright,  and  Col.  S.  C.  Kellogg.  It 
was  agreed  that  each  side  should  name  fifty  of  the  leading 
veterans  of  that  field  and  some  civilians,  North  and  South, 
who  had  prominently  identified  themselves  with  the  project^ 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        221 

as  incorporators  of  a  Joint  Chickamauga  Memorial  Associa- 
tion for  preserving  and  marking  the  battle  field. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting,  a  list  of  incorporators  and  the 
outlines  of  a  charter  were  agreed  upon,  and  Senator  Colquitt 
was  appointed  to  take  the  necessary  steps  to  secure  the  incor- 
poration. He  placed  the  matter  in  the  hands  of  Julius 
Brown,  Esq.,  of  Atlanta,  who,  declining  compensation,  gave 
the  subject  prompt  attention,  and  prepared  a  petition  for  a 
charter,  which  he  secured  from  the  Superior  Court  of  Walker 
county,  Georgia,  on  the  4th  of  December,  1889. 

The  objects  of  the  Association  were  declared  in  the  charter 
to  be  "to  mark  and  preserve  the  battle  field  of  Chickamauga, 
on  which  were  fought  the  actions  of  September  eighteenth, 
nineteenth,  and  twentieth,  Anno  Domini,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  sixty-three,  together  with  the  natural  and 
artificial  features,  as  they  were  at  the  time  of  said  battle,  by 
such  memorial  stones,  tablets,  or  monuments  as  a  generous 
people  may  aid  to  erect,  to  commemorate  the  valor  displayed 
by  American  soldiers  on  that  field." 

On  the  1 9th  of  September,  1889,  a  joint  meeting  of  Union 
and  Confederate  veterans  was  called,  to  be  held  in  the  tent 
at  Chattanooga  erected  for  the  annual  reunion  of  the  Society 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  to  consider  the  subject  of 
the  Chickamauga  Park.  The  meeting  was  under  the  auspices 
of  the  following  local  committee :  on  Chickamauga  Memorial 
Association — Adolph  S.  Ochs,  chairman,  Maj.  A.  G.  Sharp, 
Gen.  S.  B.  Moe,  Capt.  J.  F.  Shipp,  Maj.  W.  J.  Colburn,  Maj. 
H.  S.  Chamberlain,  Maj.  C.  W.  Norwood,  J.  B.  Nicklin ;  on 
Chickamauga  Barbecue — Gordon  Lee,  chairman,  W.  P.  Mc- 
Clatchey,  secretary. 

The  large  tent  was  crowded  to  its  capacity  by  strong  repre- 
sentations of  both  armies  and  leading  citizens  interested  with 
them.  Addresses,  setting  forth  the  features  of  the  Park 
project  and  indorsing  it  with  great  enthusiasm,  were  made 
by  Gen.  Rosecrans  and  other  Union  veterans,  and  by  ex- 


222  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Governor  A.  S.  Marks,  of  Nashville,  and  Hon.  W.  A.  Hen- 
derson, of  Knoxville. 

Nothing  can  give  a  better  idea  of  the  spirit  which  marked 
the  inauguration  of  the  Park  project  than  extracts  from  these 
speeches : 

Upon  calling  the  vast  assembly  to  order,  Gen.  Rosecrans 
said: 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen  and  Comrades  of  the  Blue  and  the  Gray : 
Tfiis  occasion  is  one  for  which  you  will  look  through  his- 
tory in  vain  to  find  a  second.  To-day  twenty-six  years  ago 
began  the  great  bloody  battle  of  Saturday,  the  ipth  day  of 
September,  1863,  within  twelve  miles  of  this  place,  and  the 
survivors  of  that  battle,  both  Blue  and  Gray,  and  the  people 
who  to-day  enjoy  the  fruits  which  grew  out  of  that  battle, 
are  assembled  together  to  consider  how  they  shall  make  it  a 
national  memorial  ground,  which  people  of  all  time  shall 
come  and  visit  with  the  interest  due  to  the  greatness  of  the 
events  which  occurred  on  that  battle  ground.  One  of  the 
most  noble  features  to  me  of  the  occasion  is  this :  It  is  very 
difficult  to  find  in  history  an  instance  where  contending 
parties  in  after  years  meet  together  in  perfect  amity.  It 
took  great  men  to  win  that  battle,  but  it  takes  greater  men 
still,  I  will  say  morally  greater,  to  wipe  away  all  the  ill  feel- 
ing which  naturally  grows  out  of  such  a  contest.  [Ap- 
plause.] 

To  me  there  is  another  feature  of  peculiar  interest,  and 
that  is  that  there  has  been  no  time  since  the  war  when  the 
respect  felt  by  the  people  of  the  South  for  the  men  who 
fought  and  fell  in  their  cause  could  be  shown  by  systemat- 
ically undertaking  to  commemorate  the  deeds  they  per- 
formed, and  to  keep  alive  their  memories  by  the  erection 
of  monuments,  without  incurring  the  criticism  that  they  were 
keeping  up  the  memories  of  the  war  and  the  feelings  of  hatred 
which  ought  to  perish  as  peace  returns. 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        223 

On  the  soil  of  Georgia  both  the  Blue  and  the  Gray  can 
unite  in  obtaining  control  over  the  grounds,  laying  out  the 
roads  and  marking  sites  where  the  men  entitled,  in  their 
opinion,  to  special  respect  and  special  veneration,  may  have 
monuments  erected  to  their  memories,  where  the  organiza- 
tions who  choose  to  do  so  can  put  up  monuments  to  the 
heroism  displayed  on  those  fields  without  criticism  and  with 
rather  the  feeling  of  comradeship.  That  to  me  is  a  very 
noble  thing,  and  I  believe  that  the  spirit  which  brings  you 
here  on  this  occasion,  and  the  foundation  upon  which  your 
views  of  that  thing  rests,  conspire  to  produce  a  result  very 
wonderful,  indeed. 

You  will  be  told  a  great  many  things  by  those  who  will 
follow  me  to  show  how  strong  the  foundation  of  our  expecta- 
tion is  that  we  are  commencing  a  national  event  at  this  meet- 
ing this  afternoon. 

As  I  am  quite  unfitted  for  public  speaking  and  heartily  de- 
test the  task,  I  think  what  I  have  said  will  be  enough  to  show 
to  you  how  thankful  I  am  to  be  with  you  and  to  be  called 
upon  to  preside  over  this  meeting. 

The  first  exercise  in  order  will  be  some  remarks  from  Gen. 
H.  V.  Boynton,  who  deserves  the  thanks  of  every  body,  and 
especially  of  the  comrades  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
for  his  work  in  studying  up  this  subject,  and  he  will  tell  you 
a  great  deal  more  than  I  can  about  it. 

Gen.  Boynton  spoke  as  follows: 

My  Friends  : 

I  have  been  asked  to  make  a  statement  of  the  objects 
which  those  members  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland  who  conceived  the  idea  of  a  Joint  Chickamauga 
Memorial  Association  have  in  view,  the  motives  which  actu- 
ate them,  and  the  methods  by  which  they  hope  to  attain  the 
desired  ends.  These  I  will  attempt  to  set  forth  in  brief 
form. 


224  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Perhaps,  if  I  take  a  few  moments  in  going  over  the  path 
which  led  some  of  us  to  a  deep  interest  in  this  project,  it  may 
suggest  to  you  strong  reasons  in  support  of  it. 

A  year  ago  last  summer,  it  was  my  privilege  to  revisit 
Chickamauga  in  company  with  my  old  commander,  Gen. 
Van  Derveer.  The  ride  was  the  more  impressive  because 
the  day  was  Sunday.  On  reaching  the  Cloud  House,  on  the 
northern  boundaries  of  the  field,  there  came  to  us  from  a 
country  church  near  by  the  voice  of  solemn  song. 

The  last  music  which  had  fallen  on  our  ears,  as  we  left 
that  field  a  quarter  of  a  century  before,  was  the  screech,  the 
rattle,  the  roar,  the  thunder  of  that  hell  of  battle  which  had 
loaded  the  air  with  horror  through  all  that  earlier  and  well- 
remembered  Sabbath. 

In  a  moment,  as  with  a  flash,  memory  peopled  those  scenes 
for  us  with  the  actors  of  that  other  day.  We  gloried  in 
Rosecrans,  and  mourned  that  Thomas  did  not  still  live  to 
enjoy  his  ever-increasing  renown. 

We  saw  Baird's  and  Johnson's  and  Palmer's  and  Reynolds' 
immovable  lines  around  the  Kelly  Farm.  We  recalled  Wood 
on  the  spur  of  Snodgrass  Hill,  and  Brannan,  and  Grosvenor 
and  Steedman  under  Granger  on  the  Horseshoe. 

There  rolled  back  on  the  mind  the  unequaled  fighting  of 
that  thin  and  contracted  line  of  heroes;  and  the  magnificent 
Confederate  assaults  which  swept  in  upon  us  time  and  again, 
and  ceaselessly,  as  that  service  of  all  the  gods  of  war  went 
on  throughout  those  Sabbath  hours.  . , 

Then — thinking  of  our  Union  lines  alone- — \ve  said  to  each 
other  :  "  This  field  should  be  a  western  Gettysburg — a  Chick- 
amauga memorial." 

It  was  but  a  flash  forward  in  thought  to  our  present  plan, 
and  the  proposition  became — "Aye,  it  should  be  more  than 
Gettysburg,  with  its  monuments  along  one  side  alone ;  the 
lines  of  both  armies  should  be  equally  marked." 

We  went  over  the  ground  where  Forrest's  and  Walker's 
men  had  marched  on  Saturday  into  the  smoke  of  our  rifles 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK.  PROJECT.        225 

and  the  very  flame  of  our  batteries.  Again  we  saw  their 
ranks  melt  as  snowflakes  disappear  over  the  heat  of  conflagra- 
tion. 

We  stood  on  Baird's  line,  where  Helm's  Brigade  went 
to  pieces,  but  not  till  one  man  out  of  every  three — think 
of  that !— not  till  one  out  of  every  three — was  dead  or 
wounded. 

We  saw  Longstreet's  men  roll  in  on  the  difficult  slopes  of 
the  Horseshoe,  dash  wildly  and  break  there,  and  recede,  only 
to  sweep  on  again  almost  with  the  regularity  of  the  ocean 
surges,  and  ever  marking  a  higher  tide. 

We  looked  down  again  on  those  slopes,  slippery  with 
blood,  and  strewn  thick  as  the  leaves  with  all  the  horrible 
wreck  of  battle,  over  which,  and  in  spite  of  repeated  failure, 
these  assaulting  columns  still  formed,  and  reformed,  and 
came  on. 

And  then,  thinking  of  this  as  fighting  alone — grand,  awe- 
inspiring,  magnificent  fighting — the  project  of  a  Joint  Chicka- 
mauga  Battle  Field  Assciation  was  born  in  the  mind. 

I  stood  silent,  thinking  of  that  unsurpassed  Confederate 
fighting,  and  in  my  heart  thanked  God  that  the  men 
who  were  equal  to  such  endeavors  on  the  battle  field  were 
Americans.  Behold  the  essentials  and  the  essence  of  our 
project ! 

Let  all  the  lines  be  marked.  Let  the  whole  unbroken  his- 
tory of  such  a  field  be  carefully  preserved. 

So  thinking,  on  my  return  home  I  wrote  of  Chickamauga 
to  the  Cincinnati  Commercial  Gazette,  of  August  lyth,  thus 
publicly  suggesting  the  scheme  : 

"  The  survivors  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  should 
awake  to  great  pride  in  this  notable  field,  of  Chickamauga. 
Why  should  it  not,  as  well  as  Eastern  fields,  he  marked  by 
monuments,  and  its  lines  be  accurately  preserved  for  history  ? 
There  was  no  more  magnificent  fighting  during  the  war  than 
both  armies  did  there.  Both  sides  might  well  unite  in  pre- 


226  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

serving  the  field  where  both,  in  a  military  sense,  won  such 
renown." 

The  idea  received  much  and  only  favorable  comment  in  the 
North. 

Twenty-six  years  ago  to-day  the  thunders  of  the  deadliest 
battle  of  modern  times  were  rolling  over  the  low  lands  and 
re-echoing  from  the  mountains  which  look  down  upon  Chicka- 
mauga.  Many  great  battles  shook  our  continent  and  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  world  as  our  war  went  on ;  but  the  splen- 
did facts  of  the  bitter,  stubborn,  and  desperate  contest  along 
the  unknown  stream,  in  the  thick  forests  which  lined  it,  and 
on  the  ridges  which  dominated  them,  were,  for  years,  almost 
as  completely  hidden  from  the  public  as  were  the  armies 
which  operated  over  this  obscure  and  tangled  field. 

But,  as  the  publication  of  the  official  records  of  both  armies 
has  progressed,  and  made  intelligent  study  of  the  strategy 
and  the  fighting  of  Chickamauga  possible,  the  battle  has 
been  gradually  revealed  to  the  public  until  it  stands  to-day 
where  those  of  us  who  participated  knew  so  well  that  it  de- 
served to  rank — for  both  armies — as  the  most  stubbornly  con- 
tested battle  of  the  war.  And  not  only  this,  but  the  per- 
centage of  its  casualty  lists  are  found  to  exceed  those  of 
Napoleon's  most  noted  battles,  as  well  as  those  of  all  the 
later  fields  of  modern  Europe.  This  conclusively  appears 
from  some  facts  which  I  have  heretofore  presented  in  print 
in  regard  to  Chickamauga,  and  which  are  pertinent  here. 

The  marvel  of  German  fighting  in  the  great  battle  of  Mars 
la  Tour  was  performed  by  the  Third  Westphalian  Regiment. 
It  suffered  the  heaviest  loss  in  the  German  army  during  the 
Franco-Prussian  war.  It  went  into  battle  3,000  strong,  and 
its  loss  was  49.4  per  cent.  There  was  nothing  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  which  this  formed  a  part  which  exceeded  these 
figures,  and  they  became  famous  throughout  the  German 
army.  And  yet  in  our  war  there  were  over  sixty  regiments 
whose  losses  exceeded  this.  Seventeen  of  them  lost  above 
60  per  cent,  and  quite  a  number  ranged  from  70  to  80. 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        227 

There  were  over  a  score  of  regiments  on  each  side  at  Chicka- 
mauga  whose  loss  exceeded  that  of  the  Westphalian  Regi- 
ment. The  percentage  of  loss  in  the  charge  of  the  Light 
Brigade  at  Balaklava,  of  world-wide  celebrity,  was  only  36.7. 

The  battle  was  desperate  from  the  moment  it  opened  till 
its  close.  For  the  most  part  the  lines  fought  at  close  range, 
and,  in  the  countless  assaults,  often  hand  to  hand.  On  the 
first  day  there  were  no  field  works  of  any  kind.  On  the 
second,  Thomas  was  protected  on  the  Kelly  Farm  by  such 
rude  logworks  as  could  be  hastily  thrown  together.  Bran- 
nan,  after  the  break  on  Sunday,  and  Steedman  were  with- 
out a  semblance  of  works.  The  battle,  in  the  main,  on  both 
sides,  was  dogged,  stand-up  fighting  far  within  the  limits  of 
point-blank  range.  For  the  second  day,  on  the  Confederate 
side,  the  contest  was  one  continued  series  of  brave  and  mag- 
nificent assaults. 

A  reference  to  the  losses  on  each  side  will  show  that  there 
has  been  no  exaggeration  in  the  description  of  the  fighting. 
Rosecrans' loss  was  16,179.  This  included  4,774  missing, 
of  which  a  large  number  were  killed  or  wounded.  Bragg's 
losses,  as  compiled  and  estimated  at  the  War  Records  office, 
were  17,804.  Thus  the  total  loss  for  each  army  was  over 
25  per  cent  of  the  entire  force  of  each,  and  it  will  be  found 
to  average  about  33  per  cent  on  each  side  for  the  troops 
actually  engaged. 

Longstreet's  wing  of  the  Confederate  army  lost  44  per 
cent,  nearly  all  of  this  on  the  second  day,  and  the  largest 
part  of  that  in  an  hour  and  a  half  on  Sunday  afternoon. 

Steedman's  and  Brannan's  Divisions,  which  confronted  a 
portion  of  Longstreet's  assault,  lost,  the  first,  49  per  cent  in 
four  hours,  and  all  these  were  killed  or  wounded  but  one, 
and  the  second  an  average  of  38  per  cent,  while  one  brigade, 
Van  Derveer's,  of  Brannan,  lost  only  a  small  fraction  less 
than  50  per  cent 

For  the  entire  Union  army  the  losses  ranged  from  these 


228  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

maximum  figures  down  to  33  per  cent,  a  terrible  minimum  of 
one  in  three. 

Bushrod  Johnson's  Division  lost  44  per  cent,  Patton  An- 
derson's Brigade,  of  Hindman's,  30  per  cent,  and  most  of  this 
on  Sunday  afternoon.  Bate's  Brigade,  of  Stewart's  Division, 
lost  52  per  cent.  Preston's  division,  in  an  hour  and  a  half 
before  sunset  on  Sunday,  lost  33  per  cent,  and  Gracie's  Bri- 
gade nearly  35  per  cent  in  a  single  hour  while  assaulting 
Brannan's  position  on  the  Horseshoe.  ,  The  Brigade  losses  in 
Cheatham's  Division  ranged  from  35  to  50  per  cent.  The 
aggregate  loss  in  Breckinridge's  Division  was  33  per  cent. 
Cleburne's  loss  was  43  per  cent. 

These  figures  become  the  more  significant  when  compared 
with  the  statement  of  losses  of  the  world's  noted  battles. 
Gen.  Wheeler,  the  distinguished  Confederate  cavalry  com- 
mander, thus  vividly  presented  this  question  at  the  gathering 
of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  and  Confed- 
erates in  Chattanooga  in  1881,  first  premising  that: 

"  Waterloo  was  one  of  the  most  desperate  and  bloody  fields 
chronicled  in  European  history."  Gen.  Wheeler  showed  that 
Wellington's  casualties  were  much  below  the  rate  for  either 
side  at  Chickamauga  or  Gettysburg.  "At  Shiloh,  the  first 
great  battle  in  which  Gen.  Grant  was  engaged,  one  side  lost 
in  killed  and  wounded  9,740  out  of  33,000,  while  their  op- 
ponents reported  their  killed  and  wounded  at  9,616,  making 
the  casualties  about  30  per  cent.  At  the  great  Battle  of  Wa- 
gram,  Napoleon  lost  but  about  5  per  cent.  At  Wurzburg  the 
French  lost  but  3*^  per  cent,  and  yet  the  army  gave  up  the 
field  and  retreated  to  the  Rhine.  At  Racour,  Marshal  Saxe 
lost  but  2^/2,  per  cent.  At  Zurich,  Massena  lost  but  8  per 
cent.  At  Lagriz,  Frederick  lost  but  6^  per  cent.  At  Mal- 
plaquet,  Marlborough  lost  but  10  per  cent,  and  at  Ramillies 
the  same  intrepid  commander  lost  but  6  per  cent.  At  Con- 
tras,  Henry  of  Navarre  was  reported  as  cut  to  pieces,  yet  his 
loss  was  less  than  10  per  cent.  At  Lodi,  Napoleon  lost  i^ 
per  cent.  At  Valmy,  Frederick  lost  but  3  per  cent,  and  at  the 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        229 

great  battles  of  Marengo  and  Austerlitz,  sanguinary  as  they 
were,  Napoleon  lost  an  average  of  less  than  14^  per  cent. 
At  Magenta  and  Solferino,  in  1859,  the  average  loss  of  both 
armies  was  less  than  9  per  cent.  At  Worth,  Specheran,  Mars 
la  Tour,  Gravelotte  and  Sedan,  in  1870,  the  average  loss  was 
12  per  cent.  At  Linden,  Gen.  Moreau  lost  but  4  per  cent, 
and  the  Archduke  John  lost  7  percent  in  killed  and  wounded. 
Americans -scarcely  call  this  a  lively  skirmish.  At  Perry  ville, 
Murfreesboro,  Chickamauga,  Atlanta,  Gettysburg,  Mission- 
ary Ridge,  the  Wilderness,  and  Spottsylvania,  the  loss  fre- 
quently reached,  and  sometimes  exceeded,  40  per  cent,  and 
the  average  of  killed  and  wounded  on  one  side  or  the  other 
was  over  30  per  cent." 

When  it  is  considered  that  this  degree  of  bitter  fighting 
was  persistently  maintained  by  both  sides  throughout  two 
days,  without  any  defensive  works  deserving  the  name,  and 
for  the  most  part  without  any  at  all  except  as  the  natural  fea- 
tures of  the  ground  supplied  them  in  part  to  the  Union  side, 
it  is  readily  seen  that  there  is  no  other  field  of  the  war 
which  more  fully  illustrates  the  indomitable  courage  and  all  the 
varied  fighting  qualities  of  the  American  veteran.  A  large 
number  of  organizations  on  both  sides  in  that  battle  came 
out  of  it  with  a  loss  of  every  other  man  who  entered  it, 
killed  or  wounded. 

The  assaults  on  the  Confederate  side  were  without  parallel 
in  the  war.  Pickett's  charge  at  Gettysburg  was  a  single  effort. 
But  Longstreet's  entire  wing  at  Chickamauga  assaulted  time 
and  again  on  far  more  difficult  ground  than  the  slopes  of  Cem- 
etery Hill.  There  were  three  general  assaults  which  each  de- 
served to  rank  with  Pickett's  charge,  while  the  Union  defense 
of  the  Horseshoe  Ridge  is  also  without  parallel  in  the  war. 
So  thin  a  line  never  before  successfully  withstood  such  tre- 
mendous assaults.  Of  the  whole  battle,  from  opening  to 
close,  there  was  never  truer  thing  written  than  Gen.  Hind- 
man's  words  in  regard  to  his  conflict  with  Granger's  troops : 
"  I  have  never  known  Federal  troops  to  fight  so  well.  It  is 


230  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

just  to  say,  also,  that  I  never  saw  Confederate  soldiers  fight 
better."  And  Kershaw,  of  Longstreet's  Virginia  troops,  who 
had  seen  all  the  fighting  in  the  army  of  Northern  Virginia,  said 
of  one  of  the  Confederate  assaults  which  Brannan  repulsed : 
' '  This  was  one  of  the  heaviest  attacks  of  the  war  on  a  single 
point." 

Surely  the  ground  of  such  fighting  deserves  to  be  preserved 
for  pilgrimages  and  historic  study.  To  illustrate  the  attain- 
ments of  soldierly  endeavor  with  which  the  veterans  of  each 
army  distinguished  themselves  in  our  war,  there  is  no  spot  of 
fighting  ground  in  which  each  can  take  a  greater  pride,  or 
where  each  can  lay  stronger  claims  to  victory.  While  the 
Confederates  secured  and  held  the  field,  Gen.  Rosecrans 
gained  his  objective — Chattanooga. 

Chickamauga  is,  then,  beyond  question,  the  most  noted 
battle  field  of  modern  times,  when  measured  by  the  stubborn 
and  undaunted  fighting  done  upon  it — a  standard  whose  fair- 
ness there  will  be  none  to  dispute. 

We  meet  here,  surviving  veterans  of  that  field,  ranged 
once  in  confronting  lines,  fringed  with  all  that  made  war  hor- 
rible or  gilded  its  horrors  with  glory.  We,  who  fought  as 
iron  veterans  fight,  gather  here  to-day  under  one  flag,  citizens 
of  one  country,  to  celebrate  and  take  measures  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  the  fighting  which  will  cause  Chickamauga  to 
take  first  rank  among  the  battles  of  the  world. 

So  far  as  I  understand  it,  this  is  in  no  sense  a  political 
move.  Nor  need  it  be  regarded  as  non-partisan.  Speaking 
for  myself,  I  do  not  desire  to  be  misunderstood.  I  yield  to 
no  man  an  iota  of  my  convictions.  They  are  as  dear  to  me, 
and  as  clear  to  my  mind,  as  when  we  fought  for  them.  On 
the  other  hand,  for  the  purposes  which  we  seek  here,  I  ask  no 
one  of  the  brave  men  who  fought  for  their  convictions  under 
a  different  flag  to  yield  them  in  any  degree  to  me.  These 
differences  we  do  not  discuss,  nor  do  they  properly  enter  into 
our  project. 

That   contemplates  mainly  American  fighting  as  fighting — 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        231 

the  celebrating  in  enduring  bronze  and  marble  the  achieve- 
ments of  American  manhood  as  illustrated  in  the  unsur- 
passed pluck  and  endurance,  the  stubborn,  desperate,  and 
magnificent  fighting  performed  by  each  side  on  this  field  of 
Chickafnauga. 

We  propose  to  take  a  very  important,  very  necessary,  and 
eminently  practical  step  beyond  the  far-famed  Gettysburg 
Memorial  Association,  and  ascertain  and  permanently  desig- 
nate all  the  lines  of  both  armies,  and  set  up  tablets  to  mark 
the  lines  of  advance  and  the  extreme  points  reached  by  each 
squadron,  battery,  or  regiment,  be  it  Union  or  Confederate, 
and  to  state  their  strength  and  losses,  to  the  end  that  the  or- 
dinary visitor  and  military  student  shall  be  able,  one  and  all, 
to  understand  our  great  object  lesson  df  American  prowess 
on  the  field  of  battle. 

As  to  the  ways  and  means  of  our  project,  we  propose  to 
go  before  Congress  at  its  coming  session  and  ask  it  to  appro- 
priate a  sufficient  sum  to  buy  the  entire  field  from  Rossville 
Gap  to  Crawfish  Springs,  or  so  much  thereof  as  the  directors, 
when  our  organization  is  complete,  may  deem  expedient  to  se- 
cure. This  purchase,  of  course,  must  be  contingent  upon 
the  State  of  Georgia  ceding  jurisdiction  to  the  government 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  maintaining  a  National  Military 
Park. 

There  is  no  intention  of  dispossessing  the  present  owners 
and  occupants  of  the  field.  It  would  be  better  that  they 
should  remain,  upon  conditions  advantageous  to  themselves, 
to  preserve  its  roads  and  its  outlines  of  field  and  forest,  and 
its  farm  houses,  as  they  were  at  the  time  of  the  fight.  But 
these  things  belong  to  the  details  of  the  project,  and  it  will 
doubtless  be  easy  to  arrange  them  all  so  as  to  give  general 
satisfaction. 

Eleven  northern  and  eleven  southern  states  had  organiza- 
tions in  the  battle,  and  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Tennessee 
had  troops  on  each  side.  The  United  States  were  repre- 
sented by  nine  organizations.  The  general  government  will 


232  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK:' 

without  doubt  appropriate  liberally,  as  it  has  done  for  the 
Gettysburg  Field,  to  mark  the  positions  of  the  regular  regi- 
ments and  batteries.  The  purpose  is  to  ask  each  state  to 
erect  monuments  to  mark  the  ground  where  its  troops  distin- 
guished themselves.  There  must,  therefore,  be  a  joint  man- 
agement of  the  Park  by  the  government  and  the  states  inter- 
ested, the  manner  of  which  must  be  left  to  Congress  and 
those  charged  with  working  out  the  details  of  the  plan. 

To  our  proposed  Park,  ending  at  Rossville  Gap,  the  city 
of  Chattanooga  and  its  immediate  surroundings,  Lookout, 
Orchard  Knob,  and  Missionary  Ridge,  properly  attach  them- 
selves, enlarge  the  dimensions  of  our  scheme,  and  make 
it  unsurpassed  and  unsurpassable  as  a  place  for  interesting 
pilgrimages  or  military  study.  Here  the  natural  features, 
which  for  all  time  will  clearly  mark  the  lines  of  battle,  are 
such  that  scarcely  any  thing  is  needed  except  tablets  to  mark 
the  position  of  forts  and  headquarters,  to  complete  the 
project  we  are  here  considering.  The  roads  now  exist  lead- 
ing from  Rossville  to  the  extreme  north  point  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  and  from  Chattanooga  to  all  other  points  of  chief 
interest  in  the  noted  fields  about  the  city. 

No  words  from  me  to  you  who  can,  with  vivid  memory,  re- 
people  the  fields  and  the  surroundings  of  Chattanooga  with 
the  battle  pageants  which  will  make  them  illustrious  for  all 
time,  are  necessary  to  enforce  our  project,  or  make  it  clear 
that  when  once  established  it  must  excite  universal  and  con- 
tinuing interest. 

ADDRESS    OF    EX-GOV.    A.    S.    MARKS. 

When  Gen.  Boynton  concluded  his  remarks,  ex-Gov. 
Albert  S.  Marks,  of  Tennessee,  was  introduced  and  spoke  as 
follows : 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen  and  Old  Soldiers  Who  Wore  the  Blue  and 

the  Gray : 
In   the  name  of  the  soldiers  of  the  South,  soldiers  of  the 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        233 

North,  I  salute  you  and  welcome  you  among  us — welcome 
you  to  the  fields  of  Chickamauga. 

It  has  been  a  long  time  ago  since  the  men  of  the  North 
fronted  the  men  of  the  South  on  the  bloody,  stricken  field  of 
Chickamauga.  By  a  common  impulse — with  one  mind  and 
one  heart — the  men  of  the  South  and  the  men  of  the  North 
have  here  met  again  to-day  to  unite  in  celebrating  the  twenty- 
sixth  anniversary,  and  to  unite  in  a  testimonial  to  pos- 
terity, that  both  have  a  common  interest  and  a  common 
heritage  in  the  glories  of  the  field  of  Chickamauga. 

When  we  met  before,  thousands  of  men,  from  Maine  to 
Texas — from  every  state  of  the  Union — came  to  Chickamauga 
and  heard  the  long  roll  beat  off  for  the  last  time.  They  died 
that  Chickamauga  might  live  forever,  and  so  it  was  twenty- 
six  years  ago — in  the  blood  of  tens  of  thousands  of  brave 
men — Chickamauga  was  baptized  into  immortality. 

Where  we  stand  to-day,  then  the  firm  earth  trembled  with 
the  roar  and  crash  of  the  great  Lutzen  of  the  civil  war.  That 
day  when  the  guns  were  sounding  and  blood  was  running, 
was  heard  the  rebel  yell,  ringing  out  as  clear  and  sharp  as 
the  bray  of  ten  thousand  trumpets.  Up  from  the  field  of 
Chickamauga  it  rose  and  rolled  up  the  mountains,  and  now 
but  a  memory — now  like  an  echo  which  has  lost  itself  amid 
distant  hills — it  has  gone  forever  sounding  down  the  ages  of 
history,  poetry,  and  song.  From  the  same  field  to-day  rises 
the  sweet  anthem  of  peace.  It  swells  up  and  away  from  the 
field  of  Chickamauga,  swells  over  the  sentineling  mountains, 
and  floats  away  to  the  lakes  and  oceans,  its  sweet  strains  tell- 
ing that  the  men  of  the  North  and  of  the  South  will  learn  war 
no  more;  telling  that  the  battle  cloud  of  Chickamauga  has 
lifted,  and  above  that  glorious  field  the  bow  of  promise  and 
concord  is  gently  bending,  telling  that  peace,  like  a  sweet 
benediction,  shall  rest  upon  the  land  forever. 

When  we  met  here  before  we  saw  the  rude,  red  hand  of 
war  work  universal  desolation  upon  the  lovely  plain  of 
Chickamauga.  Returning  to-day,  we  see  that  nature,  the 


234  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

gentle  priestess  of  a  loving  God,  has  painted  out  with  her 
sweet  and  beautiful  colors  the  last  vestige  of  war's  desolation. 
We  see  that  she  has  re-clothed  its  naked,  war-plowed  fields 
with  her  verdant  robe,  and  over  them  the  gentle  flocks  and 
herds  roam  again  unvexed.  We  then  saw  its  forests — leaf- 
less, branchless — tossed  and  torn  by  the  hurricane  of  war,  but 
feeling  her  touch  again  they  lift  aloft  their  leafy  crowns. 
Again  she  has  made  the  beautiful  flowers  bloom  and  laden 
the  air  with  their  sweet  perfume.  She  has  brought  the  song- 
bird back,  and  again  its  sweet  notes  fill  its  forests  with  melody. 
Again  she  has  restored  the  crystal  waters  to  its  streams,  and 
now  they  flow  so  pure  and  limpid  they  give  no  sign  they  once 
ran  red  with  the  blood  of  the  brave. 

Since  we  see  that  the  beasts  of  the  field,  the  birds  of  the 
air,  and  the  inanimate  earth  heard  her  gentle  voice  and 
obeyed  her  sweet  influence,  can  we  wonder  that  when  the 
soldiers  of  the  North  and  the  South  meet  again  to-day  on  the 
field  of  Chickamauga,  and  look  down  into  their  hearts,  that 
there,  too,  they  find  she  has  painted  out  every  enmity,  every 
resentment,  every  vestige  of  war,  and  deep  down  in  the  rich 
soil  of  mutual  respect  planted  a  concord  and  friendship  which 
must  endure  as  long  as  the  men  live  who  made  the  field  of 
Chickamauga  immortal. 

Speaking  for  my  comrades,  we  frankly  declare  that  we 
now  regret,  and  have  always  regretted,  that  in  the  fertile  soil 
of  the  tremendous  differences  between  the  North  and  the 
South  the  horrid  seeds  of  war  were  ever  sown.  All  our 
dead  are  buried  and  all  our  wounds  are  healed.  Our 
backs  are  to  war  and  our  faces  to  peace.  We  recognize 
the  sovereignty  of  the  constitution,  of  the  Union.  We  es- 
teem, respect,  and  honor  you  men  of  the  North.  With  you 
we  have  one  common  country — a  common  destiny.  Still 
we  have  memories  which  are  surprisingly  dear  to  us  as  a 
people. 

We  glory  in  the  recollection  that,  when  hope  was  dying  in 
the  great  Revolutionary  heart,  our  ancestors,  with  their  sabers 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        235 

in  their  teeth,  climbed  King's  Mountain,  and  on  its  summit 
raised  Independence  to  its  feet,  placed  on  its  head  the  crown 
of  political  freedom,  and  put  in  its  hand  the  scepter  of  Amer- 
can  destiny. 

We  glory  in  the  recollection  that,  in  the  second  war  for 
independence,  on  the  plains  of  New  Orleans,  that  our  ances- 
tors with  their  bayonets  dug  up  by  the  roots  the  willow  of 
defeat  and  planted  the  oak  of  victory  so  firmly  that  since 
that  day  the  foot  of  a  foreign  enemy  has  never  polluted  the 
soil  of  the  Union. 

We  glory  in  the  recollection  that  when  in  the  fullness  of 
time  we  came  to  fight  out  the  great  quarrel  of  North  and 
South,  which  came  to  us  by  inheritance,  fronting  conditions 
which,  in  the  judgment  of  the  world,  made  miraculous  suc- 
cess alone  possible,  we  boldly  threw  down  the  gage  of  battle 
in  the  face  of  a  people  among  the  most  powerful,  the  most 
courageous,  and  most  warlike  of  all  the  peoples  under  the 
sun,  and  for  four  long  years  waged  the  unequal  conflict,  and 
by  our  sublime  courage  and  fortitude,  in  the  very  teeth  of 
fate,  time  and  again  moved  up  and  stood  in  the  very  shadow 
of  triumph. 

When  you  remember  that  the  Confederate  soldiers  marched 
and  fought  for  four  years  in  hunger  and  rags,  you  will  not  be 
surprised  when  I  tell  you  that  they,  too,  are  drawing  a  pension. 
It  is  a  pension  which  costs  no  man  any  thing,  and  the  man 
who  would  take  it  away  from  them  is  too  low  to  aspire  to  the 
dignity  of  being  contemptible.  The  pension  they  draw  is  a 
proud  consciousness  of  stern  duty  done  in  the  light  the  great 
God  gave  to  them  to  see  and  the  undying  love  and  reverence 
they  bear  to  their  dead  comrades — their  glorious  dead,  who 
never  heard  of  the  lost  cause — who  never  saw  the  fallen 
banner,  for  when  they  fell  it  was  floating  proudly  over  them — 
who  never  surrendered — who  never  passed  under  the  yoke — 
but  caught  up  from  the  field  of  their  glory — now  beyond  the 
river — under  the  martial  trees, 


236  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

"  On  fame's  eternal  camping  ground, 

Their  silent  tents  are  spread, 
While  glory  guards  with  solemn  round 
The  bivouac  of  the  dead." 

Men  of  the  North,  we  stand  face  to  face  with  you  to-day. 
We  will  not  speak  to  each  other  with  forked  tongues.  There 
has  been  much  babblement  about  whether  the  South  was 
right  or  wrong.  I  take  leave  to  say  in  this  presence  it  is  still 
an  open  question.  Accomplished  facts  put  it  in  the  power  of 
the  North  to  decide  it.  If  the  event  shall  prove  that  the  fear  of 
the  people  of  the  South  was  groundless,  that  the  people  of  the 
North  meant  to  take  away  from  them  their  country  and  their 
government,  inherited  from  their  fathers,  and  to  rule  and  ruin 
them  through  the  agency  of  an  alien  race,  then  it  will  follow 
that  the  people  of  the  South  were  in  the  wrong.  But  as  cer- 
tain as  the  sun  shines  and  the  grass  grows,  if  the  time  shall 
come  (which  God  forbid !)  that  the  people  of  any  one  of  the 
Southern  States  shall  be  discrowned  by  the  North,  then  the 
eternal  verdict  will  be  that  the  South  was  right  when  she 
struck  in  defense  of  the  birthright  of  her  people. 

This  occasion  affords  me  a  fit  opportunity  to  say  what  I 
think  about  your  distinguished  chairman.  In  my  judgment, 
in  comparison  with  his  merits,  he  is  the  most  underrated  of 
all  the  Federal  generals.  We  now  have  all  the  evidence  be- 
fore us,  and  when  we  impartially  measure  him  in  its  light,  we 
can  not  fail  to  see  that  he  is  entitled  to  stand  first  among  the 
Federal  generals. 

Reviewing  the  summer  and  fall  campaign  of  1862,  we  find 
the  general  result  was  disastrous  to  the  Federal  armies. 
Aside  from  the  repulse  of  Price  and  Van  Dorn  by  Rose- 
crans  at  Corinth,  the  Confederate  armies  suffered  no  material 
reverse. 

The  result  of  those  campaigns  had  the  effect  to  bring  more 
than  one  of  the  foreign  powers  to  a  serious  consideration  of 
the  question  of  recognizing  the  Confederacy.  It  had  the 
further  effect  of  so  alarming  the  people  of  the  states  of  the 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        237 

Mississippi  Valley  as  to  the  final  result  of  the  war,  that  they 
were  considering  whether  the  time  had  not  come  for  them  to 
surrender  the  Union  to  secure  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Beth  governments  were  apprised  of  the  probable 
action  of  the  foreign  powers.  We  now  know  that  in  the 
month  of  October,  1862,  Gen.  McClernand  went  to  Wash- 
ington and  acquainted  the  general  government  with  the  fact 
that  the  states  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  were  ripe  for  a  revolt, 
and  that  it  would  inevitably  come  unless  that  government 
immediately  manifested  its  ability  to  overthrow  the  Confed- 
eracy. The  Federal  government  saw  its  danger. 

To  prevent  the  recognition  of  the  Confederacy  and  the  re- 
volt of  the  states  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  it  determined  to 
press  a  winter  campaign  from  Virginia  to  Vicksburg.  Mc- 
Clellan  was  relieved,  and  Burnside  pushed  on  to  defeat  at 
Fredericksburg  in  December  1862.  In  as  many  days  sixty 
new  regiments  were  raised  in  the  states  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  and  pushed  on  to  Grant  and  Sherman,  and  they  were 
ordered  to  move  on  Vicksburg  and  take  it.  Their  army 
was  divided,  Sherman  to  move  by  the  river  to  Vicksburg 
and  Grant  to  support  him  by  moving  on  a  parallel  line.  The 
Confederate  government,  seeing  the  crisis,  took  order  accord- 
ingly. About  the  middle  of  December,  Forrest  penetrated 
West  Tennessee,  and  blazing  like  a  meteor  so  dazed  and 
paralyzed  Gen.  Grant  that  Gen.  Sherman  was  left  to  move 
unsupported  to  an  overwhelming  defeat  at  Vicksburg  on  the 
25th  of  December. 

It  was  on  the  3oth  of  December  that  Rosecrans  formed  his 
line  in  front  of  Murfreesboro.  Up  to  that  hour  every  battle 
fought  in  that  winter  campaign  to  prevent  the  recognition  of 
the  Confederates  and  to  prevent  the  revolt  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  had  resulted  in  the  overwhelming  defeat  of  the  Fed- 
eral armies.  Events  had  made  Murfreesboro  the  hinge  upon 
which  the  fortunes  of  the  Confedaracy  must  turn.  That  bat- 
tle won  by  the  Confederates,  the  paper  blockade  would  be 
torn  to  tatters  and  the  independence  of  the  Confederacy  as- 


238  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

sured.  Gen.  Rosecrans  understood  far  better  than  the  gov- 
ernment at  Washington  the  gravity  of  the  task  assigned  him. 
But  a  few  days  before  his  march  began,  Gen.  Rosecrans  had 
given  his  deposition  in  the  Buell  commission  case,  in  which 
he  had  said  upon  oath  that  Bragg's  Army,  for  its  numbers, 
was  the  best  army  he  ever  saw.  It  was  flushed  with  its 
brilliant  victory  at  Perryville.  He  knew  that  in  a  fair  field, 
man  to  man,  the  defeat  of  that  army  was  impossible.  His 
plan  of  battle  was  to  move  a  heavy  column  upon  his  left, 
push  it  over  Stone's  River,  turn  the  Confederate  right,  di- 
vided as  it  was  from  the  Confederate  left  and  center  by 
Stone's  River,  and  occupy  Murfreesboro  in  the  rear  of  the 
Confederate  center,  and  by  this  maneuver  win  the  battle. 
While  this  movement  was  in  progress,  Hardee,  with  the 
Confederate  left,  struck  his  right  and  ground  it  to  powder. 
His  center  could  not  gain  an  inch  of  ground,  and  all  it  could 
do  was  to  hold  its  ground  by  the  most  desperate  fighting.  His 
whole  right  was  in  full  retreat,  and  Hardee  drivin'g  to  his 
rear  like  a  tempest.  By  all  the  rules  of  war  the  Confed- 
erates had  gained  the  day.  They  had  raised  the  blockade. 
They  had  won  the  independence  of  the  South. 

At  this  supreme  moment  the  genius  of  Rosecrans  struck 
the  fatal  blow  to  the  Confederacy.  He  immediately  recalled 
his  left,  formed  it  on  a  line  perpendicular  to  his  center,  and 
there  he  stood  with  a  line  of  battle  the  like  of  which  had 
never  before  been  seen  on  land  or  sea,  waiting  for  Hardee 
and  the  Confederate  left.  When  at  last  it  fronted  his  new 
line,  it  had  been  cut  to  pieces  by  a  half  day's  fighting.  Its 
ammunition  was  spent.  The  men  were  worn  down  by  a  rush 
over  two  miles  of  fighting  ground.  Their  artillery  was  far 
in  their  rear.  They  threw  themselves  upon  the  new  line  with 
the  fury  of  heroes.  The  struggle  was  terrific,  but  the  genius 
of  Rosecrans  had  assigned  them  a  task  impossible  for  men 
to  perform,  and  so  it  was  not  written  in  the  book  of  fate  that 
the  Confederate  left  should  have  the  glory  of  crushing  both 
the  right  and  left  of  the  Federal  army  on  the  same  field. 


ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.        239 

On  that  field  the  genius  of  Rosecrans  turned  the  paper 
blockade  into  one  of  adamant  and  doomed  the  Confederates 
to  fight  on  to  the  end  in  hunger  and  rags,  without  pay  and 
without  the  appliances  for  war.  On  that  field  his  genius  de- 
stroyed the  Confederacy  and  re-established  the  Union. 
While  on  the  arrow  that  struck  us  down  we  see  -the  feather 
of  Rosecrans,  yet  there  is  not  a  Confederate  in  the  South 
who  does  not  honor  him,  for,  while  in  war  he  was  our  dead- 
liest enemy,  in  peace  he  has  been  our  constant,  unfaltering 
friend. 

General  Rosecrans,  with  one  voice,  the  soldiers  of  the 
South  welcome  you  among  them  and  salute  you  as  first 
among  the  Federal  generals ! 

ADDRESS    OF    HON.   W.    A.    HENDERSON. 

Hon.  W.  A.  Henderson,  of  Knoxville,  who  was  observed 
to  be  present,  was  next  called  upon  by  the  Chairman,  and, 
after  repeated  calls,  he  came  on  the  platform  and  spoke,  in 
part,  as  follows  : 

Ladies,  and  Comrades  of  both  Armies : 

I  am  proud  to  be  selected  for  such  an  occasion  as  this.  I 
came  to  listen  and  not  to  speak.  I  stopped  on  my  way  from 
my  work  in  the  mountains  to  my  home  in  the  hill  country, 
to  see  what  was  being  done  and  hear  what  was  being  said  in 
this  city  of  Chattanooga*  *  *. 

Now,  if  there  is  any  man  in  the  North  who  would  like  to 
carry  back  with  him  an  absolute  knowledge  of  what  a  rebel 
soldier  thinks,  representing  that  class  which  is  the  class 
that  carried  a  musket  and  smelled  gunpowder,  I  win  tell 
you  what  the  main  body  of  them  think  on  this  subject. 
I  don't  speak  for  all,  for  in  a  pile  of  apples  they  aren't 
all  sound  [laughter],  but  I  can  tell  you  what,  in  my  opinion, 
a  backbone  of  the  South  thinks  about  this  question,  and  you 
may  carry  it  home  with  you  and  it  will  be  verified.  That  is 
this:  I  believe  it  as  strongly  as  any  thing  that  was  ever 


240  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

written  by  St.  John,  that  the  South,  in  material  progress, 
has  made  more  by  the  war  than  has  the  North.  [Great 
cheering.]  Some  people  thought  the  question  of  slavery 
was  the  bone  of  contention  which  brought  on  and  which 
carried  out  the  war.  Rather  in  apposition  than  in  oppo- 
sition to  what  Gen.  Marks  has  just  said,  that  question  is 
settled  now,  and  settled  forever,  and  in  that  settlement  of 
the  question  the  South  has  gained  more  than  the  North. 
While  those  men  who  wore  the  blue  were  settling  that  ques- 
tion against  us,  in  our  teeth,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  they 
themselves  did  not  know,  and  may  not  now  know,  how  much 
good  they  were  doing.  [Applause.] 

While  it  is  true  that  they  set  4,000,000  slaves  free,  they 
did  not  know  so  well  then,  as  we  know  now,  that  they  also 
set  free  4,000,000  of  the  young  white  men  of  the  South  [great 
applause]  whose  hands  were  bound  down,  chained  by  the 
prejudices  that  we  were  then  living  under.  It  may  have 
been  involuntarily  done,  but  they  have,  for  us,  made  it  re- 
spectable to  work,  and  it  is  this  work  by  the  young  white 
men  of  the  South,  the  mixing  of  brain  with  muscle,  which 
never  could  have  been  done  by  slave  labor,  or  her  cousin- 
germain,  convict  labor.  It  is  that  which  is  rebuilding  our 
temple  more  glorious  than  that  which  was  originally  con- 
structed by  King  Solomon.  [Applause.] 

In  the  providence  of  God,  this  thing  never  could  have 
been  done  in  any  other  way.  It  was  not  a  question  for  ar- 
gument. It  was  not  a  question  for  lawyers  or  courts.  It 
was  a  question  for  the  sword,  and  shot,  and  shell,  and  bayo- 
net. [Turning  to  Gen.  Rosecrans.]  You,  sir,  won  the  law- 
suit, but  we  got  the  mule.  [Great  and  prolonged  cheers.] 

This  is  what  you  can  tell  them  when  you  go  back  to  your 
homes,  and  you  can  tell  them  you  have  seen  the  facts  of  it 
working  now.  Look  around  you  where  we  now  stand. 
What  old  soldier  who  was  here  twenty-six  years  ago  can  go 
without  the  greatest  difficulty  around  this  city  of  Chattanooga 


ORIGIN    AND    DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK.    PROJECT.     241 

and  find  the  place  even  where  his  camp  stood?  He  is  look- 
ing for  a  mud  hole  and  he  finds  a  palace  there.  He  is  looking 
for  an  old  field,  and  he  finds  improvements  there.  You  find 
that  the  rock  has  given  way  to  the  vineyard,  and  the  thistle 
is  gone  in  the  presence  of  the  roses. 

The  young  white  men  of  the  South  have  done  this  and  will 
do  more.  They  never  could  have  done  it  had  it  not  been 
for  the  war.  Now,  this  enterprise  of  yours,  in  attestation  of 
this  idea,  I  heartily  bid  God-speed.  If  heartily  pressed,  it 
will  be  a  success  beyond  question.  Let  this  Chickamauga 
of  yours  and  ours  be  made  eternal  and  holy  as  the  Mecca  of 
the  Musselman  and  the  Jerusalem  of  the  Jew,  where  both 
sides  can  come,  and  where  the  descendants  of  the  gray  and 
blue  may  look  upon  it  with  mutual  pride ;  where,  as  it  was 
before  stated,  the  coming  young  man  may  study  the  art  of 
war  with  the  proudest  battle  field  before  his  face  that,  in  my 
opinion,  is  on  this  round  world  of  ours;  and  these  coming 
young  men  from  both  sides,  standing  side  by  side  on  this  his- 
toric place,  will  become  cemented  firmer  and  stronger  as  the 
days  go  by ;  and  let  me  give  warning  to  my  friend,  the  chair- 
man of  this  meeting,  that  the  young  men  of  the  South  are 
watching  their  opportunity,  day  by  day,  to  show  to  the 
world  how  true  the  Southern  man  is  to  the  constitution  and 
to  our  flag  of  the  stars  and  stripes.  I  am  persuaded  that 
they  are  watching  national  issues,  which  will  lead  to  disruption 
with  other  countries,  closer  than  are  the  men  of  the  North. 

The  farmers  talk  to  each  other  about  the  fishery  question 
with  England,  and  the  internal  policy  of  France,  and  the 
national  questions  that  are  involving  other  countries.  If  a 
foreign  government  should  break  the  confines  of  the  soil  of 
the  United  States,  I  give  you  warning  to  look  well  to  your 
laurels,  that  the  men  of  the  South  do  n't  outstrip  you  in  the 
contest  in  devotion  to  our  Union.  They  look  upon  this  flag 
as  their  flag,  as  it  is  their  flag,  because,  while  this  war  ended 
as  it  did,  we  left  the  questions  that  were  involved  in  it  behind 
us,  and  have  returned  to  our  own  country.  You  may  trust 


242  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

the  man  of  the  South  as  he  trusts  you.  He  will  be  hand  to 
hand  with  you  in  other  questions  as,  when  he  thought  he  was 
right,  he  was  bravely  face  to  face  against  you.  When  such  a 
time  comes,  then  they  will  stand  hand  to  hand  and  side  by 
side.  God  speed  your  Chickamauga  enterprise.  I  foretell 
that  it  will  be  successful,  and  we  on  our  side  will  further  its 
interests  as  far  as  it  will  be  in  our  power  to  do  so. 

Previous  to  this  meeting,  in  pursuance  of  a  joint  invitation 
issued  by  Maj.  W.  J.  Colburn,  Chairman  Executive  Commit- 
tee Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Adolph  S.  Ochs,  Chairman 
Local  Committee  Chickamauga  National  Park  Association, 
and  Capt.  J.  F.  Shipp,  Commander  of  Forrest  Camp  Con- 
federate Veterans,  a  preliminary  meeting  of  Confederate 
veterans  was  held,  at  which  Captain  Shipp  briefly  outlined 
the  object  of  the  meeting  and  the  proposed  plan  of  organ- 
izing the  Chickamauga  National  Park  Association.  The  fol- 
lowing associations  were  represented  : 

Army  of  the  Tennessee  Veteran  Association,  New  Orleans — 
Gen.  Jno.  Glynn,  Jr.,  E.  T.  Manning,  Jno.  McCoy,  Capt.  J. 
A.  Chalaron,  Lieut.  Jno.  B.  Ballard,  R.  D.  Scriven,  Col. 
Fremaux,  C.  L.  Sinclair,  Capt.  Eugene  May,  Col.  Thos.  H. 
Handy. 

Confederate  Cavalry  Association,  New  Orleans — Dr.  Y.  R. 
Lemonnier,  Col.  Jos.  H.  Duggan,  Col.  Robt.  W.  Gillespie. 

Washington  Artillery,  Army  Northern  Virginia,  New  Or- 
leans— Gen.  Wm.  J.  Beham,  Col.  Wm.  Miller  Owen. 

Tennessee  State  Association  Confederate  Veterans — Capt.  Thos. 
F.  Perkins,  President,  Franklin,  Tenn. 

Frank  Cheatham  Bivouac,  Nashville,  Tenn. — Col.  Thos. 
Claiborn,  Maj.  J.  W.  Morton,  Capt.  Geo.  B.  Guild,  Capt. 
Pat  Griffin,  Wm.  Allen,  John  Shields. 

Confederate  Veteran  Association,  Chicago,  III. — Maj.  Geo. 
Forrester,  Capt.  R.  H.  Stewart. 

Forbes  Bivouac,  Clarksville,  Tenn. — Capt.  C.  W.  Tyler, 
Chas.  H.  Bailey,  Clay  Stacker,  Cave  Johnson. 


ORIGIN    AND    DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.      243 

Frierson  Bivouac,  Shclbyville,  Tenn. — Hon.  E.  Shepard,  H. 
C.  Whitesides,  J.  L.  Burt,  Dr.  Samuel  M.  Thompson. 

The  J.  B.  Palmer  Bivouac,  Murfreesboro,  Tcnn. — Hon.  J. 
W.  Sparks. 

F.  K.  Zollicoffer  Camp,  Knoxville,  Tenn. — Frank  A.  Moses, 
Chas.  Ducloux. 

Veteran  Confederate  States  Cavalry  Association,  New  Or- 
leans— Maj.  D.  A.  Given. 

N.  B.  Forrest  Camp  Confederate  Veterans,  Chattanooga, 
Tenn. — Capt.  J.  F.  Shipp,  Capt.  L.  T.  Dickinson,  Capt.  J. 
L.  McCollum,  Capt.  M.  H.  Clift,  Col.  T.  M.  McConnell, 
Judge  W.  L.  Eakin,  Col.  Tomlinson  Fort,  Capt.  Milton  Rus- 
sell, Dr.  G.  W.  Drake. 

Capt.  Geo.  B.  Guild,  of  Nashville,  was  elected  Chairman, 
and  E.  T.  Manning,  Secretary.  After  a  full  explanation  of 
the  project,  it  was  enthusiastically  indorsed,  and  officers  and 
directors  to  represent  the  Confederate  side  were  elected. 

The  next  day  a  quorum  of  incorporators  was  held  at 
Crawfish  Springs,  Georgia,  for  organization  under  the  charter 
it  being  agreed  that  this  should  take  place,  as  if  the  court 
had  formally  granted  it,  and  that  the  organization  there  agreed 
upon  should  stand.  The  occasion  was  marked  by  one  of  the 
largest  barbecues  ever  held  in  the  South,  tables  being  set  for 
12,000  people,  and  all  of  them  filled.  This  remarkable  affair 
was  organized  and  carried  through  by  the  active  work"  of  the 
committee  of  which  Gordon  Lee,  Esq.,  was  Chairman,  and 
W.  P.  McClatchey  Secretary.  -  . 

The  formal  exercises  preceding  the  barbecue  were  opened 
by  Gov.  John  B.  Gordon,  of  Georgia,  who  said  : 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Fellow  Soldiers  of  both  Armies  : 

On  this  anniversary  morning  the  South  salutes  you  with  un- 
covered heads,  with  open  arms,  and  earnest,  honest  hearts. 

She  can  not  receive  you  with  costly  and  imposing  cere- 
monials, but  with  simplicity  of  speech  and  patriotic  purpose 


244  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

she  gladly  greets  the  brave  and  generous  of  each  army  and 
of  every  section. 

To  this  renowned  battle  ground,  made  memorable  by  your 
prowess  and  hallowed  by  American  blood,  she  bids  you  wel- 
come. The  South  congratulates  the  whole  country  that  these 
historic  plains,  where  twenty-six  years  ago  you  met  in  deadly 
sectional  conflict,  are  now  to  become  the  scene  and  witness 
of  your  joint  pledge  of  restored  and  enduring  fraternity.  She 
congratulates  the  Republic  that  here  where  the  North  and 
the  South  marshaled  their  hosts  for  battle,  these  hosts  now 
meet  in  living,  lasting  brotherhood,  united  in  the  bonds  of  mu- 
tual respect  and  confidence — a  brotherhood  made  better, 
braver,  and  grander  by  mutually  cherished  and  imperishable 
memories. 

The  people  of  this  section  hail  with  pleasure  the  coming  of 
all  men  who  have  borne  themselves  bravely  on  the  field  of 
duty,  but  they  fling  wide  their  open  doors  and  greet  with  a 
thousand  welcomes  those  who  in  war  were  brave,  and  in 
peace  are  both  generous  and  just. 

True  courage,  always  and  every-where,  challenges  the  re- 
spect and  homage  of  mankind;  but  the  truest  and  highest 
courage  is  that  which  is  born  of  lofty  convictions,  and  is 
elevated  in  its  aspirations,  gentle,  loving,  and  tender. 

True  courage  cherishes  generosity  as  its  noblest  character- 
istic, conquers  prejudice  and  passion  as  its  highest  achieve- 
ment, and  thus  brings  to  the  victor  the  greatest  possible  glory, 
to  the  vanquished  the  least  possible  detriment,  and  to  both 
the  utmost  possible  harmony,  happiness,  and  peace. 

To  you,  General  Rosecrans,  and  soldiers  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,  I  come  with  a  soldier's  greeting  on  my  lips, 
and  a  soldier's  sympathy  in  my  heart. 

Speaking  of  those  whom  I  am  called  to  represent,  I  pledge 
their  earnest  co-operation  in  the  sacred  mission  which  con- 
venes you,  and  in  all  things  which  pertain  to  the  peace,  wel- 
fare, and  unity  of  the  American  people. 

In  their  name  I   proclaim  their  eternal  fealty  to  the  Ameri- 


ORIGIN    AND    DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.        245 

ican  Constitution,  which  is  their  protecting  shield;  to  the 
American  Republic,  wjiich  is  the  joint  work  of  the  Father's 
hands,  and  to  the  American  Union  of  States,  from  which 
they  withdrew  for  their  safety,  but  which,  now  that  the 
causes  of  dissensions  are  gone,  they  would  loyally  and 
bravely  defend  for  their  future  protection.  They  rest  in  the 
assurance  that  the  Union,  though  restored  by  arms,  is  to  be 
preservedandmade-stronger  and  perpetual  by  universal  amity 
and  impartial  laws.  With  a  love  for  this  whole  country 
which  no  power  can  destroy;  with  a  title  to  its  freedom 
which  none  will  dispute;  with  ancestral  traditions  which  are 
dearer  than  life,  we  are  here  to  unite  with  you  in  the  final  and 
eternal  sepulture  of  sectional  hostility.  The  causes  which 
produced  alienation  were  long  since  engulfed  in  the  vortex 
of  revolution  beyond  the  power  of  resurrection.  Let  us 
therefore  bury  the  passions  which  these  causes  evoked  in  a 
still  deeper  grave.. 

Let  us  bury  the  foul  spirit  of  discord  so  deep  that  no  blast 
of  partisan  political  trumpet,  however  wide-sounding  and 
penetrating,  can  ever  wake  it  to  service  again. 

Gainsay  it  who  will,  since  slavery  is  abolished,  and  the 
Chinese  wall  along  the  line  of  36°  38'  is  broken  down,  there 
is  absolutely  no  legitimate  barrier  of  separation  and  no  cause 
for  strife. 

Why  may  not  the  wide  waves  of  sympathetic  Continental 
patriotism  roll  from  sea  to  sea,  and  from  Maine  to  Texas, 
without  a  break  or  a'  ripple,  or  a  single  obstruction?  God 
speed  the  day  when  this  truth  shall  command  recognition 
throughout  the  Republic.  God  speed  the  day  when  un- 
worthy doubt  shall  give  place  to  universal  trust;  when  un- 
stinted faith  in  the  unimpeachable  honor  and  patriotism 
of  the  whole  American  people  shall  become  an  essential 
passport  to  public  station ;  when  he  who  fights  least  for  party 
and  most  for  country  shall  be  proclaimed  by  press  and  people 
as  the  wisest  statesman  and  the  truest  friend  of  liberty. 


246  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

To  this,  Gen.  Rosecrans  made  response : 

-     •  » 

Comrades : 

How  strange  it  seems  that  I  am  called  upon  by  every  rea- 
son and  every  sentiment  to  call  you  comrades,  to  call  you 
fellow-citizens.  I  never  was  in  a  condition  to  fail  to  do  it — 
to  call  the  men  comrades  who,  twenty-six  years  ago  to-day, 
and  at  this  hour,  were  in  deadly  conflict  with  my  Northern 
soldiers  over  in  those  fields  yonder.  I  see  that  I  shall  not 
be  able  to  "reach  this  audience;  I  see  that  my  voice  will 
be  as  inadequate  to  reach  this  vast  crowd  as  my  words  will 
be  to  express  the  gratification  with  which  I  return  thanks  to 
the  Governor  of  this  great  State — to  this  gallant  soldier  who 
has  given  us  such  a  splendid  welcome,  and  in  so  doing  has 
uttered  such  noble,  patriotic,  and  far-reaching  sentiments. 

Soldiers  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland !  See  this  vast 
crowd.  It  greets  us  through  the  Governor  of  the  State  to 
which  they  belong.  It  greets  us  with  all  this  preparation, 
and  I  presume  this  entire  affair  was  planned  and  paid  for  by 
the  very  men  we  used  to  call  Confederates.  [A  voice — Right 
you  are !]  What  does  this  signify  ?  The  eloquent  orator 
who  had  just  taken  his  seat  spoke  of  the  magnanimity  of  the 
truly  brave.  What  words  can  express  the  magnanimity  of 
the  Confederate  soldiers  who  fought  on  this  battle  field 
twenty-six  years  ago,  against  the  soldiers  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland  who  were  here  at  that  time,  in  a  great  contest 
for  life.  Great  souls  are  those  who  fight  for  liberty;  who 
sacrifice  their  property,  their  lives,  and  every  thing  that  man 
holds  dear ;  but  greater  souls,  still,  are  those  who  now  uphold 
with  unrelenting  vigor  the  principles  of  friendship  and  fra- 
ternal greeting.  Your  eloquent  Governor  says  why.  I  know 
not;  I  am  unable  to  answer.  I  say  they  should  fraternize. 
We  assembled  to-day  to  carry  out  a  project  for  making  this 
a  National  Memorial  Battle  Field,  a  National  Memorial 
Battle  Park,  dedicated  to.  the  bravery  of  the  soldiers  of  the 


ORIGIN    AND    DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.        247 

United  States — I  wish  I  had  a  word  that  would  cover  it — 
American  bravery.  [Applause.] 

I  believe  that  the  work  you  have  begun  will  be  carried 
auspiciously  through.  If  it  is  done,  there  will  be  no  equal 
in  these  United  States,  nor  will  there  be  in  the  tide  of  time, 
fellow-citizens,  a  record  of  such  a  thing  as  this  grand  work 
which  we  propose  to  undertake,  and  which  I  have  just  men- 
tioned. I  know  of  nothing  in  history  comparable  to  it.  I 
know  of  nothing  which  would  inspire  the  soul  or  fire  the 
heart  of  an  American  soldier  as  much  as  to  see  this  splendid 
monument  to  American  patriotism. 

I  am  sure  that  Gov.  Gordon  has  so  far  expressed  the 
feelings  and  sentiments  of  the  noble  soldiers  of  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland,  that  it  is  wasting  words  for  me  to  under- 
take to  .gild  fine  gold,  and  I  therefore  proceed  to  say  :  If 
we  can  carry  out  the  purpose  for  which  this  assemblage  has 
met  here,  we  can  make  this  battle  field  a  monument  to 
national  courage,  pluck,  endurance,  and  bravery.  We  know, 
fellow  citizens,  that  this  ground  was  watered  by  the  blood  of 
twenty-seven  of  the  States  of  this  Union,  and  I  feel  that  it 
is  the  Union  that  will  aid  in  maintaining  this  splendid 
memorial  to  the  bravery  of  her  sons. 

As  an  eloquent  speaker  said,  yesterday,  in  the  big  tent  at 
Chattanooga,  "the  project  is  a  good  one,  if  it  don't  die 
a-bornin."  Now,  fellow  citizens,  I  am  sorry  that  I  am  not 
able  to  fittingly  express  the  feelings  I  have  on  this  occasion, 
nor  to  entertain  you  with  the  kind  thoughts  that  come  be- 
fore my  mind  as  I  stand  here.  I  am  sure  I  have  not  the 
words,  neither  have  I  the  voice,  to  appropriately  do  so,  but 
I  hope  and  pray  that  the  future  may  see  the  eminent  suc- 
cess of  our  fraternal  undertaking. 

After  the  barbecue,  a  joint  meeting  of  veterans  was  held 
in  the  Baptist  Church  on  the  battle  field  at  Chickamauga,  at 
which  a  full  organization  was  effected  and  incorporators  and 


248  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

directors  elected.  Gen.  H.  M.  Cist  was  elected  Chairman 
and  E.  T.  Manning,  Secretary. 

In  making  up  the  list  of  incorporators,  each  State  was 
given  representation  as  nearly  as  possible  in  proportion  to 
the  troops  it  had  in  the  battle.  These  were  as  follows : 

Alabama— William  H.  Forney,  J.  T.  Holtzclaw,  W.  C. 
Gates,  Joseph  Wheeler,  and  S.  M.  A.  Wood. 

Arkansas — James  H.  Berry,  Clifton  R.  Breckinridge, 
Evander  McNair,  and  L.  H.  Mangum. 

Colorado — ;G.  C.  Symes. 

District  of  Columbia — Absalom  Baird,  H.  V.  Boynton,  and 
W.  S.  Rosecrans. 

Florida — Wilkinson  Call,  Robert  H.  M.  Davidson,  and 
Jesse  J.  Finley. 

Georgia — Joseph  M.  Brown,  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  J.  B. 
Cummings,  James  Longstreet,  Lafayette  McLaws,  and  E.  B. 
Tate. 

Illinois — S.  D.  Adkins,  Lyman  Bridges,  A.  C.  McClurg, 
E.  A.  Otis,  John  M.  Palmer,  and  P.  S.  Post. 

Indiana — Joseph  B.  Dodge,  W.  Q.  Gresham,  J.  J.  Rey- 
nolds, M.  S.  Robinson,  G.  W.  Steele,  and  J.  T.  Wilder. 

Iowa— Frank  Hatton  and  W.  P.  Hepburn. 

Kansas — John  A.  Martin. 

Kentucky— C.  D.  Bailey,  J.  C.  S.  Blackburn,  R.  M.  Kelly, 
G.  C.  Kniffin,  Joseph  H.  Lewis,  Alfred  Pirtle,  and  W.  J. 
Stone. 

Louisiana — Randall  L.  Gibson  and  Felix  Robertson. 

Michigan— H.  M.  Duffield  and  A.  W.  Wilber. 

Minnesota — J.  W.  Bishop  and  R.  W.  Johnson. 

Mississippi — Charles  E.  Hooker,  J.  Bright  Morgan,  Jacob 
M.  Sharp,  J.  A.  Smith,  and  Edward  C.  Walthall. 

Missouri — Joseph  S.  Fullerton,  William  Henry  Hatch, 
Robert  McCulloch,  John  S.  Melton,  and  W.  H.  Wade. 

Neu>  York—C.  A.  Dana  and  A.  G.  McCook. 

North  Carolina— William  R.  Cox,  David  H.  Hill,  Charles 
W.  McClammey,  and  Matt  W.  Ransom. 


ORIGIN    AND    DE.VELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.      249 

Ohio — H.  M.  Cist,  W.  F.  Goodspeed,  Charles  H.  Grosvenor, 
P.  P.  Lane,  J.  G.  Mitchell,  J.  G.  Taylor,  and  Ferd.  Van 
Derveer. 

Pennsylvania — William  J.  Palmer,  John  Tweedale,  and 
John  G.  Vale. 

South  Carolina — Ellison  Capers  and  E.  M.  Law. 

Tennessee — Frank  C.  Armstrong,  William  B.  Bate,  John  C. 
Brown,  S.  B.  Moe,  Adolph  S.  Ochs,  Lucius  E.  Polk,  Alex- 
ander P.  Stewart,  Gates  P.  Thruston,  and  Marcus  J.  Wright. 

Texas— C.  B.  Kilgore,  Roger  Q.  Mills,  and  William  B. 
Sayers. 

Virginia — R.  A.  Brock,  I.  M.  French,  and  George  D. 
Wise. 

Wisconsin — H.  C.  Hobart  and  John  L.  Mitchell. 

United  States  Army — J.  M.  Brannan,  H.  C.  Gushing,  S. 
C.  Kellogg,  Frank  G.  Smith,  and  Thomas  J.  Wood. 

The  following  were  chosen  Directors : 

Alabama — Gen.  Jos.  Wheeler. 

Arkansas — Capt.  C.  R.  Breckinridge. 

Florida — Gen.  T.  Finley. 

Georgia — Gen.  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  Gen.  James  Longstreet. 

Illinois — Gen.  A.  C.  McClurg. 

Indiana — Gen.  J.  J.  Reynolds. 

Kentucky — Col.  G.  C.  Kniffen,  Gen.  Jos.  H.  Lewis. 

Louisiana — Gen.  Randall  L.  Gibson. 

Minnesota — Gen.  J.  W.  Bishop. 

Mississippi — Col.  Chas.  E.  Hooker. 

Missouri — Gen.  F.  M.  Cockrell,  Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton. 

North  Carolina— Gen.  D.  H.  Hill. 

Ohio — Gen.  Henry  M.  Cist,  Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  Gen. 
Ferd.  Van  Derveer. 

South  Carolina— Gen.  E.  M.  Law. 

Tennessee — Gen.  Marcus  J.  Wright,  Gen.  Gates  P.  Thrus- 
ton, Gen.  J.  T.  Wilder. 

Texas— Gen.  Roger  Q.  Mills. 


250  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

U.  S.  Army — Gen.  A.  Baird,  Col.  S.  C.  Kellogg. 
Virginia — Hon.  Geo.  D.  Wise. 

Washington,  D.  C  — Gen.  W.  S.  Rosecrans,  Gen.  H.  V. 
Boynton. 

An  election  for  officers  resulted  as  follows,  the  vote  for 
each  being  unanimous : 

President, 
JOHN  T.  WILDER,  Johnson  City,  Tenn. 

Vice  President, 
JOSEPH  WHEELER,  Wheeler's  Station,  Ala. 

Secretary, 
MARCUS  J.  WRIGHT,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Treasurer, 
J.  S.  FULLERTON,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

The  charter  of  the  Association  has  a  life  of  twenty  years. 

Such  was  the  organization  under  which  the  project  of  a 
Military  Park  at  Chickamauga  first  took  shape.  While  this 
plan  was  soon  superseded  by  a  more  comprehensive  project, 
those  active  in  the  former  have  remained  prominent  and  in- 
fluential supporters  of  the  latter. 

NOTE. — The  reports  of  speeches  and  meetings  in  this 
chapter  are  mainly  from  the  account  of  the  Chickamauga 
Memorial  Association,  published  by  the  Chattanooga  Army 
of  the  Cumberland  Entertainment  Committee. 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PARK  PROJECT.         251 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT PLAN    CHANGED    TO  A 

NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

When  the  question  arose  in  the  winter  following  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Association,  of  asking 
the  aid  of  Congress  in  the  purchase  of  the  battle  field,  the 
author  of  the  project  conceived  the  idea  of  enlarging  the 
scope  of  the  scheme  so  as  to  embrace  the  notable  fields  of 
Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  'Ridge,  and  the  lesser 
affairs  of  the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  and  establishing  the 
whole  as  a  National  Park  under  the  control  of  the  Secretary 
of  War. 

He  therefore  drew  a  bill  authorizing  the  purchase  by  the 
Government  of  the  entire  field  of  Chickamauga,  and  the  ac- 
quirement of  the  main  roads  leading  to  and  through  that 
field,  and  those  along  Missionary  Ridge,  and  thence  over 
Lookout  Mountain,  as  "Approaches."  Under  the  bill,  the 
Secretary  of  War,  acting  through  a  commission  of  his  own 
selection,  was  authorized  to  establish  the  Park.  It  was  to  be 
known  as  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Mili- 
tary Park. 

After  consultation  with  leading  men  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  the  bill  was  put  into  the  hands  of  Gen.  Charles 
H.  Grosvenor,  an  influential  member  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, who  served  with  signal  distinction  at  Chicka- 
mauga, and  is  prominent  in  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland.  He  introduced  the  measure,  and  followed  it 
with  unremitting  attention  through  all  its  stages  in  both 
houses,  meeting  at  every  step  with  the  most  remarkable 
success. 


252  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

The  House  Committee  on  Military  Affairs,  by  unanimous 
vote,  made  a  favorable  report.  This  paper  is  worthy  of 
preservation,  and  the  more  so,  since  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Military  Affairs  subsequently  adopted  it  as  their  own.  It 
was  as  follows : 

March  5,  1890,  Mr.  Lansing,  from  the  Committee  on  Mili- 
tary Affairs,  submitted  the  following  report : 

The  Committee  on  Military  Affairs,  to  whom  was  referred 
the  bill  (H.  -R.  6454)  to  establish  a  National  Military  Park 
at  the  battle  field  of  Chickamauga,  having  had  the  same 
under  consideration,  respectfully  report  the  same  with  an 
amendment,  and  recommend  that  the  bill  as  amended  do 
pass. 

The  bill  under  consideration  establishes  as  a  National 
Military  Park  the  Approaches  which  overlook  and  the 
ground  upon  which  occurred  some  of  the  most  remarkable 
tactical  movements  and  the  deadliest  fighting  of  the  war  of 
the  rebellion,  namely,  the  fields  of  Chickamauga  and  Chat- 
tanooga. 

The  preservation  for  national  study  of  the  lines  of  decisive 
battles,  especially  when  the  tactical  movements  were  unusual 
both  in  numbers  and  military  ability,  and  when  the  fields  em- 
braced great  natural  difficulties,  may  properly  be  regarded  as 
a  matter  of  national  importance. 

This  your  committee  understands  to  be  the  underlying  idea 
of  that  noted  organization  of  Union  soldiers,  the  Society  of 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  with  whom  the  pending  project 
originated.  Interested  with  them  and  supporting  them  in  the 
movement,  we  find  leading  representatives  of  all  the  Eastern 
and  of  all  the  Western  armies ;  and  for  this  we  find  ready  ex- 
planation in  the  fact  that  all  the  armies  and  nearly  every  State 
of  the  North  and  each  State  of  the  South  had  troops  on  one 
or  both  these  fields. 

The  proposition  to  mark  the  lines  on  both  sides  is  held  to 
be  absolutely  necessary  to  a  clear  understanding  of  the  fields 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  253 

and  to  the  sufficient  illustration  of  the  persistent,  stubborn, 
and  deadly  fighting  of  American  soldiers,  which  made  the 
field  of  Chickamauga  for  both  sides,  as  the  statistics  show, 
one  of  the  bloodiest,  if  not  the  bloodiest  battle  field,  for  the 
numbers  engaged  and  the  time  of  their  fighting,  of  any  of  the 
great  battles  of  the  modern  world,  from  the  days  of  the  first 
Napoleon  to  the  close  of  the  war  for  the  Union. 

The  corresponding  field  for  Eastern  operations  is  Gettys- 
burg, where  every  State  in  the  Union  is  interested,  and  the 
necessity  of  marking  both  lines  to  an  intelligent  study  of  the 
field  has  been  recognized  in  a  proposition  before  this  Con- 
gress to  provide  for  marking  the  Confederate  lines  upon  that 
noted  field. 

The  proposed  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Park  consists  of  two  features — the  Approaches  and  the  Park 
proper.  It  is  expected  that  title  to  the  former  will  be  ob- 
tained by  the  United  States,  without  cost,  through  cession  of 
jurisdiction  by  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  respect- 
ively, of  the  public  roads  now  in  existence,  and  which  it  is 
proposed  to  utitilize  as  Approaches  to  the  Park.  No  appro- 
priation is  therefore  made  for  their  purchase,  and  informal 
assurances  have  been  given  of  their  prompt  cession  to  the 
United  States. 

The  battle  field  of  Chickamauga  proper  forms  the  body  of 
the  Park.  As  described  in  the  bill,  it  embraces  about  7,600 
acres.  It  is  proposed  to  obtain  title  to  this  by  condemnation 
under  the  general  act.  In  order  that  no  resident  on  the  tract 
may  feel  himself  driven  from  home  or  from  his  possessions, 
it  is  provided  that  the  Secretary  of  War  may  arrange  with  all 
who  desire  to  remain  to  lease  their  lands  at  a  nominal  rent, 
the  conditions  on  their  side  being  that  they  will  aid  in  the 
care  of  the  grounds  and  in  preserving  all  the  natural  features 
of  the  field  as  they  now  exist. 

The  Approaches  to  the  field  form  most  important  adjuncts 
to  the  proposed  National  Park.  The  Approach  from  Chatta- 
nooga begins  at  or  near  Sherman  Heights,  at  the  north  end 


254  THE  NATIONAL   MILITARY  PARK. 

of  Missionary  Ridge.  This  is  the  battle  field  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee,  under  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  during  the 
operations  about  Chattanooga,  November  23,  24,  and  25, 
1863.  From  this  point,  this  Approach  runs  along  the  crest 
of  Missionary  Ridge  to  Rossville  Gap.  Throughout  its 
whole  length,  it  overlooks  the  battle  field  of  Gen.  Hooker's 
troops  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  on  Lookout  Mountain, 
and  terminates  where  these  troops,  after  the  battle  on  the 
mountain,  reached  and  crossed  Missionary  Ridge.  This 
Approach  also  overlooks  the  ground  of  the  first  day's  opera- 
tions about  Orchard  Knob,  and  coincides  throughout  its 
length  with  the  lines  of  Gen.  Bragg's  army,  and  thus  passes 
along  the  entire  front  of  the  famous  assault  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,  under  Gen.  Thomas,  upon  Missionary 
Ridge. 

The  continuation  of  this  first-described  Approach  is  the 
La  Fayette  or  State  Road  from  Rossville,  Georgia,  passing 
through  the  center  of  the  battle  field  of  Chickamauga,  and 
being  the  axis  and  the  prize  of  the  fight,  to  Lee  and  Gordon's 
Mills,  on  the  Chickamauga  River,  which  was  opposite  the 
center  of  the  Confederate  army  at  the  opening  of  the  battle, 
and  thence  to  Crawfish  Springs,  the  point  from  which  the 
Union  army  advanced  to  the  battle,  and  thence  to  Glass' 
Mills,  on  the  Chickamauga,  the  left  of  the  Confederate  line 
of  battle.  The  third  Approach  is  the  road  from  the  junction 
of  the  first  two  at  Rossville,  Georgia,  along  the  northern 
base  of  Missionary  Ridge,  to  McFarland's  Gap,  being  the 
road  over  which  the  Union  army  advanced  to  Chattanooga 
after  the  battle,  and  forming  the  entrance  to  the  northern 
portion  of  the  proposed  Park.  These  are  all  roads  which, 
for  the  most  part,  like  those  of  the  battle  field  itself,  have  a 
stony  or  flinty  foundation,  and  which  require  comparatively 
little  care,  and  all  of  them  are  to  be  obtained  without  cost  to 
the  United  States. 

.The  following  are  the  lengths  of  the  Approaches  and  roads 
thus  to  be  ceded  to  the  United  States  without  cost : 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  255 

MILES. 

Sherman  Heights  to  Rossville 6 

Rossville  to  Lee  and  Gordon's 7 

Rossville  to  McFarland's  Gap 2 

McFarland's  Gap  to  Crawfish  Springs  Road 6 

Lee  and  Gordon's  Mills  to  Crawfish  Springs 2 

Crawfish  Springs  to  Glass'  Mills 3 


Total 26 

The  purpose  is  to  maintain  the  body  of  the  Park,  which 
embraces  the  fields  of  Chickamauga,  as  near  as  may  be  in 
its  present  condition  as  to  roads,  fields,  forests,  and  houses. 
There  have  been  scarcely  any  changes  in  those  respects  since 
the  battle,  except  in  the  growth  of  underbrush  and  timber. 
Almost  the  only  work  of  any  consequence  in  the  restoration 
of  the  entire  field  to  its  condition  at  the  time  of  the  battle 
will  be  the  cutting  away  of  underbrush  over  a  very  limited 
area. 

The  roads  as  they  now  exist  are  the  same  as  were  used 
in  the  battle,  and  very  little  road  construction  will  hereafter 
be  necessary  to  give  access  to  every  point  of  interest  on  the 
field.  When,  therefore,  once  established,  the  cost  of  the 
care  of  the  Park  and  its  Approaches  will  be  very  small. 

The  area  which  it  is  proposed  to  acquire  for  the  Park  by 
condemnation  contains,  as  near  as  maybe,  7,600  acres.  The 
land  is  largely  forest  and  ridge  land,  though  there  is  con- 
siderable good  farming  land  in  the  tract.  The  average  cost 
of  the  whole  can  not,  with  all  improvements,  exceed  $20  an 
acre.  The  sum  appropriated  by  the  bill,  which  is  $250,000,* 
will  be  ample  for  the  complete  establishment  of  the  Park,  in- 
cluding preliminary  surveys,  fixing  its  boundaries,  surfacing 
its  roads,  and  ascertaining  the  military  positions. 

The  purpose  is  to  have  each  State  which  had  troops  en- 
gaged on  the  field  provide  the  monuments  for  marking  the 
positions  of  the  troops,  after  the  general  plan  heretofore  pur- 


Reduced  to  and  passed  at  $125,000. 


256  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

sued  at  Gettysburg  by  the  Gettysburg  Battle  Field  Memorial 
Association.  This  work  will  be  performed  at  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  by  the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Association, 
acting  under  the  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  This 
latter  association  is  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Georgia. 
Its  charter  specially  states  that  it  will  not  issue  stock,  and 
that  its  objects  are  not  pecuniary  gain.  Its  incorporators 
number  one  hundred,  half  of  them  ex-Union  veterans  of 
prominence  in  the  battle,  and  the  other  half  ex-Confederate 
soldiers  of  equal  prominence  on  their  side. 

The  sole  expense  to  the  United  States  for  monuments  will 
be  those  for  marking  the  positions  of  the  regular  regiments 
and  batteries,  being  only  sixteen  in  number  for  both  fields. 

The  Approaches  to  the  Park  which  traverse  Missionary 
Ridge  can  be  cheaply  and  quickly  reached  from  Chattanooga 
by  four  turnpikes,  and  by  steam  and  electric  railroads,  upon 
which  the  fare  is  five  cents.  The  Chickamauga  Field  can  be 
reached  by  railroad  in  fifteen  minutes  from  Chattanooga,  this 
road  traversing  the  whole  field  from  McFarland's  Gap  to 
Crawfish  Springs.  Two  other  railroads  will  add  facilities  for 
reaching  other  portions  of  the  Park  as  soon  as  its  establish- 
ment is  secured. 

Your  committee  finds  the  interest  in  this  project  wide- 
spread. To  such  an  extent  is  this  true  that  it  may  properly 
be  called  national.  The  recent  demands  for  the  new  maps 
of  Chickamauga  from  every  section  of  the  Union  illustrate 
this  fact.  The  Union  armies  of  the  Tennessee,  the  Cumber- 
land, and  the  Potomac,  under  Gens.  Sherman,  Rosecrans, 
Thomas,  and  Hooker,  all  finally  united  under  Gen.  Grant, 
are  equally  interested  in  preserving  the  lines  of  this  extended 
and  notable  battle  ground. 

On  the  Confederate  side  the  armies  of  Tennessee,  of 
Northern  Virginia  through  Gen.  Longstreet's  Corps,  of  the 
Mississippi  through  Gen.  Johnston's  troops,  and  Gen.  Buck- 
ner's  army  from  East  Tennessee  were  all  engaged. 

The  regular  army  had  nine  regiments  and  seven  batteries 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  257 

on  these  fields,  while  the  following  eighteen  States  had  troops 
in  the  Union  army  engaged  in  these  movements :  Maine,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jer- 
sey, Maryland,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Michigan,  Wiscon- 
sin, Minnesota,  Iowa,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Missouri,  and  Ten- 
nessee. Every  Confederate  State  had  troops  on  these  fields, 
while  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Tennessee  contributed  nu- 
merously to  both  armies. 

As  already  stated,  the  figures  show  Chickamauga  to  rank 
for  the.  numbers  engaged  and  the  time  of  their  fighting 
among  the  most  noted  battles  of  the  modern  world. 

Wellington  lost  12  percent  at  Waterloo;  Napoleon,  14^ 
per  cent  at  Austerlitz  and  14  per  cent  at  Marengo.  The 
average  losses  of  both  armies  at  Magenta  and  Solferino,  in 
1859,  was  less  than  9  per  cent.  At  Koniggratz,  in  1866,  it 
was  6  per  cent.  At  Worth,  Mars-la-Tour,  Gravelotte,  and 
Sedan,  in  1870,  the  average  was  12  per  cent. 

The  marvel  of  German  fighting  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war 
was  by  the  Third  Westphalian  Infantry  at  Mars-la-Tour.  It 
took  3,000  men  into  action  and  lost  40.4  per  cent.  Next  to 
this  record  was  that  of  the  Garde-Schiitzen  Battalion,  1,000 
strong  at  Metz,  which  lost  46.1  per  cent.  There  were  several 
brigades  on  each  side  at  Chickamauga  and  very  many  regi- 
ments whose  losses  exceeded  these  figures  for  Mars-la-Tour 
and  Metz. 

The  average  losses  on  each  side  for  the  troops  which  fought 
through  the  two  days  were  fully  33  per  cent,  while  for  many 
portions  of  each  line  the  losses  reached  50  per  cent,  and  for 
some  even  75  per  cent. 

A  field  as  renowned  as  this  for  the  stubborness  and  bril- 
liancy of  its  fighting,  not  only  in  our  own  war,  but  when  com- 
pared with  all  modern  wars,  has  an  importance  to  the  nation  as 
an  object  lesson  of  what  is  possible  in  American  fighting,  and 
the  national  value  of  the  preservation  of  such  lines  for  his- 
torical and  professional  study  must  be  apparent  to  all  reflect- 
ing minds.  The  political  questions  which  were  involved  in 


258  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

the  contest  do  not  enter  into  this  view  of  the  subject,  nor  do 
they  belong  to  it.  The  proposition  for  establishing  the  Park 
.is  in  all  its  aspects  a  purely  military  project. 

The  Eastern  armies  have  already  the  noted  field  of  Gettys- 
burg upon  which  to  mark  and  preserve  the  history  of  their 
movements  and  their  renowned  fighting.  To  this  the  Gov- 
ernment has  already  made  liberal  appropriations  to  mark  the 
positions  of  the  regular  forces  there  engaged  and  for  other 
purposes. 

It  seems  .fitting  that  the  Western  armies  should  select  a 
field  and  be  assisted  in  preserving  it  by  the  general  Govern- 
ment. It  is  easy  to  see  from  the  facts  presented  that  there 
is  no  other  field  upon  which  all  the  armies  were  as  fully  repre- 
sented. There  is  probably  no  other  in  the  world  which  pre- 
sents more  formidable  natural  obstacles  to  great  military  ope- 
rations than  the  slopes  of  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary 
Ridge,  while,  as  shown,  there  is  no  field  that  surpasses  Chick- 
amauga  in  the  deadliness  and  persistence  of  its  fighting. 

The  tactical  movements  were  numerous  and  brilliant  on 
each  field  and  many  of  them  remarkable.  Indeed,  both  are 
as  noted  in  this  respect  as  in  the  character  of  the  fighting. 

There  were  present  upon  one  or  the  other  and  in  the  case 
of  most,  upon  both  fields,  Grant,  Sherman,  Thomas,  Rose- 
crans,  Hooker,  Sheridan,-  and  Granger,  of  the  Union  army, 
and  Bragg,  Longstreet,  Hood,  Hardee,  Buckner,  Polk,  D.  H. 
Hill,  Wheeler,  Forrest,  and  Johnson,  of  the  Confederate 
forces.  The  preservation  of  these  fields  will  preserve  to  the 
nation  for  historical  and  military  study  the  best  efforts  which 
these  noted  officers,  commanding  American  veterans,  were 
able  to  put  forth. 

The  two  together  form  one  of  the  most  valuable  object  les- 
sons in  the  art  of  war,  and  one  which,  looking  solely  to  the 
interests  of  the  public,  may  properly  be  preserved. 

Your  committee  therefore  recommend  the  passage  of  the 
bill  with  the  amendment  on  page  6,  which  is  inserted  for  the 
purpose  of  enabling  the  Secretary  of  War  to  take  advantage 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  259 

of  the  coming  season  in  expediting  the  establishment  of.  the 
Park,  it  having  been  made  to  appear  to  your  committee  that 
such  preliminary  work  can  be  done  while  awaiting  the  process 
of  condemning  the  land  and  the  action  of  the  state  legis- 
latures in  ceding  jurisdiction.  The  accompanying  map  shows 
the  outlines  of  the  proposed  Park  and  the  location  of  the 
Approaches. 

Considering  its  magnitude,  its  present  and  prospective 
cost,  and,  in  addition,  the  fact  that  both  sides  were  to  be  ad- 
mitted to  equal  participation,  the  smooth  movement  of  the 
measure  through  Congress  was  surprising.  There  was  not  a 
word  or  a  vote  in  opposition  at  any  stage.  The  fact  that  it 
was  approved  by  Northern  and  Southern  veterans  in  the 
House  and  Senate  relieved  it  of  partisan  aspects.  It  had  for 
its  active  friends  the  members  of  the  House  and  the  Senate 
Committees  on  Military  Affairs  and  Appropriations,  the 
soldiers  in  Congress,  and  especially  the  very  considerable 
number  of  those  who  had  served  at  Chickamauga  and  Chat- 
tanooga. 

Much  careful  work  was  done  in  preparing  for  the  presenta- 
tion of  the  bill  to  the  House  and  for  its  subsequent  consid- 
eration by  the  Senate.  It  was  not  till  the  rushing  days  of 
the  session,  when  appropriation  bills  had  the  right  of  way, 
that  the  bill  was  ready  to  be  brought  forward  for  action. 
Then  Speaker  Thomas  B.  Reed,  by  his  willing  aid,  earned  a 
debt  of  gratitude  from  all  soldiers  by  promptly  agreeing  to  give 
the  bill  the  chance  of  recognition,  Without  this  assistance 
from  the  Speaker,  it  could  not  have  secured  a  hearing  until 
the  following  session  of  Congress.  Gen.  Grosvenor  asked 
for  unanimous  consent  to  take  up  the  measure.  A  single  ob- 
jection would  have  defeated  the  request.  None  were  inter- 
posed. This  was  the  more  remarkable  because  Gen.  Hender- 
son, of  Illinois,  had  given  way  to  Gen.  Grosvenor  in  the 
midst  of  the  consideration  of  the  River  and  Harbor  Bill, 
which  every  member  of  the  House  was  anxious  to  complete. 


260  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

The  bill  was  read ;  several  amendments  proposed  by  Gen. 
Grosvenor  were  adopted ;  Mr.  Buchanan,  of  New  Jersey, 
made  a  speech  not  to  oppose,  but  to  suggest  the  claims  of  the 
Trenton  Monument ;  it  was  agreed  that  those  who  chose 
could  print  speeches  in  the  Record;  and  the  House,  dis- 
pensing with  the  reading  of  the  Report  of  the  Committee, 
passed  the  bill  without  dissent.  The  time  occupied  was 
twenty-three  minutes. 

In  the  Senate  the  bill  moved  with  the  same  promptness  and 
success.  The  Military  Committee  gave  a  hearing,  and 
unanimously  made  a  favorable  report.  Senator  Allison, 
Chairman  of  Appropriations,  at  the  request  of  Senator  Haw- 
ley,  Chairman  of  Military  Affairs,  gave  way  during  the  con- 
sideration of  the  Sundry  Civil  Appropriation  Bill,  and  allowed 
the  Park  Bill  to  be  taken  up.  It  was  read,  and,  without  a 
call  for  the  Report,  passed  with  not  a  vote  against  it.  The 
Senate  clerk  being  a  more  rapid  reader,  and  a  deeply  in- 
terested and  most  efficient  friend  of  the  measure,  namely, 
Gen.  Anson  G.  McCook,  of  "the  fighting  McCooks,"  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  officers  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
and  a  participator  in  the  storming  of  Lookout  Mountain, 
beat  the  record  of  the  House  clerk,  and  the  bill  passed  the 
Senate  in  twenty  minutes.  In  its  final  shape  it  provided  for 
the  purchase  of  fifteen  square  miles  of  the  Chickamauga 
Field,  and  the  establishment  of  a  National  Park  upon  this 
area. 

The  bill  was  taken  the  same  night  to  President  Harrison 
by  Hon.  H.  Clay  Evans,  of  Chattanooga,  who  represented  that 
district  in  the  House,  and  who,  from  first  to  last,  like  Hon. 
J.  B.  Clements,  of  Georgia,  who  represented  the  Chicka- 
mauga district,  was  an  untiring  and  influential  worker  for  the 
measure.  The  President  promptly  signed  it,  the  National 
Park  was  authorized,  and  an  appropriation  of  $125,000  made 
available  to  begin  the  work.  Below  is  the  text  of  the  bill : 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  261 

An  'act  to  establish  a  National   Military  Park   at  the   battle  field  of 
Chickamauga. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preserving  and  suitably  marking  for  historical  and 
professional  military  study  the  fields  of  some  of  the  most  re- 
markable maneuvers  and  most  brilliant  fighting  in  the  war  of 
the  rebellion,  and.  upon  the  ceding  of  jurisdiction  to  the 
United  States  by  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  re- 
spectively, and  the  report  of  the  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States  that  the  title  to  the  lands  thus  ceded  is  perfect, 
the  following  described  highways  in  those  states  are  hereby 
declared  to  be  Approaches  to  and  parts  of  the  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  as  established  by 
the  second  section  of  this  act,  to  wit :  First — The  Missionary 
Ridge  Crest  Road  from  Sherman  Heights  at  the  north  end  of 
Missionary  Ridge,  in  Tennessee,  where  the  said  road  enters 
upon  the  ground  occupied  by  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  under 
Maj.-Gen.  William  T.  Sherman,  in  the  military  operations 
of  November  twenty-fourth  and  twenty-fifth,  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  sixty-three  ;  thence  along  said  road  through  the 
positions  occupied  by  the  army  of  Gen.  Braxton  Bragg  on 
November  twenty-fifth,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-three,  and 
which  were  assaulted  by  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  under 
Maj.-Gen.  George  H.  Thomas  on  that  date,  to  where  the  said 
road  crosses  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State  of  Ten- 
nessee, near  Rossville  Gap,  Georgia,  upon  the  ground  occu- 
pied by  the  troops  of  Maj.-Gen.  Joseph  Hooker,  from  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  thence  in  the  State  of  Georgia 
to  the  junction  of  said  road  with  the  Chattanooga  and  La 
Fayette  or  State  Road  at  Rossville  Gap ;  second,  the  La  Fay- 
ette  or  State  Road  from  Rossville,  Georgia,  to  Lee  and  Gor- 
don's Mills,  Georgia ;  third,  the  road  from  Lee  and  Gordon's 
Mills,  Georgia,  to  Crawfish  Springs,  Georgia ;  fourth,  the 
road  from  Crawfish  Springs,  Georgia,  to  the  crossing  of  the 
Chickamauga,  at  Glass'  Mills,  Georgia;  fifth,  the  Dry  Val- 


262  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

ley  Road  from  Rossville,  Georgia,  to  the  southern  limits  of 
McFarland's  Gap  in  Missionary  Ridge;  sixth,  the  Dry  Valley 
and  Crawfish  Springs  Road  from  McFarland's  Gap  to  the  in- 
tersection of  the  road  from  Crawfish  Springs  to  Lee  and 
Gordon's  Mills  ;  seventh,  the  road  from  Ringgold,  Georgia,  to 
Reed's  Bridge  on  the  Chickamauga  River ;  eighth,  the  roads 
from  the  crossing  of  Lookout  Creek  across  the  northern 
slope  of  Lookout  Mountain  and  thence  to  the  old  Summer- 
town  Road  and  to  the  Valley  on  the  east  slope  of  the  said 
mountain,  and  thence  by  the  route  of  Gen.  Joseph  Hooker's 
troops  to  Rossville,  Georgia,  and  each  and  all  of  these 
herein  described  roads  shall,  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  re- 
main open  as  free  public  highways,  and  all  rights  of  way 
now  existing  through  the  grounds  of  the  said  Park  and  its 
Approaches  shall  be  continued. 

SEC.  2.  That  upon  the  ceding  of  jurisdiction  by  the  legis- 
lature of  the  State  of  Georgia,  and  the  report  of  the  Attorney- 
General  of  the  United  States  that  a  perfect  title  has  been  se- 
cured under  the  provisions  of  the  act  approved  August  first, 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-eight,  entitled  "An  act  to  au- 
thorize condemnation  of  land  for  sites  of  public  buildings, 
and  for  other  purposes,"  the  lands  and  roads  embraced  in  the 
area  bounded  as  herein  described,  together  with  the  roads 
described  in  section  one  of  this  act,  are  hereby  declared  to 
to  be  a  National  Park,  to  be  known  as  the  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Park ;  that  is  to  say,  the  area  inclosed ' 
by  a  line  beginning  on  the  La  Fayette  or  State  Road,  in 
Georgia,  at  a  point  where  the  bottom  of  the  ravine  next 
north  of  the  house  known  on  the  field  of  Chickamauga  as 
the  Cloud  House,  and  being  about  six  hundred  yards  north 
of  said  house,  due  east  to  the  Chickamauga  River  and  due 
west  to  the  intersection  of  the  Dry  Valley  Road  at  McFar- 
land's Gap ;  thence  along  the  west  side  of  the  Dry  Valley 
and  Crawfish  Springs  Roads  to  the  south  side  of  the  road 
from  Crawfish  Springs  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  Mills;  thence 
along  the  south  side  of  the  last  named  road  to  Lee  and  Gor- 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  263 

don's  Mills ;  thence  along  the  channel  of  the  Chickamauga 
River  to  the  line  forming  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Park, 
as  hereinbefore  described,  containing  seven  thousand  six 
hundred  acres  more  or  less. 

SEC.  3.  That  the  said  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  Na- 
tional Park,  and  the  approaches  thereto,  shall  be  under  the 
control  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty,  im- 
mediately after  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  notify  the  Attorney- 
General  of  the  purpose  of  the  United  States  to  acquire  title 
to  the  roads  and  lands  described  in  the  previous  sections  of 
this  act  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  August  first, 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-eight;  and  the  said  Secretary, 
upon"  receiving  notice  from  the  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States  that  perfect  titles  have  been  secured  to  the  said 
lands  and  roads,  shall  at  once  proceed  to  establish  and  sub- 
stantially mark  the  boundaries  of  the  said  Park. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby  authorized 
to  enter  into  agreements,  upon  such  nominal  terms  as 
he  may  prescribe,  with  such  present  owners  of  the  land  as 
may  desire  to  remain  upon  it,  to  occupy  and  cultivate  their 
present  holdings,  upon  condition -that  they  will  preserve  the 
present  buildings  and  roads,  and  the  present  outlines  of  field 
and  forest,  and  that  they  will  only  cut  trees  or  underbrush 
under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  may  prescribe,  and 
that  they  will  assist  in  caring  for  and  protecting  all  tablets, 
monuments,  or  such  other  artificial  works  as  may  from  time 
to  time  be  erected  by  proper  authority. 

SEC.  5.  That  the  affairs  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 
nooga National  Park  shall,  subject  to  the  supervision  and  di- 
rection of  the  Secretary  of  War,  be  in  charge  of  three  Com- 
missioners, each  of  whom  shall  have  actively  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga  or  one  of  the  battles  about  Chat- 
tanooga, two  to  be  appointed  from  civil  life  by  the  Secretary 
of  War,  and  a  third,  who  shall  be  detailed  by  the  Secretary 
of  War  from  among  those  officers  of  the  army  best  acquainted 
with  the  details  of  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 


264  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

nooga,  who  shall  act  as  Secretary  of  the  Commission.  The 
said  Commissioners  and  Secretary  shall  have  an  office  in  the 
War  Department  Building,  and  while  on  actual  duty  shall  be 
paid  such  compensation,  out  of  the  appropriation  provided 
in  this  act,  as  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  deem  reasonable 
and  just. 

SEC.  6.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioners 
named  in  the  preceding  section,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  War,  to  superintend  the  opening  of  such  roads 
as  may  be  necessary  to  the  purposes  of  the  Park,  and  the 
repair  of  the  roads  of  the  same,  and  to  ascertain  and  definitely 
mark  the  lines  of  battle  of  all  troops  engaged  in  the  battles 
of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  so  far  as  the  same*  shall 
fall  within  the  lines  of  the  Park  as  defined  in  the  previous 
sections  of  this  act,  and,  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  them 
in  their  duties  and  in  ascertaining  these  lines,  the  Secretary 
of  War  shall  have  authority  to  employ,  at  such  compensation 
as  he  may  deem  reasonable  and  just,  to  be  paid  out  of  the 
appropriation  made  by  this  act,  some  person  recognized  as 
well  informed  in  regard  to  the  details  of  the  battles  of  Chick- 
amauga and  Chattanooga,  and  who  shall  have  actively  par- 
ticipated in  one  of  those  battles,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  Secretary  of  War,  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act, 
through  the  Commissioners,  and  their  assistant  in  historical 
work,  and  under  the  act  approved  August  first,  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  eighty-eight,  regulating  the  condemnation  of  land 
for  public  uses,  to  proceed  with  the  preliminary  work  of  es- 
tablishing the  Park  and  its  approaches  as  the  same  are  de- 
fined in  this  act,  and  the  expenses  thus  incurred  shall  be  paid 
out  of  the  appropriation  provided  by  this  act. 

SEC.  7.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioners, 
acting  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  ascer- 
tain and  substantially  mark  the  locations  of  the  regular  troops, 
both  infantry  and  artillery,  within  the  boundaries  of  the  Park, 
and  to  erect  monuments  upon  those  positions  as  Congress 
may  provide  the  necessary  appropriations ;  and  the  Secretary 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  265 

of  War  in  the  same  way  may  ascertain  and  mark  all  lines  of 
battle  within  the  boundaries  of  the  Park  and  erect  plain  and 
substantial  historical  tablets  at  such  points  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Park  and  its  approaches  as  he  may  deem  fitting  and 
necessary  to  clearly  designate  positions  and  movements, 
which,  although  without  the  limits  of  the  Park,  were  di- 
rectly connected  with  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chat- 
tanooga. 

SEC.  8.  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  authorities  of  any 
State  having  troops  engaged  either  at  Chattanooga  or  Chick- 
amauga, and  for  the  officers  and  directors  of  the  Chickamauga 
Memorial  Association,  a  corporation  chartered  under  the 
laws  of  Georgia,  to  enter  upon  the  lands  and  approaches  of 
the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  and  marking  the  lines  of  battle  of 
troops  engaged  therein  ;  Provided,  That  before  any  such  lines 
are  permanently  designated  the  position  of  the  lines  and  the 
proposed  methods  of  marking  them  by  monuments,  tablets, 
or  otherwise  shall  be  submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  and 
shall  first  receive  the  written  approval  of  the  Secretary,  which 
approval  shall  be  based  upon  formal  written  reports,  which 
must  be  made  to  him  in  each  case  by  the  Commissioners  of 
the  Park. 

SEC.  9.  That  the  Secretary  of  War,  subject  to  the  ap- 
proval of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  the 
power  to  make,  and  shall  make,  all  needed  regulations  for 
the  care  of  the  Park  and  for  the  establishment  and  marking 
of  the  lines  of  battle  and  other  historical  features  of  the  Park. 

SEC.  10.  That  if  any  person  shall  willfully  destroy,  muti- 
late, deface,  injure  or  remove  any  monument,  column,  stat- 
ues, memorial  structure,  or  work  of  art  that  shall  be  erected 
or  placed  upon  the  grounds  of  the  Park  by  lawful  authority, 
or  shall  willfully  destroy  or  remove  any  fence,  railing,  inclos- 
ure,  or  other  work  for  the  protection  or  ornament  of  said 
Park,  or  any  portion  thereof,  or  shall  willfully  destroy,  cut. 
hack,  bark,  break  down,  or  otherwise  injure  any  tree,  bush 


266  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

or  shubbery  that  may  be  growing  upon  said  Park,  or  shall 
cut  down  or  fell  or  remove  any  timber,  battle  relic,  tree  or 
trees  growing  or  being  upon  such  Park,  except  by  permission 
of  the  Secretary  of  War,  or  shall  willfully  remove  or  destroy 
any  breastworks,  earthworks,  walls,  or  other  defenses  or 
shelter,  on  any  part  thereof,  constructed  by  the  armies  for- 
merly engaged,  in  the  battles  on  the  lands  or  approaches  to 
the  Park,  any  person  so  offending  and  found  guilty  thereof,  be- 
fore any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  county  in  which  the  offense 
may  be  committed,  shall  for  each  any  every  such  offense  for- 
feit and  pay  a  fine,  in  the  discretion  of  the  justice,  according 
to  the  aggravation  of  the  offense,  of  not  less  that  five  nor 
more  than  fifty  dollars,  one-half  to  the  use  of  the  Park,  and 
the  other  half  to  the  informer,  to  be  enforced  and  recovered 
before  such  justice,  in  like  manner  as  debts  of  like  nature 
are  now  by  law  recoverable  in  the  several  counties  where  the 
offense  may  be  committed. 

SEC.  1 1 .  That  to  enable  the  Secretary  of  War  to  begin  to 
carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  act,  including  the  condemna- 
tion and  purchase  of  the  necessary  land,  marking  the  bound- 
aries of  the  Park,  opening  or  repairing  necessary  roads,  maps 
and  surveys,  and  the  pay  and  expenses  of  the  Commissioners 
and  their  assistant,  the  sum  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars,  or  such  portion  thereof  as  may  be  necessary, 
is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury 
not  otherwise  appropriated,  and  disbursements  under  this 
act  shall  require  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and 
he  shall  make  annual  report  of  the  same  to  Congress. 

Approved,  August  19,  1890. 

[By  an  error  in  preparing-  the  above  act  the  Crawfish 
Springs  Road  was  designated  as  the  Dry  Valley  Road.  The 
latter  is  quite  west  of  the  former,  and  wholly  without  the 
Park.] 

It  is  fitting  that  the  names  of  the  members  of  the  two  Com- 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  267 

mittees  on  Military  Affairs  and  on  Appropriations,  together 
with  the  Chickamauga  veterans  in  Congress  at  the  time, 
should  be  given  as  those  to  whom  the  enactment  of  the  Park 
Bill  is  largely  due.  Indeed,  no  history  of  the  Park  would  be 
complete  without  them  : 

House  Committee  on  Military  Affairs — Byron  M.  Cutcheon, 
of  Michigan  ;  Francis  VV.  Rockwell,  of  Massachusetts;  Ed- 
win S.  Osborne,  of  Pennsylvania;  Henry  J.  Spooner,  of 
Rhode  Island;  Elihu  S.  Williams,  of  Ohio;  Fred.  Lansing, 
of  New  York  ;  S.  P.  Snider,  of  Minnesota  ;  William  M.  Kin- 
sey,  of  Missouri;  Francis  B.  Spinola,  of  New  York;  Joseph 
Wheeler,  of  Alabama;  S.  W.  T.  Lanham,  of  Texas;  S.  M. 
Robertson,  of  Louisiana;  Joseph  M.  Carey,  of  Wyoming. 

House  Committee  on  Appropriations — Joseph  G.  Cannon,  of 
Illinois;  Benjamin  Butterworth,  of  Ohio;  Louis  E.  McComas, 
of  Maryland ;  David  B.  Henderson,  of  Iowa ;  Samuel  R. 
Peters,  of  Kansas ;  William  Coggswell,  of  Massachusetts ; 
James  J.  Belden,  of  New  York  ;  W.  W.  Morrow,  of  Cali- 
fornia; Mark  S.  Brewer,  of  Michigan;  William  H.  Forney, 
of  Alabama;  Joseph  D.  Sayers,  of  Texas;  Judson  C.  Clem- 
ents, of  Georgia  ;  William  C.  P.  Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky  ; 
Alexander  M.  Dockery,  of  Missouri ;  William  Mutchler,  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Senate  Committee  on  Military  Affairs — Joseph  R.  Hawley,  of 
Connecticut;  James  Donald  Cameron,  of  Pennsylvania; 
Charles  F.  Manderson,  of  Nebraska ;  William  M.  Stewart,  of 
Nevada;  Cushman  K.  Davis,  of  Minnesota;  Francis  M. 
Cockrell,  of  Missouri ;  Wade  Hampton,  of  South  Carolina  ; 
Edward  C.  Walthall,  of  Mississippi;  William  B.  Bate,  of 
Tennessee. 

Senate  Committee  on  Appropriations — William  B.  Allison,  of 
Iowa ;  Henry  L.  Dawes,  of  Massachusetts ;  Preston  B. 
Plumb,  of  Kansas ;  Eugene  Hale,  of  Maine ;  Charles  B. 
Farwell,  of  Illinois ;  Francis  M.  Cockrell,  of  Missouri ; 
Wilkinson  Call,  of  Florida;  Arthur  P.  Gorman,  of  Mary- 
land. 


268  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

The  subsequent  Chairmen  of  Appropriations  in  the  House 
for  the  Fifty-second  and  Fifty-third  Congress,  Hons.  W.  S, 
Holman  and  J.  S.  Sayers,  with  the  additional  new  members, 
have  given  the  project  their  continuous  and  cordial  support, 
and  the  same  is  true  of  the  new  members  of  the  Senate  Com- 
mittee on  Appropriations.  Senators  Blackburn,  Cullom,  and 
Stewart,  and  Senators  Proctor  and  Palmer,  of  Military 
Affairs,  and  Hon.  Joseph  H.  Outhwaite,  Chairman  of  the 
House  Military  Committee. 

The  following  senators  who  served  in  the  campaign  for 
Chattanooga  have  given  active  assistance :  Bate,  Blackburn, 
Randall,  Gibson,  Manderson,  Mitchell,  of  Wisconsin,  Moody, 
Morgan,  Pasco,  Squire,  and  Walthall,  also  Gen.  Anson  G. 
McCook,  the  Secretary  of  the  Senate. 

Those  in  the  House  who  had  served  on  these  fields  were : 
Charles  E.  Belknap,  of  Michigan ;  C.  R.  Breckinridge,  of 
Arkansas ;  W.  C.  P.  Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky ;  William 
Cogswell,  of  Massachusetts  ;  Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  of  Ohio  ; 
C.  B.  Kilgore  and  Roger  Q.  Mills,  of  Texas ;  Wm.  C.  Gates, 
of  Alabama ;  P.  S.  Post,  of  Illinois ;  Samuel  P.  Snyder,  of 
Minnesota;  W.  H.  Wade,  of  Missouri;  Joseph  Wheeler,  of 
Alabama ;  and  W.  C.  Whitthorne,  of  Tennessee. 

In  fact  there  has  not  been  at  any  time  an  active  opponent 
of  the  project  in  either  House  of  Congress  from  its  first  in- 
troduction until  the  passage  of  the  bill  providing  for  the 
National  dedication  of  the  Park  in  September  of  the  present 
year.  From  the  inception  of  the  project,  Maj.  George  B. 
Davis,  U.  S.  A.,  and  Hon.  J.  W.  Kirkley,  of  the  War  Record 
Office,  have  rendered  constant  and  most  valuable  assistance. 

While  enumerating  the  sources  of  important  aid  for  the 
Park  project,  it  would  be  a  grave  oversight  to  omit  the  lead- 
ing Washington  .correspondents,  editors,  and  managers  of  the 
Press  Associations,  who  made  it  thoroughly  known  to  the 
country.  This  secured  the  prompt  co-operation  of  all  the 
States  whose  troops  are  interested.  No  more  deservedly  in- 
fluential body  of  men  can  be  found  anywhere  in  the  land 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  269 

than  the  leading  press  men  of  the  National  Capitol.  To  this 
company,  on  account  of  his  valuable  and  continuing  local 
services,  should  be  added  Mr.  Adolph  S.  Ochs,  of  the  Chat- 
tanooga Times. 

The  text  of  the  bill  providing  for  the  dedication  completes 
the  history  of  the  Park  to  the  present  time.  It  was  intro- 
duced by  Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  and  after  unanimous  reports 
in  its  favor  from  the  two  Committees  on  Military  Affairs,  it 
was  passed  by  unanimous  vote  in  each  House: 

The  National  Dedication  of  the  Park. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  a  national 
dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Military  Park  shall  take  place  on  the  battle  fields  of  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga,  September  nineteenth  and  twentieth, 
eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-five  under  the  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  War,  who  is  hereby  authorized  to  fix  upon  and 
determine  the  arrangements,  cremonies,  and  exercises  con- 
nected with  the  dedication  ;  to  request  the  participation  of 
the  President,  Congress,  the  Supreme  Court,  the  heads  of 
Executive  Departments,  the  General  of  the  Army,  and  the 
Admiral  of  the  Navy  therein ;  to  invite  the  governors  of  States 
and  their  staffs,  and  the  survivors  of  the  several  armies  there 
engaged,  and  have  direction  and  full  authority  in  all  matters 
which  he  may  deem  necessary  to  the  success  of  the  dedica- 
tion. He  shall  have  authority  to  procure  such  supplies  and 
services,  and  to  call  upon  the  heads  of  the  several  staff  de- 
partments of  the  Army  for  such  material  and  stores  as  he 
may  deem  necessary  in  connection  with  the  dedication. 

SEC.  2.  That  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  act,  the  sum 
of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be 
necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any  moneys  in  the 
Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  which  shall  be  expended 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War:  Provided,  that 
the  amount  hereby  named,  twenty  thousand  dollars,  shall 


270  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

cover  all  expenses  for  services,  supplies,  material,  stores,  and 
expenses  contemplated  by  this  bill. 

Regulations  Concerning  Monuments,  Tablets,  and  Markers. 

The  following  regulations  govern  the  erection  of  monu- 
ments, tablets,  and  markers  in  the  Park,  except  that,  under 
later  legislation  by  Congress,  section  3  is  so  modified  that 
foundations  for  State  monuments  are  constructed  as  specified, 
but  without  cost  to  the  States : 

CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA 
NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK  COMMISSION, 

WAR  DEPARTMENT,  WASHINGTON,  I).  C. 
In  accordance  with  the  act  of  Congress  approved  August 
19,  1890,  establishing  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park,  the  following  regulations  are  pub- 
lished for  the  information  and  guidance  of  all  interested  in 
the  erection  of  monuments,  tablets,  or  other  methods  of  in- 
dicating lines  of  battle  or  positions  within  the  limits  of  the 
said  Park  : 

1.  A  statement  of  the  proposed  dimensions,   designs,   in- 
scriptions upon,  and  material  for  all  monuments,  tablets,  or 
other 'markers,  must  be  submitted  to  the  Commissioners  of 
the  Park,  and,  in  the  case  of  monuments,  plans  and  eleva- 
itons  showing  exact  measurements,  and  a  close  estimate  of 
weight,  must  be  submitted.     The   Park  Commissioners  will 
report  upon  these  to   the  Secretary  of  War,  and,  upon  his 
approval,  such  monuments,  tablets,  or  other  markers  may  be 
erected.     A  duplicate  copy  of  the  approved  specifications, 
design,  and  inscription  of  each  monument,  tablet,  or  marker 
will  be  furnished  to  the  Commissioners  of  the  Park  for  file 
with  their  records  before  a  permit  to  erect  will  be  issued. 

2.  Monuments  of  stone  must  be  constructed  of  granite,  or 
such  other  durable  stone  as,  after  investigation  by  the  Park 
Commissioners,  may  be  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War. 
Monuments  may  also  be  of  bronze. 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    PARK    PROJECT.  271 

3.  The  foundations  of  all  monuments  will  be  constructed 
under  the  direction  of  an  engineer  of  the  Park,  of  material, 
except  cement,  supplied  from  the  lands  of  the  Park,  and  by 
labor  employed  by  the  engineer,  the  cost  of  the  same  to  be 
paid  by  those  for  whom  the  foundations  are  prepared,  in  such 
way  as  the  Secretary  of  War  may  direct. 

4.  Inscriptions  must  be  purely  historical,  and  must  relate 
only  to  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  campaigns.     They 
must  also  be  based  upon,  and  conform  to,  the  official  reports 
of  these  campaigns ;  and  must  be  submitted  to  the  Secretary 
of  War,  through  the  Park  Commissioners,  for  his  approval, 
before  being  adopted  or  cut  into  the  stones. 

5.  Brigades,  divisions,  and   corps  may  be  designated,  in 
the  inscriptions,  by  their  numbers,  where  that  method  was 
used,  and  also  by  the  names  of  their  respective  commanders ; 
as   "First  Brigade,    First    Division,    Fourteenth   Corps,"  or 
"Scribner's    Brigade,     Baird's    Division,    Thomas'    Corps;" 
"Folk's  Brigade,  Cleburne's  Division,   Hill's  Corps."     The 
numerical  designations  alone  would  be  meaningless  to  most 
visitors. 

6.  Tablets  and  other  markers  will  be  erected  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  Park  engineers — if  of  metal,  upon  metal  posts 
set  in  hydraulic  concrete ;  if  of  stone,  upon  suitable  founda- 
tions to  be  determined  by  the  Park  engineers. 

For  the  Commissioners : 

J.    S.    FULLERTON, 

Approved,  December  19,  1893.  Chairman. 

DANIEL  S.   LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War. 


272  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

ESTABLISHING    THE    PARK — ORGANIZATION    AND    PROSECUTION 
OF    THE   WORK. 

The  law  placed  the  duty  of  establishing  the  Park  in  the 
hands  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  Secretary  Proctor  at  once 
took  a  deep  interest  in  the  matter,  and  his  executive  ability 
and  practical  knowledge  enabled  him  to  organize  the  ex- 
tended work  with  promptness  and  due  regard  to  its  future 
proportions.  He  selected  as  the  two  civilian  members  of  the 
Commission,  Gen.  Joseph  S.  Fullerton,  Chairman,  and  Gen. 
Alexander  P.  Stewart,  a  leading  ex-Confederate,  with  Capt. 
and  Brevet  Col.  Sanford  C.  Kellogg,  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry, 
whom  he  detailed  as  the  army  officer  provided  by  the  law, 
and  who  was  also  to  be  Secretary  of  the  Commission.  Gen. 
H.  V.  Boynton  was  appointed  Historian.  All  these  gentle- 
men had  served  in  the  battles  about  Chattanooga.  Mr.  Hugh 
B.  Rowland  has  from  the  first  been  the  clerk.  Gen.  Fuller- 
ton  was  Chief  of  Staff  to  Gen.  Gordon  Granger,  and  had  a 
most  distinguished  record.  Gen.  Stewart  commanded  a  di- 
vision in  Buckner's  Corps  of  Bragg's  army  with  distinction, 
and  was  subsequently  lieutenant-general  in  command  of  a 
corps.  Col.  Kellogg  was  an  aide  on  the  staff  of  Gen. 
Thomas  at  the  time  of  the  battle,  and  was  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  field. 

Throughout  his  term,  Secretary  Proctor  continued  to  give 
most  friendly  and  practical  attention  to  the  project.  He  was 
aided  by  the  Assistant  Secretary,  Gen.  L.  A.  Grant,  to  whom 
the  executive  work  was  entrusted.  Gen.  Grant  continued  to 
give  energetic  and  most  valuable  attention  to  all  park  matters 
throughout  the  terms  of  Secretaries  Proctor  and  Elkins,  and 


ESTABLISHING    THE    PARK.  273 

for  the  first  year  of  Secretary  Lament's  term.  Secretary  El- 
kins  also  proved  a  warm  friend  of  the  measure,  and  neglected 
no  opportunity  to  push  it  forward. 

The  advent  of  Col.  Lamont  to  the  Secretaryship  found  the 
establishing  of  the  Park  well  under  way.  He  promptly  made 
himself  acquainted  with  its  details,  and  gave  such  intelligent 
attention  and  cordial  support  to  every  branch  of  the  work, 
as  to  richly  merit  the  thanks  of  the  veterans  of  all  the 
armies  engaged.  The  establishment  of  the  Park  will  be  vir- 
tually completed  under  his  administration.  The  new  Assist- 
ant Secretary  of  War,  Gen.  Joseph  Doe,  upon  whom  much 
of  the  executive  work  falls,  early  made  personal  inspection 
of  the  fields,  and  gives  the  project  most  efficient  help. 

After  rendering  much  exceedingly  valuable  aid  for  three 
years,  Col.  Kellogg  was  detailed  as  the  Military  Attache  of 
the  American  Legation  in  Paris,  and  Major  Frank  G.  Smith, 
of  the  Second  U.  S.  Artillery,  succeeded  him.  Major  Smith 
commanded  Battery  I,  Fourth  U.  S.  Artillery,  at  Chicka- 
mauga,  that  had  the  distinction  of  losing  a  greater  percentage 
of  men  than  any  battery  on  the  field,  of  remaining  through 
the  battle,  and  losing  neither  positions  nor  guns. 

Mr.  Atwell  Thompson,  Civil  Engineer,  has  had  charge 
under  Gen.  Stewart,  of  road  construction,  the  erection  of 
towers  and  bridges,  and  the  general  engineering  work  of  the 
Park. 

The  topographical  engineering,  the  elaborate  maps  of  the 
several  fields,  and  the  erection  of  monuments  have  been  ex- 
ecuted by  Mr.  E.  E.  Betts,  Civil  Engineer. 

The  roads  are  equal  to  any,  if,  indeed,  they  are  not  the 
best  which  the  government  has  built  on  extended  scale,  while 
their  cost  has  fallen  much  below  the  usual  expenditure  for 
such  work.  This  is  owing,  in  great  part,  to  the  abundance 
of  most  excellent  surfacing  material  within  the  Park. 

The  topographical  maps — which  are  soon  to  be  engraved, 
and  thus  made  accessible  to  the  public — are  of  the  highest  or- 
der of  merit.  Upon  one  set  of  these  which  represents  the 


274  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

battle  fields  as  they  were  in  1863,  l^e  positions  of  the  lines 
as  determined  by  the  studies  of  the  Commission,  and  the 
painstaking  assistance  rendered  by  the  State  Commissions,  are 
being  platted  by  Major  Smith,  who  has  this  matter  in  hi? 
especial  charge. 

The  National  Commission,  through  appointment  by  Secre- 
tary Lament,  has  been  fortunate  in  securing  the  assistance  of 
Mr.  J.  P.  Smartt,  of  Chattanooga,  to  aid  in  the  location  of 
Confederate  lines,  and  determining  the  details  of  Confeder- 
ate movements.  He  served  in  the  battles,  has  long  been  en- 
gaged in  the  study  of  the  fields  about  Chattanooga,  is  an 
excellent  authority,  and  a  most  enthusiastic  and  impartial 
student. 


THE    STATE    COMMISSIONS    AND    STATE    TROOPS.  275 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE    STATE    COMMISSIONS    AND    STATE    TROOPS. 

The  general  interest  developed  in  Congress  for  the  Park 
project  extended  at  once  to  the  States  which  had  troops  en- 
gaged in  and  around  it.  There  were  twenty-eight  of  these. 
The  National  Commission  presented  the  matter  to  their  legis- 
latures where  these  were  in  session,  and  to  their  governors 
where  they  were  not.  In  the  latter  case  the  request  was 
made  that  a  commission  of  veterans  who  served  in  the  bat- 
tles might  be  appointed.  This  was  complied  with  in  nearly 
all  cases,  and  promised  in  all.  The  delay  has  arisen,  where 
any  occurred,  in  the  difficulty  of  finding  those  who  could 
serve  without  pay  until  their  legislatures  met. 

The  governors  who  rendered  prompt  and  cordial  aid  were 
these  :  William  M.  Fishback,  Arkansas ;  Henry  L.  Mitchell, 
Florida ;  John  B.  Gordon  and  W.  J.  Northern,  Georgia ; 
John  P.  Atgeld,  Illinois;  Claude  Mathews,  Indiana;  Horace 
Boies  and  F.  D.  Jackson,  Iowa;  John  Young  Brown,  Ken- 
tucky; M.  J.  Foster,  Louisiana;  Wm.  E.  Russell,  Massa- 
chusetts; John  T.  Rich,  Michigan;  Knute  Nelson,  Minne- 
sota; John  M.  Stone,  Mississippi;  Wm.  J.  Stone,  Missouri; 
George  T.  Werts,  New  Jersey;  Roswell  P.  Flower,  New 
York;  Elias  Carr,  North  Carolina;  James  E.  Campbell, 
Ohio;  Robert  E.  Patteson,  Pennsylvania;  B.  R.  Tillman, 
South  Carolina;  Peter  Turney,  Tennessee;  James  S.  Hogg, 
Texas;  Charles  T.  O'Ferrall,  Virginia;  George  M.  Peck, 
Wisconsin;  and  E.  N.  Morrill,  Kansas. 

Ohio,  which  had  the  largest  number  of  organizations,  both 
at  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  led  off  under  the  active 
encouragement  of  Governor  James  E.  Campbell  in  the  ap- 


276  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

pointment  of  a  Commission,  and  an  appropriation  for  its 
expenses.  In  the  following  session  of  its  legislature,  it  led 
in  the  matter  of  appropriations,  giving  $90,000  for  monu- 
ments on  the  Chickamauga  field  alone.  Minnesota,  which 
had  only  three  organizations  in  the  battles,  followed  with  the 
very  liberal  appropriation  of  $15,000,  and  her  monuments 
were  the  first  erected  by  any  state.  Massachusetts  came 
next  with  the  beautiful  monument  to  her  two  organizations,  on 
Orchard  Knob,  then  Ohio,  with  fifty-five  monuments,  and 
fifty-one  markers.  New  York  followed,  under  a  bill,  the 
passage  of  which  was  largely  due  to  the  untiring  work  of  Mr. 
Hugh  Hastings,  of  the  New  York  Times,  Col.  Lewis  Steg- 
man,  of  the  Brooklyn  Standard  Union,  and  Senator  Jacob  A. 
Cantor,  of  the  State  Legislature,  which  provided  for  an  ex- 
penditure of  $81,000,  one-quarter  of  this  being  made  imme- 
diately available. 

Most  of  the  State  Commissions  have  conducted  careful 
studies  on  the  ground  in  company  with  the  National  Com- 
mission, and,  as  a  result,  the  general  lines  of  battle,  and 
most  of  their  important  details,  have  been  established.  This 
has  been  an  immense  work,  and,  considering  the  well- 
known  intricacies  of  the  fields,  the  progress  has  been  re- 
markable. 

The  interest  taken  by  the  most  distant  states  is  shown  by 
these  facts:  Gen.  Cogswell,  the  Massachusetts  Commis- 
sioner, has  been  twice  upon  the  field,  and  the  monument 
erected  by  that  state  under  his  supervision  was  the  first  to 
mark  any  eastern  position.  Gen.  Daniel  Butterfield  twice 
brought  the  New  York  Commissioners  and  large  parties  of 
influential  men  from  that  state  with  them  in  special  cars,  and 
on  both  occasions  went  carefully  over  all  the  ground  where 
eastern  troops  were  engaged  in  the  vicinity  of  Chattanooga. 
Col.  L.  R.  Stegman  and  Mr.  Clinton  Beckwith,  of  that  Com- 
mission, in  addition  to  these,  made  a  third,  and  prolonged 
visit,  to  the  field.  Twenty-five  members  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Commission  have  spent  a  week  upon  the  fields,  performing 


THE    STATE    COMMISSIONS    AND    STATE    TROOPS.  277 

active  and  most  valuable  service.  The  Texas  Commission 
has  had  its  members  at  the  Park  twice ;  and  the  Louisiana 
Commission  remained  a  week  upon  the  occasion  of  its  first 
visit,  locating  all  positions  occupied  by  troops  of  that  state. 
The  Minnesota  Commission  has  been  three  times  on  the  field 
and  all  its  monuments  are  erected.  The  Michigan,  Iowa, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois  Commissions  have  made  each  two  visits. 
It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  more  distant  .states  are  among  the 
most  active.  The  State  Commissions  are  as  follows : 

Alabama — Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler  ;  Col.  Charles  M.  Shelley; 
Col.  Samuel  K.  McSpadden.  [Gov.  Gates,  who  is  actively 
interested,  is  completing  his  commission.] 

Arkansas — Gen.  D.  C.  Govan,  Mariana;  Gen.  R.  P. 
Rowley,  Carlisle;  Col.  Geo.  F.  Baucum,  Little  Rock;  Col. 
J.  W  .Colquitt,  Little  Rock;  Maj.  J.  A.  Ross. 

Florida — Hon.  Samuel  Pasco,  Monticello. 

Georgia — Gen.  James  Longstreet,  Gainesville;  Capt.  Evan 
P.  Howell,  Atlanta;  Judge  W.  T.  Newman,  Atlanta;  Judge 
J.  S.  Boynton,  Griffin ;  Col.  Jos.  B.  Gumming,  Augusta ;  Col. 
J.  C.  Gordon,  Judson;  Capt.  Tyler  M.  Peeples,  Lawrence- 
ville;  Col.  T.  W.  Avery,  Atlanta;  Hon.  John  W.  Maddox, 
Rome;  Mr.  Spillsbee  Dyer,  Pond  Spring;  Mr.  George  W. 
Kelley. 

Illinois — Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  Springfield;  Col.  J.  G. 
Everest,  Chicago ;  Maj.  L.  M.  Buford,  Rock  Island  ;  Col.  H. 
E.  Rives,  Paris ;  Maj.  W.  E.  Carlin,  Jerseyville ;  Gen. 
Smith  D.  Atkins,  Freeport;  Col.  E.  D.  Swain,  Chicago,  Gen. 
J.  B.  Turchin,  Radom;  Maj.  J.  A.  Connolly,  Springfield. 

Indiana — Gen.  Morton  C.  Hunter,  Bloomington ;  Capt. 
Felix  Shumate,  Lebanon  ;  Capt.  Wm.  P.  Herron,  Crawfords- 
ville ;  Gen.  Jas.  R.  Carnahan,  Indianapolis;  Capt.  Jas.  H. 
McHugh,  Indianapolis ;  Capt.  Milton  Garrigus,  Kokomo ; 
Capt.  D.  B.  McConnell,  Logansport ;  Capt.  R.  M.  Johnson, 
Elkhart ;  Capt.  Milton  M.  Thompson,  Fort  Wayne ;  Capt. 
Geo.  H.  Puntenney,  Rushville. 


278  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Iowa — Maj.  J.  D.  Fegan,  Clinton ;  John  A.  Young, 
Washington ;  Alexander  J.  Miller,  Oxford ;  F.  P.  Spencer, 
Randolph;  Henry  G.  Aukeny,  Corning. 

Kentucky  (Union) — Col.  R.  M.  Kelly,  Louisville ;  Maj. 
John  S.  Clark,  Lexington  ;  -Maj.  John  W.  Robbins,  Angusta ; 
Capt.  John  W.  Tuttle,  Monticello ;  Capt.  S.  K.  Cox,  Hart- 
ford. 

Kentucky  (Confederate) — Col.  John  W.  Caldwell,  Rus- 
sellville ;  Capt.  John  H.  Weller,  Louisville ;  Captain  A.  T. 
Pullen,  Pryor;  Capt.  W.  W.  Herr,  Owensboro;  Capt.  W. 
H.  May,  Lexington. 

Louisiana:  Col.  J.  A.  Chalaron,  New  Orleans;  Gen.  J.  B. 
Vinet,  New  Orleans ;  Col.  John  McGrath,  Baton  Rouge ; 
Col.  Henry  P.  Kernochan,  New  Orleans ;  Dr.  Y.  R.  Le  Mou- 
nier,  New  Orleans ;  Capt.  Charles  H.  Luzenberg,  New 
New  Orleans ;  J.  W.  Pitts,  Mansfield. 

Massachusetts — Gen.  Wm.  Cogswell,  Salem. 

Michigan — Capt.  C.  E.  Belknap,  Grand  Rapids;  J.  M. 
Whallon;  L.  L.  Church;  E.  A.  Crane;  S.  F.  Dwight. 

Minnesota— Gen.  J.  W.  Bishop,  St.  Paul;  Capt.  J.  R. 
Beatty,  Mankato  ;  Capt.  A.  H.  Reed,  Glencoe ;  Sergeant 
Thomas  Downs,  Minneapolis ;  Capt.  W.  A.  Hotchkiss,  Pres- 
ton ;  Sergeant  W.  A.  Spaulding,  Minneapolis. 

Mississippi— Gen.  E.  C.  Walthall,  Granada;  Col.  W.  C. 
Richards,  Columbus;  Capt.  J.  S.  McNeily,  Greenville;  Gen- 
E.  S.  Butts,  Vicksburg;  Col.  T.  Otis  Baker,  Natchez. 

Missouri — Capt.  H.  M.  Bledsoe,  Pleasant  Hill. 

Neu>  York — Gen.  Dan.  Butterfield,  New  York ;  Col.  L.  R. 
Stegman,  Brooklyn  ;  Clinton  Beckwith,  Herkimer. 

North  Carolina—  B.  F.  Baird,  Valle  Crucis  ;  D.  F.  Baird, 
Valle  Crucis;  Isaac  H.  Bailey,  Bakersville ;  J.  G.  Hall, 
Hickory;  C.  A.  Cilley,  Hickory. 

New  Jersey — Gen.  E.  A.  Carman,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Col. 
John  J.  Toffey,  Jersey  City. 

Ohio — Gen.  John  Beatty,  Columbus  ;  Gen.  Aquila  Wiley, 
Wooster  ;  Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  Athens ;  Col.  James  Wat- 


THE    STATE    COMMISSIONS    AND    STATE    TROOPS.  279 

son,  Columbus;  Ca.pt.  J.  C.  McElroy,  Pomeroy;  Capt.  J.  S. 
Gill,  Delaware ;  Capt.  Andrew  Jackson,  Cedarville ;  Frede- 
rick Wendel,  Cincinnati ;  Gen.  Ferd.  Van  Derveer,  Cincin- 
nati. 

Pennsylvania  —  Private  Joseph  H.  Adams,  Lancaster; 
Capt.  Wm.  J.  Alexander,  Warren  ;  Corp.  Thomas  G.  Allen, 
Reading ;  Lieut.  Theodore  S.  Baker,  Philadelphia ;  Sergt.  B. 
F.  Balmer,  Harrisburg;  Sergt.  George  R.  Beecher,  Pitts- 
burgh ;  Capt.  John  D.  Bentley,  Corry ;  Private  A.  W.  Berg- 
stresser,  Harrisburg;  Lieut. -Col.  Charles  M.  Betts,  Philadel- 
phia; Lieut. -Col.  Archibald  Blakeley,  Pittsburgh;  Lieut. 
McEdwin  Boring,  Philadelphia;  Capt.  John  M.  Brinker, 
Buffalo.  N.  Y.;  Capt.  Wm.  J.  Byrnes,  Philadelphia;  Lieut. 
Steven  S.  Clair,  Columbia;  Lieut.  George  W.  Clarke,  Phila- 
delphia; Sergt. -Maj.  John  F.  Conaway,  Philadelphia;  Col. 
John  Craig,  Lehigh  Gap;  Maj.  Charles  C.  Davis,  Harris- 
burg ;  Capt.  Samuel  T.  Davis,  Lancaster ;  Lieut.  Henry  C. 
Deming,  Harrisburg;  Sergt.  T.  F.  Dornblaser,  Bucyrus,  O.; 
Capt.  Edward  Edgerly,  Lancaster ;  Capt.  Robert  D.  Ellwood, 
Pittsburgh;  Capt.  John  O.  Foering,  Philadelphia;  Q.-M. 
Sergt.  J.  H.  Friddy,  Mountville;  Lieut.  J.  B.  Gettar,  Sha- 
mokin  ;  Sergt.  Rev.  J.  T.  Gibson,  Pittsburgh  ;  Capt.  C.  B. 
Gillespie,  Freeport ;  Maj.  Wm.  E.  Goodman,  Philadephia; 
Lieut. -Col.  Charles  G.  Green,  Cincinnati,  O.;  Private  E.  L. 
Hambright,  Roherstown;  Lieut.  Edward  Hamman,  Bethle- 
hem; Maj.  E.  A.  Hancock.' Philadelphia ;  Sergt.  A.  B.  Hay, 
Pittsburgh  ;  Musician  W.  H.  Hougendobler,  Columbia  ;  Gem 
T.  J.  Jordan,  Philadelphia  ;  Bugler  Frederick  Kappler.Wilkes- 
barre ;  Lieut.  Isaac  Keith,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Corp.  John  W. 
Keller,  Lancaster ;  Private  Hugh  Kennedy,  Philadelphia ; 
Capt.  William  W.  Ker,  Philadelphia;  Lieut.  I.  D.  Landis, 
Coatesville;  Maj.  August  Ledig,  Philadelphia;  Private 
Thomas  E.  Lewis,  Philadelphia ;  Maj.  Wm.  H.  Longsdorf, 
Carlisle  ;  Quartermaster  N.  W.  Lowell,  Erie ;  Capt.  W.  F. 
Lutje,  Erie  ;  Lieut.  O.  B.  Macknight,  Plaine  ;  Corp.  Henry 
Mank,  Philadelphia;  Lieut.  J.  H.  Marshall,  Lancaster;  Capt. 


280  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Joseph  Matchett,  Catasauqua;  Maj.  Frank  J.  Miller,  Berrys- 
burg;  Surgeon  Geo.  F.  Mish,  Middletown  ;  Lieut.  Thomas 
Monroe,,  Gallitzin ;  Capt.  Joseph  A.  Moore,  Camp  Hill ; 
Lieut.  Charles  F.  Muller,  Chattanooga ;  Lieut.  S.  W.  Mc- 
Clusky,  Pittsburgh  ;  Captain  James  D.  McGill,  Pittsburgh  ; 
Col.  John  P.  Nicholson,  Philadelphia;  Private  Harry  Niss- 
ley,  Mount  Joy;  Gen.  J.  S.  Negley,  Plainfield,  N.  J.;  Pri- 
vate Hon.  James  W.  Over,  Pittsburgh ;  Gen.  William  J. 
Palmer,  New  York  City ;  Gen.  Ario  Pardee ;  Wyncote ; 
Maj.  John  M.  Porter,  New  York  City ;  Lieut.  Jacob  Pantz, 
Lancaster ;  Lieut.  Henry  Ransing,  Lancaster ;  Col.  Wm. 
Richards,  Franklin ;  Quartermaster  T.  H.  Rickert,  Potts- 
ville ;  Gen.  Wm.  A.  Robinson,  Pittsburgh ;  Gen.  Thos.  E. 
Rose,  Lebanon,  Ky.;  Lieut.-Col.  R.  M.  Russell,  Hanover ; 
Corp.  Geo.  Schaffner,  Butler ;  Private  Christian  Scholder, 
Philadelphia;  Capt.  John  Schuyler,  Lock  Haven;  Capt.  J. 
B.  Schaeffner,  Valley  Falls,  Kans.;  Bugler  Albert  F.  Shenck, 
Lancaster;  Corp.  H.  C.  Shenck,  Lancaster;  Corp.  J.  A. 
Shipp,  Shamokin;  Maj.  Geo.  A.  Shuman,  Landisburg;  Capt. 
Geo.  W.  Skinner,  Pittsburgh ;  Adjt.  Geo.  Stehlin,  Onvigs- 
burg;  Sergt.  J.  H.  R.  Storey,  Philadelphia;  Capt.  H.  S. 
Thompson,  "Pottsville ;  Hon.  John  Tweedale,  Chief  Clerk 
War  Department ;  Capt.  Joseph  G.  Vale,  Carlisle ;  Capt.  H. 

B.  Waltman,   York ;    Maj.    Fred.    F.   Wiehl,    Chattanooga ; 
Lieut.  E.  S.  Wisner,  Marietta;  James  Rankin  Young,  Phila- 
delphia. 

South    Carolina — Gen.    H.    L.    Farley,    Columbia;    Capt. 
Perry  Moses,  Sumpter;  Capt.  R.  F.  McCaslan,   Ninety-Six; 

A.  C.  Appleby,  St.  Georges ;  Col.  C.  I.  Walker,  Charleston ; 

C.  K.   Henderson,   Aiken ;    L.   P.   Harling,   Hibler ;    E.    J. 
Goggins,  Leesville;  J.  D.  McLucas,  Marion;  F.  M.  Mixon, 
Columbia;  J.  F.  Culpeper,  Timmonsville. 

Tennessee — Gen.  W.   B.   Bate,   Nashville ;   Capt.  Frank  A. 
Moses,  Knoxville;  Capt.  M.  H.  Clift,  Chattanooga;  Col.  R. 

B.  Snowden,    Memphis;    Capt.   W.  W.   Carnes,    Memphis; 
Capt.   A.   H.  Buchannan,  Lebanon;  Maj.  Jos.  Vaulx,  Nash- 


THE    STATE    COMMISSIONS    AND    STATE    TROOPS.  281 

ville;  Maj.  H.  J.  Cheney,  Nashville;  Gen.  G.  P.  Thruston, 
Nashville ;  Lieut.  John  Ruhm,  Nashville ;  Col.  John  W. 
Morton,  Nashville;  J.  P.  Smartt,  Chattanooga;  John  P. 
Hickman,  Nashville.  Alternates — Capt.  D.  D.  Anderson, 
Knoxville;  Col.  W.  L.  Eakin,  Chattanooga;  Hon.  Wm. 
Rule,  Knoxville;  Gen.  A.  J.  Vaughn,  Memphis;  Gen.  M.  J. 
Wright,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Capt.  Sam.  Hawkins,  Hunting- 
don ;  Maj.  J.  Minnick  Williams,  Nashville:  Col.  W.  J. 
Hale,  Hartsville ;  Maj.  C.  W.  Anderson,  Florence  Station ; 
Lieut.  James  M.  Keeble,  Nashville. 

Texas— Gen.  Roger  Q.  Mills,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Col.  C. 
B.  Kilgore,  Wills  Point;  Capt.  J.  P.  Douglas,  Tyler;  Capt. 
O.  P.  Bowser,  Dallas  ;  Capt.  Travis  Henderson,  Paris. 

Virginia — Hon.  Geo.  D.  Wise,  Richmond;  Col.  A.  Fulker- 
son,  Bristol ;  Maj.  W.  W.  Parker,  Richmond. 

Wisconsin — Capt.  Wm.  A.  Collins,  Chicago,  111.;  Col.  W. 
W.  Watkins,  Milwaukee ;  Gen.  H.  C.  Hobart,  Milwaukee. 

Committees  of  Army  Societies. 

Army  of  the  Cumberland — Gen.  C.  H.  Manderson,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.;  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Gen. 
J.  J.  Reynolds,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Gen..  Absolom  Baird, 
Washington,  D.  C.;  Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  Athens,  Ohio; 
Gen.  E.  A.  Carman,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Gen.  H.  V.  Boyn- 
ton,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Army  of  the  Tennessee — Gen.  C.  C.  Walcutt,  Columbus, 
Ohio;  Gen.  Willard  Warner,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.;  Gen. 
Green  B.  Raum,  Chicago,  111.;  Maj.  S.  C.  Plummer,  Rock 
Island,  111.;  Maj.  A.  Willison,  Creston,  Iowa;  Capt.  E.  H. 
Webster,  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  Capt.  D.  A.  Mulvane,  Tope'ka, 
Kas.;  Maj.  J.  D.  Fegan,  Clinton,  Iowa;  Capt.  B.  M.  Callen- 
der,  Chicago,  111.;  Capt.  J,  G.  Everest,  Chicago,  III;  Capt. 
S.  S.  Frowe,  Chicago,  111.:  Capt.  C.  F.  Matteson,  Chicago, 
III;  Col.  E.  C.  Dawes,  Cincinnati,  Ohio:  Col.  E.  H.  Hildt, 
Canal  Dover,  Ohio;  Col.  John  Mason  Loomis,  Chicago,  111.; 
Maj.  W.  L.  B.  Janney,  Chicago,  111. 


282 


THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 


Army  of  the  Potomac — Gen.  O.  O.  Howard;  Gen.  Wm. 
Cogswell,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Gen.  E.  A.  Carman,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.;  Capt.  Cyrus  E.  Graves;  Gen.  Fred.  Winkler. 

The  tables  following  show  how  each  State  and  the  Regular 
Army  were  represented  at  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga : 

CHICKAMAUGA. 

ROSECRANS. 


STATES. 

Infantry. 

Cavalry. 

Artillery. 

Total. 

Indiana  

26 

8 

77 

Illinois  

28 

r 

77 

Kansas  

i 

I 

Kentucky  

i  7 

17 

Michigan  

4 

2 

2 

8 

Minnesota  

I 

I 

2 

Ohio  

42 

7 

IO 

rr 

Pennsylvania  

1 

2 

I 

56 

Tennessee  

2 

2 

United  States  

I 

Wisconsin  

c 

I 

7 

Missouri  

i 

I 

7 

Total  

1  20 

l8 

7C 

lS2 

BRAGG. 


STATES. 

Infantry. 

Cavalry. 

Artillery. 

Total. 

Alabama  

27 

r 

8 

7C 

Arkansas  

12 

I 

•j 

16 

Confederate  Regulars.... 

i 

4 

5 

Florida  

^ 

i 

6 

Georgia  

12 

c 

7 

24 

Kentucky  

c 

2 

2 

Louisiana  

4 

I 

7 

y 

Mississippi  .. 

17 

4 

21 

Missouri  

2 

2 

North  Carolina  

4 

I 

C 

South  Carolina  

7 

I 

8 

Tennessee  

76 

12 

8 

S6 

Texas  

IO 

2 

i 

13 

Virginia        

i 

7 

Total  .  . 

178 

77 

4-1 

222 

THE    STATE    COMMISSIONS    AND    STATE    TROOPS. 


283 


In  addition  to  the  above  full  organizations,  Indiana  and 
Illinois  had  each  three  regiments  of  mounted  infantry,  and 
Ohio  had  one  company  of  sharpshooters,  making  the  total 
number  of  separate  organizations  in  Rosecrans  army,  189. 

Besides  the  above  full  organizations,  Alabama  had  7  bat- 
talions of  infantry,  Georgia  4,  Louisiana  i,  Mississippi  3, 
South  Carolina  2,  and  Tennessee  5,  and  West  Virginia  had 
four  full  companies  in  one  of  the  Virginia  infantry  regiments 
included  above,  and  numerous  representatives  in  the  other 
companies  of  each  of  the  regiments  from  Virginia.  Alabama 
had  2  companies  of  cavalry,  Georgia  i,  Louisiana  2,  Missis- 
sippi i,  and  Tennessee  2,  making  the  total  number  of  sepa- 
rate organizations  in  Bragg's  army,  251. 

CHATTANOOGA. 


GRANT. 


STATES. 

Infantry. 

Cavalry. 

Artillery. 

Total. 

Illinois  

4: 

10 

cr 

Indiana   

-11 

7 

74 

Iowa          

10 

i 

II 

Kansas            

i 

I 

Kentucky        . 

1  1 

i 

12 

Massachusetts                  . 

i 

I 

Michigan  

4 

i 

i 

6 

Minnesota  

'j 

i 

3 

Missouri     

3 

17 

I 

i 

New  York           

14. 

2 

16 

Ohio  

61 

3 

5 

69 

Pennsylvania               .... 

10 

11 

Tennessee                    .... 

I 

i 

^Visconsin  .        .          .... 

7 

3 

10 

U    S    Regulars 

7 

4 

ii 

I 

i 

Total          

220 

. 

36 

261 

284 


THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

BRAGG. 


STATES. 

Infantry. 

Cavalry. 

Artillery. 

Total. 

Alabama  

"j  i 

r 

8 

Arkansas  

I 

-i 

44 

Florida  

e 

i 

6 

Georgia  

*6 

r 

Kentucky  ,  

-} 

i 

Louisiana  

I 

2 

Maryland  

I 

Missouri  

2 

Mississippi  

I  r 

North  Carolina  

2 

I 

South  Carolina  

2 

Tennessee  . 

•*6 

I  i 

7 

•5 

Texas  

6 

2 

I  • 

54 

Virginia  

2 

r 

9 

Confederate  Regulars... 

I 

4 

Total  

167 

g 

_42 

In  addition  to  the  above,  Illinois  and  Indiana  had  each  one 
regiment  of  mounted  infantry,  and  Ohio  had  one  battalion 
of  sharpshooters. 

The  above  represents  Gen.  Bragg's  army  before  the  detach- 
ment of  forces  to  East  Tennessee.  Besides  the  complete  or- 
ganizations named,  Alabama  had  five  battalions  of  infantry, 
Georgia  6,  Kentucky  i,  Louisiana  2,  Mississippi  2,  South 
Carolina  2,  and  Tennessee  3.  Kentucky  had  3  battalions  of 
cavalry,  Tennessee  2,  and  Virginia  i.  The  Maryland  Bat- 
tery entered  in  the  table  was  reorganized  shortly  before  the 
battle  of  Chattanooga,  and  became  a  Georgia  battery,  giving 
the  latter  state  10  batteries,  making  the  total  number  of  sepa- 
rate organizations  in  Bragg's  army,  269. 

Besides  the  Union  forces  engaged  in  the  battle  the  First 
Division  of  the  Twelfth  Corps  kept  open  the  lines  of  com- 
munication north  of  Bridgeport.  While  not  in  the  battle  it 
was  one  of  the  most  essential  forces  of  the  campaign.  In 


THE    STATE    COMMISSIONS    AND    STATE    TROOPS.  285 

this  division,  Connecticut  had  two  regiments,  Indiana  one, 
Maryland  one,  Massachusetts  two,  New  Jersey  one,  New 
York  four,  Pennsylvania  one,  and  Wisconsin  one.  The  First 
Battalion  of  the  Tenth  Maine  accompanied  Gen.  Hooker  to 
the  West,  though  it  soon  after  returned  to  the  East.  The 
total  number  of  separate  organizations  in  Grant's  army, 
counting  this  representative  of  Maine  troops,  was  278. 

These  figures  suggest  a  comparison  which  will  give  eastern 
veterans  a  clearer  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  military  ope- 
rations about  Chattanooga. 

The  Army  of  the  Cumberland  at  Chickamauga  had  only 
two  infantry  regiments  less  than  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in 
the  Seven  Days'  Battles ;  and  Bragg  had  only  three  less  than 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  in  those  battles,  a  total  dif- 
ference for  the  combined  armies  of  only  five  regimants  of  In- 
fantry. The  losses  of  Rosecrans  at  Chickamauga  in  two 
days  were  16,179,  and  of  McClellan  in  the  Seven  Days'  only 
15,849,  or  330  less  than  Rosecrans;  of  Bragg  in  two  days, 
17,804;  of  Lee  in  Seven  Days',  19,749.  Rosecrans'  missing, 
notwithstanding  the  long-current  exaggerations  of  the  disaster 
to  his  right,  were  only  4,774,  against  6,053  m  tne  Seven  Days' 
Battles.  The  total  losses  of  both  sides  in  the  Seven  Days' 
Battles  were  only  1,615  more  than  Rosecrans'  and  Braggs' 
for  the  two  days'  at  Chickamauga. 

The  influential  societies  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland 
and  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  have  each  given  most  im- 
portant aid  to  the  project,  and  the  Society  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  has  appointed  a  strong  committee  to  assist.  The 
Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  has  been  especially 
active  and  enthusiastic  both  in  its  annual  meetings  and  in 
the  work  of  its  committee  on  the  field.  As  has  been  seen, 
the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  led  in  supporting 
the  proposition  to  establish  the  Park.  At  each  succeeding 
annual  meeting  since  the  project  was  broached  it  has  re- 
ceived active  encouragement,  and  the  influence  of  this  Society 
has  been  potent  at  every  step. 


286  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

The  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  through  its  commander, 
Gen.  Lawler,  has  rendered  and  is  still  giving  valuable  aid. 

At  the  last  Annual  Reunion  of  the  Camps  of  Confederate 
Veterans  the  following  was  adopted  : 

"Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  Confederate  Veterans  are 
hereby  tendered  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  for 
establishing  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Mil- 
itary Park,  where  the  history  of  the  heroic  fighting  on  both 
sides  is  being  impartially  preserved ;  and  that  the  governors 
and  legislatures  of  the  Southern  States,  and  especially  our 
Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress,  be  requested  to 
actively  co-operate  with  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  the  Na- 
tional Commission  acting  under  him,  in  furthering  the  work 
of  establishing  the  National  Park." 

The  history  set  forth  in  these .  concluding  chapters  shows 
that  the  Military  Park  project  is  national  in  every  element; 
that  the  interest  in  it  is  general  and  earnest ;  and  that  when 
the  work  now  rapidly  progressing  is  finished  it  will  be  the 
most  complete  field  for  military  study  that  has  yet  been  re- 
stored by  any  nation. 


POINTS    OF    DISCUSSION    AND     DISPUTE.  287 


CHAPTER    XX. 

POINTS    OF    DISCUSSION    AND     DISPUTE. 

An  historical  guide  which  assumes  to  set  forth  the  salient 
points  of  campaigns  and  battles,  would  fall  short  of  what  might 
properly  be  expected,  if  it  did  not  touch  upon  the  various 
questions  over  which  contentions  have  arisen  on  each  side. 

The  Confederate  authorities  were  much  quicker  than  those 
at  Washington  in  estimating  the  vital  importance  of  Chat- 
tanooga, and  strengthening  their  forces  for  its  defense. 
Buckner's  Corps  was  brought  from  East  Tennessee.  A  large 
force  was  sent  from  Johnston's  army  in  Mississippi.  Gov. 
Brown  furnished  local  State  troops  to  relieve  veterans  in  the 
rear,  and  the  latter  were  sent  to  the  front.  For  a  time  it 
was  in  contemplation  to  send  General  Lee  to  command 
against  Rosecrans  at  the  same  time  that  Longstreet's  Corps 
was  sent  south.  Three  brigades  of  this  force  reached  Bragg 
in  time  for  the  first  day's  battle,  and  two  more  for  the  second 
day.  The  Confederates  were  every  where  prompt  and  ac- 
tive in  devising  and  executing  means  of  strengthening  Bragg. 

On  the  other  hand  Rosecrans  was  urged  forward,  in  fact, 
almost  driven  forward  into  his  mountain  campaign  by  the 
most  peremptory  orders,  and  without  any  adequate  measures 
for  his  support.  He  was  at  the  time  exerting  all  the  energies 
of  his  army  to  prepare  for  an  advance,  and  fortunately  for  those 
who  were  ordering  him,  he  had  independence  enough  to  wait 
until  he  was  ready  to  move.  The  only  force  directed  to  co- 
operate with  Rosecrans,  was  Burnside's  column  of  12,000 
then  approaching  Tennessee.  It  was  very  clear  long  before 
the  battle  that  no  attention  was  being  given  to  these  orders 
by  Burnside  ;  but  the  only  consideration  given  the  matter  at. 


288  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

Washington  was  to  issue  other  orders  of  a  similar  character 
which  were  treated  with  the  same  indifference.  The  cause 
is  now  known.  If  Gen.  Burnside,  who  supposed  he  ranked 
Rosecrans,  had  entered  the  department  of  the  latter,  he  would 
be  serving  under  his  junior.  This  was  well  understood  at 
Knoxville,  and  Gen.  Hartsuff,  commanding  the  Twenty-third 
Corps,  requested  that  as  he  did  not  rank  Rosecrans,  he  might 
be  sent.  This  request  Burnside  did  not  grant.  At  this  time 
prompt  action  at  Washington  would  have  insured  help  of 
vital  importance  to  Rosecrans  at  Chickamauga. 

Gen.  Grant  had  urged,  soon  after  the  fall  of  Vicksburg, 
that  a  considerable  portion  of  his  unemployed  force  be  sent 
to  Rosecrans  to  meet  a  probable  concentration  to  strengthen 
Bragg.  But  this  suggestion  was  not  adopted.  •  And  so  when 
the  battle  came  on  Rosecrans  had  become  weaker  by  nec- 
essary detachments,  while  Bragg  had  received  abundant  re- 
enforcements. 

The  Transfer  of  Longstreet  from  Virginia. 

Considering  the  condition  of  the  Confederate  railroads 
and  their  slim  equipment,  the  movement  of  Longstreet  from 
Richmond  to  Chickamauga  properly  ranks  with  the  later 
transfer  of  Hooker's  column  from  Alexandria  to  Bridgeport. 
The  head  of  the  latter  force  reached  the  Tennessee  in  five 
days,  Longstreet's  advance  arrived  at  Ringgold  by  way  of 
Atlanta  in  nine  days. 

There  was  no  knowledge  of  the  movement  at  Washington. 
Four  days  after  Longstreet's  troops  had  left  Lee's  front,  a 
telegram  from  Gen.  Halleck-  informed  Rosecrans  that  it  was 
important  to  ascertain  the  truth  of  a  report  that  Bragg  was  re- 
enforcing  Lee.  And  yet  the  New  York  Herald  of  September 
8th,  had  called  editorial  attention  to  a  special  dispatch  from 
the  front,  printed  over  the  signature  of  one  of  its  well-known 
correspondents,  announcing  that  Longstreet  had  gone  south. 
The  same  paper  also  announced  the  order  in  which  his  col- 
umn had  moved.  But  Rosecrans  was  assured  from  Wash- 


POINTS   OF    DISCUSSION    AND    DISPUTE.  289 

ington,  four  days  before  the  battle  opened,  in  reply  to  his 
own  inquires,  that  no  troops  had  gone  south  to  Bragg,  and 
the  first  knowledge  Rosecrans  obtained  of  Lbngstreet's  pres- 
ence was  through  the  capture  of  prisoners. 

Gen.  Bragg 's  Troubles  with  Subordinates. 

It  is  impossible  to  study  the  Confederate  reports  and  cor- 
respondence without  being  convinced  that  Bragg  had  much 
just  cause  of  complaint  against  a  number  of  his  subordinates ; 
and  further,  that  if  his  orders  on  three  separate  occasions  had 
been  executed,  they  would  have  caused  Gen.  Rosecrans 
much  trouble,  if  not  serious  disaster. 

A  visit  to  the  scene  of  operations  in  McLemore  Co've  from 
the  8th  to  the  i3th  of  September,  must  satisfy  any  student 
that  Gen.  Bragg  had  strong  grounds  for  dissatisfaction,  first, 
because  his  orders  to  attack  Gen.  Thomas'  column  about 
Davis'  Cross-roads  were  not  carried  out.  The  roads  leading 
to  the  left  flank  of  Negley's  Division  were  numerous  and  in 
excellent  condition,  and  even  when  Baird's  -Division  had 
joined  Negley,  if  the  combinations  ordered  by  Gen.  Bragg 
had  been  effected,  and  the  attacks  vigorously  made  as  di- 
rected, it  now  seems  as  if  a  serious  check  to  Rosecrans'  cen- 
tral column  must  have  resulted. 

In  the  same  way,  when  Gen.  Bragg,  failing  at  the  center, 
turned  promptly  toward  Crittenden's  Corps,  then  the  left  of 
Rosecrans  and  isolated,  the  chances  for  striking  an  effective 
blow  in  that  quarter  were  excellent.  Valid  reasons  appear 
to  be  entirely  wanting  for  failure  to  obey  Gen.  Bragg's  orders 
in  this  case  also. 

On  the  morning  of  the  second  day's  battle  at  Chickamauga, 
the  attack  which  Bragg  ordered  to  be  made  at  daylight  was 
not  delivered  until  9:30  o'clock,  and  only  made  then  upon 
orders  which  he  personally  transmitted  without  regard  to  the 
corps  commander  who  had  failed  to  attack. 

While  Gen.  Rosecrans  seems  to  have  had  various  good 
grounds  of  complaint  against  his  superiors,  Gen.  Bragg  had 


290  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

the  support  and  co-operation  of  these,   but  a  lack    of  both 
from  several  of  his  subordinates. 

Rosecrans   Leaving  the  Field.    * 

Gen.  Rosecrans,  with  Gens.  McCook  and  Crittenden,  were 
cut  off  with  the  extreme  right  of  the  army  without  fault  of 
their  own.  Longstreet's  penetration  of  the  Union  center  did 
that.  Gen.  Crittenden  was  entirely  without  command,  as 
each  of  his  divisions  in  succession  had  been  detached, 
Palmer's  the  first  day,  Wood's  early  the  second,  and  Van 
Cleve's  just  before  the  break  took  place  had  been  sent  to  the 
left  of  the  point  where  it  occurred.  Stopping  some  distance 
in  rear  of  the  break,  on  one  of  the  spurs  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  Gen.  Rosecrans,  with  Gen.  Garfield,  his  Chief  of 
Staff,  and  several  other  members,  gave  careful  attention 
to  the  situation.  As  stragglers  representing  each  of  the 
corps  had  been  found  in  the  crowd  on  the  roads,  it  was  at 
first  believed  that  the  whole  line  had  been  routed.  The 
sounds  of  battle  showed  that  Thomas  was  holding  his  ground. 
It  was,  however,  deemed  not  only  prudent,  but  obligatory, 
that  a  new  line  should  be  selected  about  Chattanooga,  on 
which  the  army  could  be  rapidly  formed  in  case  it  was  driven 
from  the  field.  There  were,  also,  many  orders  to  be  given, 
looking  to  holding  Chattanooga  Valley,  securing  the  supply 
trains,  guarding  the  bridges  at  Chattanooga,  and  other  similar 
matters  necessary  to  hastily  taking  position  at  Chattanooga, 
if  the  results  on  the  field  demanded  it.  These  things  Gen. 
Rosecrans  rapidly  indicated  to  Gen.  Garfield,  asked  him  to 
attend  to  their  execution,  and  said  he  himself  would  ride  to 
Thomas.  Gen.  Garfield  replied  that  this  responsibility  was 
great,  especially  that  of  selecting  a  new  line.  That,  he  ar- 
gued, should  be  done  by  the  general  in  command — that  is, 
by  the  authority  that  could  at  once  give  orders  regarding  all 
contingencies  that  might  arise  in  so  grave  an  emergency. 
He  much  preferred  to  ride  to  Thomas  with  orders  and  in- 
formation. To  this  argument  ^  Gen.  Rosecrans  yielded. 


POINTS    OF    DISCUSSION    AND    DISPUTE.  291 

Gen.    Garfield   went   to   Thomas,    and   Gen.    Rosecrans   to 
Chattanooga. 

Union  Forces  Involved  in  the  Break. 

The  popular  impression  which  prevailed  long  after  the 
war,  that  McCook's  and  Crittenden's  Corps  left  the  field  in  a 
body,  while  the  Fourteenth  alone  remained  with  Thomas, 
did  great  injustice  to  the  first  named  organizations,  and 
awarded  too  much  credit  to  the  last.  Johnson's  Division  of 
the  Twentieth  Corps  and  Palmer's  of  the  Twenty-first  fought 
unflinchingly  both  days  with  Thomas.  This  subject  is  most 
clearly  presented  in  Van  Home's  History  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  Vol.  I,  page  361  : 

"As  the  statement  appears  in  many  histories  of  the  war, 
and  even  in  some  of  recent  publication,  that  Gen.  Thomas 
with  his  single  corps  saved  the  army  at  Chickamauga,  it  is 
imperative  to  refute  this  error,  as  it  does  great  injustice  to  the 
officers  and  men  of  the  other  corps.  The  preceding  narra- 
tive gives  an  indirect  refutation,  but  this  prevalent  mistake 
should  be  explicitly  corrected.  Gens.  Crittenden  and  Mc- 
Cook  had  each  eight  brigades  on  the  field,  and  Gen.  Granger 
had  three.  And  of  these  nineteen  brigades,  twelve  were  with 
Gen.  Thomas  in  the  final  conflict.  Five  brigades  of  McCook's 
Corps  were  cut  off  on  the  right,  but  not  more  than  two  from 
Crittenden's,  counting  fragments.  Palmer's  Division  of  Crit- 
tenden's Corps,  and  Johnson's  from  McCook's,  were  with 
Gen.  Thomas  throughout  the  battle,  and  Gen.  Wood  of  the 
former  corps,  with  two  brigades  of  his  own  division,  and 
one  from  Van  Cleve's,  went  to  him  on  the  second  day. 
Granger's  three  large  brigades  constituted  nearly  one-fourth 
of  the  entire  force  on  the  final  line.  More  men  left  the  field 
from  Gen.  Thomas'  own  corps,  the  Fourteenth,  than  from 
Gen.  Crtttenden's.  Four  regiments  of  Wilder's  Brigade  of 
Reynold's  Division  were  on  the  right  of  the  breach ;  a  large 
portion,  more  than  a  moiety,  of  Negley's  Division  was  led  or 
driven  from  the  field  (Beatty's  Brigade,  through  the  emer- 


2Q2  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

gencies  of  battle  and  orders  of  Gen.  Negley's  Adjutant- 
General,  joined  the  divisions  on  the  right,  and  at  night  were 
found  by  Gen.  Beatty  at  Rossville),  and  Brannan  lost  a  por- 
tion of  one  of  his  brigades  through  orders  of  a  general  who 
left  the  field  before  the  final  crisis  of  the  battle." 

The  impression,  which  still  exists  in  many  quarters,  that  a 
large  part  of  Rosecrans'  army  fell  back  in  disorder  to  Chatta- 
nooga, is  altogether  erroneous.  The  army  was  withdrawn  to 
Rossville  by  Gen.  Thomas,  under  orders  received  between 
4  and  5  o'clock  from  Gen.  Rosecrans  to  take  a  strong  posi- 
tion there,  sending  all  unorganized  forces  to  Chattanooga. 
The  withdrawal  was  by  McFarland's  Gap,  as  Gen.  Bragg's 
plan  of  battle  had  succeeded  so  far  as  to  obtain  control  of  the 
La  Fayette  Road  beyond  the  Union  left.  The  withdrawal 
began  at  5:30  o'clock  with  the  line  around  the  Kelly  Field. 
Each  of  the  corps  was  re-organized  at  Rossville,  and  was  in 
strong  position  there  soon  after  daylight.  These  lines  were 
maintained  throughout  the  2ist  of  September,  the  enemy 
feeling  them,  but  making  no  attack,  and  during  the  night  of 
that  day  the  army  marched  on  to  Chattanooga. 

Rosecrans1  Concentration  before  Chickamauga. 

There  has  been  wide  criticism  of  Gen.  Rosecrans  for  not 
withdrawing  at  once  over  Lookout  Mountain  when  he  found 
that  Chattanooga  was  evacuted,  and  proceeding  along  its 
western  base  to  the  occupation  of  that  city. 

His  own  answer  is,  that  with  Bragg  concentrated  within 
easy  reach,  and  so  situated  that  the  movements  of  each  of 
Rosecrans'  columns  were  accurately  known  by  him,  the  first 
signs  of  withdrawal  over  the  mountains  would  have  brought 
the  precipitation  of  Bragg  upon  Crittenden,  and  the  probable 
forcing  back  of  the  latter  and  enabling  Bragg  to  re-occupy 
Chattanooga.  The  concentration  along  the  eastern  base  of 
Lookout  was  also  along  the  shortest  and  on  supporting  lines. 


POINTS    OF    DISCUSSION    AND    DISPUTE.  293 

Confederate  Criticism  of  Gen.  Bragg. 

After  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  there  was  considerable 
criticism  of  Gen.  Bragg  for  not  crossing  the  Tennessee  above 
Chattanooga,  marching  on  Rosecrans'  line  of  supplies,  and 
thus  compelling  him  to  give  up  the  city  and  retire  on  Nash- 
ville. After  the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  this  criticism  gained 
wider  currency.  Gen.  Bragg  thus  disposed  of  it  in  his  re- 
port : 

"The  suggestion  of  a  movement  by  our  right  immediately 
after  the  battle  to  the  north  of  the  Tennessee  and  thence  upon 
Nashville,  requires  notice  only  because  it  will  find  a  place  on 
the  files  of  the  department.  Such  a  movement  was  utterly 
impossible  for  want  of  transportation.  Nearly  half  our  army 
consisted  of  re-enforcements  just  before  the  battle,  without  a 
wagon  or  an  artillery  horse,  and  nearly,  if  not  quite,  a  third 
of  the  artillery  horses  on  the  field  had  been  lost.  The  rail-- 
road bridges,  too,  had  been  destroyed  to  a  point  south  of 
Ringgold,  and  on  all  the  road  from  Cleveland  to  Knoxville. 
To  these  insurmountable  difficulties  were  added  the  entire 
absence  of  means  to  cross  the  river,  except  by  fording  at  a 
few  precarious  points  too  deep  for  artillery  and  the  well- 
known  danger  of  sudden  rises,  by  which  all  communication 
would  be  cut,  a  contingency  which  did  actually  happen  a  few 
days  after  the  visionary  scheme  was  proposed.  But  the  most 
serious  objection  to  the  proposition  was  its  entire  want  of 
military  propriety.  It  abandoned  to  the  enemy  our  entire 
line  of  communication,  and  laid  open  to  him  our  depots  of 
supplies,  while  it  placed  us  with  a  greatly  inferior  force  be- 
yond a  difficult  and  at  times  impassable  river,  in  a  country 
affording  no  subsistence  to  men  or  animals.  It  also  left  open 
to  the  enemy;  at  a  distance  of  only  ten  miles,  our  battle  field, 
with  thousands  of  our  wounded  and  his  own,  and  all  the 
trophies  and  supplies  we  had  won.  All  this  was  to  be  risked 
and  given  up  for  what?  To  gain  the  enemy's  rear' and  cut 
him  off  from  his  depot  of  supplies  by  the  route  over  the 


294  THE    NATIONAL    MILITARY    PARK. 

mountains,  when  the  very  movement  abandoned  to  his  un- 
molested use  the  better  and  more  practicable  route,  of  half 
the  length,  on  the  south  side  of  the  river.  It  is  hardly  neces- 
sary to  say,  the  proposition  was  not  even  entertained,  what- 
ever may  have  been  the  inferences  drawn  from  subsequent 
movements." 

Thomas'  Success  at  Missionary  Ridge. 

The  declaration  was  current  at  the  time  of  the  battle,  and 
has  been  persistently  maintained  in  various  histories  since, 
that  the  successful  storming  of  Missionary  Ridge  by  Gen. 
Thomas'  Corps  was  made  possible  because  Gen.  Sherman's 
attack  at  the  north  end  of  the  Ridge  had  drawn  large  forces 
from  Thomas'  front,  and  so  enabled  him  to  break  through.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  not  a  soldier  or  a  gun  left  the  Confederate 
center  to  go  to  their  right  after  Sherman's  assault  began. 
The  movements  on  the  Ridge  which  led  to  this  belief  were 
those  of  the  troops  which  had  abandoned  Lookout  and  were 
on  their  way  to  the  Confederate  right.  Most  of  these  reached 
their  destination  by  9  A.  M.  The  exact  opposite  is  true,  that 
soon  after  Gen.  Thomas  moved  against  the  Confederate  cen- 
ter, that  is,  about  an  hour  before  sunset,  Brown's,  Cumming's, 
and  Maney's  Brigades  were  dispatched  by  Gen.  Cleburne 
from  Tunnel  Hill  to  the  assistance  of  the  forces  opposing 
Thomas,  Cleburne  himself  accompanying  them.  Brown's 
Brigade  reached  Cheatham's  line  before  the  close  of  the 
action,  and,  supported  by  Cumming's,  participated  in  the 
effort  to  check  Baird's  northward  advance  along  the  crest  of 
the  Ridge. 

Bragg 's  Holding  on  to  Missionary  Ridge. 
Many  Confederate  officers  criticized  Gen.  Bragg  for  estab- 
lishing his  line  on  Missionary  Ridge,  after  the  Union  army 
had  carried  Lookout  Mountain,  instead  of  withdrawing  to 
Dalton,  where  he  could  have  protected  his  flanks.  With  the 
road  to  the  Confederate  left  flank  at  Rossville  open  to 


POINTS    OF    DISCUSSION    AND    DISPUTE.  295 

Hooker,  and  Gen.  Sherman's  army  on  the  right  flank  at 
Tunnel  Hill,  the  Missionary  Ridge  line  was  practically 
turned  on  both  flanks.  So  strong  was  the  expectation  of 
withdrawal  at  Gen.  Hardee's  Headquarters,  that  Gen.  Cle- 
burne  sent  his  artillery  and  ordnance  stores  across  the  Chick- 
amauga  during  the  evening  of  the  24th,  recalling  them  upon 
learning  that  it  had  been  decided  to  give  battle  on  Missionary 
Ridge. 


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INDEX. 


APPROACHES  of  the  Park,  length  of,  i,  2. 
Army  societies,  committees  of,  281. 

Armies,  Union  and  Confederate,  at  opening  of  the  Chickamauga 
campaign,  i  5. 

Artillery  battalions.  Confederate,  at  Chattanooga:  Maj.  Austin 
Levden,  1^6;  Col.  E.  P.  Alexander,  1156;  Maj.  Melancthon 
Smith,  157;  Maj.  T.  R.  Hotchkiss,  158;  Capt.  William  W. 
Carnes,  159;  Maj.  Robert  Martin,  160;  Capt.  H.  C.  Semple, 
161;  Capt.  C.  H.  Slocomb,  162;  Maj.  S.  C.  Williams,  163;  Maj. 
A.  R.  Courtney,  164;  Reserve,  Maj.  Felix  H.  Robertson,  166. 

Artillery  reserve.  Union,  at  Chattanooga,  147. 

BARNES'  brigade  at  Viniard's,  38;  on  Kelly  Field  line,  69. 

Battery  H,  Fifth  U.  S.  Artillery,  captured,  177,  178 

Battery  locations,  how  marked,  n. 

Belknap,  Capt.  C.  E.,  at  Widow  Glenn's,  194. 

Boulevard,  the  central,  2. 

Boundaries,  legal,  i,  2. 

Bragg,  evacuates  Chattanooga,  19;  concentrates  at  La  Fayette,  20; 
orders  attack  on  Rosecrans'  center  in  McLemore's  Cove,  21; 
orders  attack  on  Crittenden,  the  Union  left,  23;  general  order 
for  battle  of  Chickamauga,  26;  crosses  the  Chickamauga  and 
forms  for  battle,  27,  170,  184;  attacked  on  right  and  in  rear  by 
Rosecrans,  27;  movements  into  action,  186;  headquarters  on 
Missionary  Ridge,  2;  investment  of  Chattanooga,  89;  move- 
ments from  Chickamauga,  9^;  lines  around  Chattanooga,  92. 

Brock  Field,  179,  182,  183. 

Brown's  brigade  at  Missionary  Ridge,  216. 

Brotherton  House,  battle  lines  about,  176;  to  Snodgrass  Hill,  189. 

Brown's  Ferrv  affair,  99-104. 

"  Burning  House" — Poe's,  176. 

CAPTURE    of    Union    regiments:     22d     Michigan,    2ist    and    Sgth 

Ohio,  56. 
Cavalrv,  Union,  169. 

(-99) 


300  INDEX. 

Chattanooga,  battle  of,  109;  Grant's  order  of  battle,  109;  positions 
of  the  opposing  armies,  112;  advance  on  Orchard  Knob,  113; 
battle  of  Lookout  Mountain,  116;  Sherman's  Crossing,  120; 
Confederate  movements,  night  of  November  24,  122;  battle  of 
Missionary  Ridge.  123;  Sherman's  assault  on  Tunnel  Hill,  123; 
Confederate  defense  of  Tunnel  Hill,  126;  Confederate  with- 
drawal from  Lookout,  129;  Thomas'  storming  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  132;  Hooker  at  Missionary  Ridge,  215;  Union  artillery 
at  Chattanooga,  136;  Union  losses,  137;  post  of  Chattanooga, 
147- 

Chickamauga  campaign — Rosecrans' strategy,  15;  plan  of  campaign, 
16;  its  objective,  15;  position  of  armies  at  opening  of,  15;  com- 
position of  the  armies,  i^;  feint  on  the  left,  16;  crossing  the 
Cumberlands,  the  Tennessee  river,  the  Raccoon  and  Lookout 
ranges,  16-19;  evacuation  of  Chattanooga,  19;  movements  of 
Crittenden's  feint  on  the  left,  17,  19;  movements  of  Bragg's 
army  from  Chattanooga  to  La  Fayette,  20;  Union  forces  in 
Chattanooga,  19,  20. 

Chickamauga  campaign  skeletonized,  95;  successive  moves  of  each 
army,  95-98. 

Chickamauga — first  day's  battle,  29;  Bragg's  plan,  24;  fields  cleared 
since  the  battle,  29;  first  Confederate  troops  on  the  field,  31; 
Minty  at  Reed's  Bridge,  Wilder  at  Alexander's,  31;  Bragg's 
formation  for  battle, 32;  Thomas'  and  McCook's  Corps  bv  night 
march  gain  Bragg's  right  and  rear,  32;  Brannan  opens  the  bat- 
tle near  Jay's  Mill,  34;  Negley's  Division  confronts  Breckin- 
ridge's  at  Glass  Mill,  34;  main  features  of  first  day's  operations, 
34-40;  position  of  the  opposing  forces,  32; 

Engagements  about — Jay's  Mill,  34;  Winfrey's  (E.  C.  Reed) 
House,  35,  36,  39;  on  extreme  left,  36;  Brock  Field,  36;  Brother- 
ton's  37;  Poe's,  37;  Viniard's,  38;  at  night  of  igth  September, 
39,  40;  night  engagement  of  Johnson's  and  Baird's  divisions, 
with  Cleburne's  and  Cheatham's,  39,  40. 

Chickamauga  from  Chattanooga  via  Missionary  Ridge;  via  of  Ross- 
ville,  195. 

Chickamauga — second  day's  battle.  41;  re-arrangement  of  the  lines, 
41,  42;  Bragg's  fresh  troops,  41;  Bragg's  order  for  an  early  at- 
tack not  executed,  44;  Breckinridge  opens  the  battle,  44;  reaches 
the  Kelly  Field,  45;  is  finally  repulsed,  45,  47;  Longstreet 
breaks  through  the  Union  center,  49;  .cause  of  the  gap  in  the 
Union  lines,  48,  49;  Brannan  swings  back  to  Snodgrass  Hill, 
49;  Wood  rallies  there,  49;  Negley  leaves  the  field,  52;  Davis 
and  Sheridan  forced  off  the  field,  52;  Rosecrans  cut  off  with 
them,  52;  Forrest's  Cavalrv  captures  Cloud  Hospital,  53;  Con- 
federate assault  on  the  Kellv  Field  line,  ^7;  Longstreet  assaults 
on  Snodgrass  Hill,  55,  56;  arrival  of  Granger's  reserve  to  the 
relief  of  Thomas,  55;  Kershaw's,  B.  Johnson's,  Hindrnan's,  and 
Preston's  Divisions  assault  Snodgrass  Hill,  55,  56;  capture  of 
three  Union  regiments  by  Kelly's  and  Trigg's  brigades,  56; 
Thomas'  withdrawal  to  Rossville,  57;  takes  position  there,  58; 
ctrerigth  and  losses,  58,  59.  227-229. 


INDEX.  301 

Clayton's  brigade  reaches  the  Tanyard,  37. 

Clearings  and  woods  as  they  were  in  1863,  29. 

Confederate  army,  roster  of,  at  Chickamauga,  with  movements  of 
each  division  in  both  days'  battle,  72-87;  the  same  for  the  bat- 
tles at  Chattanooga,  155-166. 

Confederate  right,  and  Union   left,  Sunday,  September  2oth,  from  ' 

about  McDonald's,  198,  199. 

Consolidation  of  2Olh  and  2ist  Corps  at  Chattanooga,  93. 
Crawfish   Springs,  roads   from,  167;  old   wheel  and   mill,  169;  view 

from,  170;   Union   army  arrives  at,  170;  night   march   through, 

170;   Union  hospitals,  169. 
Crest   Road — to   La  Fayette   Road   by   the  cut-off,   195;  the  drive 

upon,  214. 
Crittenden's   Corps — feint  on  Union   left,  16;  at   Lee  and  Gordon's 

Mill,  173;  its  moves  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  into  action,  175;  its 

lines  at  Lee  and  Gordon's,  173. 
Croxton  and  Forrest  open  first  dav's  battle,  34. 

DAVIS'  Cross  Roads,  Confederate  movement  against  Negley's  and 
Baird's  divisions,  21-23. 

DeLong  Place,  Missionary  Ridge,  2,  3. 

Distances,  table  of,  12;  length  of  Park  approaches,  i. 

Divisions,  Confederate,  movements  into  battle  at  Chickamauga  first 
day:  Cheatham,  35,  73;  Cleburne,  39,  75;  Breckinridge,  34,  76; 
Hood  (Law),  37,  83;  Bushrod  Johnson,  37,  38,  84;  Liddell,  35, 
78;  Preston,  38,  So;  Stewart,  37,  79;  Walker  (Gist)  34,  77;  For- 
rest's Cavalry,  34,  85;  Wheeler's  Cavalry,  86. 

Divisions,  Confederate,  movements  at  Chickamauga,  second  day: 
Cheatham,  43,  73;  Cleburne,  43,  45,  75;  Breckinridge,  41,  43,  44, 
45,  47,  76;  Hindtnan,  41,  43,  52,  53,  55,  74;  Hood  (Law),  43,  49, 
83;  Bushrod  Johnson,  43,  53,  55,  84;  Liddell,  43,  53,  78;  McLaw 
(Kershaw)  41,43,49,  53,  55,56,  82;  Preston,  41,  43,  56,80;  Stewart, 
43,  49,  79;  Walker  (Gist),  41,  43,  53,  77;  Forrest's  Cavalry,  43, 
45,  53,  85;  Wheeler's  Cavalry,  86. 

Divisions,  Confederate,  positions  and  movements  in  the  battles  about 
Chattanooga:  Breckinridge  (Bate),  113,  123,  133,  136,  162;  Buck- 
ner  (Johnson),  113,  114,  133,  163;  Cheatham,  113,  114,  117,  122, 
128,  129,  133,  136,  157;  Cleburne,  113,  114,  122.  123,  127,  126-129; 
Hindman  (Palton  Anderson),  113,  114,  133;  Hood,  113,  156;  Mc- 
Law, 113,  155;  Stevenson,  1 13,  117,  122,  126,  128,129,159;  Stew- 
art, 113,  122,  129,  133,  161;  Walker  (Gist),  113,  122,  129,  160; 
Cavalry,  Wheeler's,  164. 

Divisions,  Union,  movements  into  battle  at  Chickamauga.  first  dav: 
Baird,  32,  35.  39,  60;  Brannan,  32,  34,  37.  62;  Davis,  38,  64; 
Johnson,  35,  36,  39,  6^;  Granger  (D.  McCook's  brigade^,  32,  70; 
Negley,  34,  37,  61;  Palmer,  35,  36,  37,  68,  Rpvnold<5,  36,  37,  63; 
Sheridan.  39,  66;  Steedman,  32,  34,  70;  Van  Cleve,  37,  69; 
Wood,  ;,8,  39,  67;  Cavalry  divisions.  71. 


302  INDEX. 

Divisions,  Union,  movements  at  Chickamauga,  second  day:  Baird, 
43-  44.  45-  57.  6o;  Brannan,  47,  49,  52,  55,  57,  62;  Davis.  43,  49, 
52,  64;  Johnson,  43,  57,  65;  Morgan  (D.  McCook's  brigade),  70; 
Negley,  47,  52.  61;  Palmer,  43,  57,  68;  Reynolds,  43,  57,  63; 
Sheridan,  152,  66;  Steedman,  515,  56,  70;  Van  Cleve,  43,  58,  69, 
290;  Wood,  43,  47,49,  67;  Cavalry  divisions,  71. 

Divisions,  Union,  positions  and  movements  at  the  battles  about 
Chattanooga,  112;  Baird,  112,  113,  125,  133,  136,  138,  145;  Cruft, 
112,  116,  117,  119,  131,  132,  137,  140;  Davis,  112,  121,  122,  126, 
138,  144;  Ewing,  112,  120,  121,  123,  126,  138,  153;  Geary,  112, 
116,  117,  119,  120,  129,  131,  132,  137,  150;  Johnson,  112,  120,  132. 
133,  134,  138,  143;  Osterhaus,  112,  116,  117, 119,  131,  132,  137,  i ;  i ; 
Schurz,  113,  125,  137,  138,  149;  Sheridan,  112,  113,  114,  133,  134, 
138,  141;  Smith,  John  E.,  112,  120,  121,  123,  138,  154;  Smith. 
Morgan,  L.,  112.  120,  121,  123,  138,  1152;  Steinwehr,  113,125, 

137,  138,  148;   Williams,  150;   Wood,  112,  113,  114,  133,  134,  137, 

138,  142;  Cavalry  (Eli  Long),  112.  146. 
Dodge's  Brigade,  on  north  line  Kelly  Field,  44. 
Dyer  Fields,  173. 

ENGINEER  troops  at  Chattanooga,  146. 

FIGHTING  ground  at  Chickamauga  of  Union  organizations:  Baird's 
division,  172,  182;  Baldwin's  brigade,  181;  Beatty's,  John,  bri- 
gade, at  Glass'  Mill,  34,  169;  Beatty,  Samuel,  183;  Brannan's 
division,  172,  177,  178;  Connell's  brigade,  177;  Croxton's  brigade, 

177,  178,  179;  Cruft's  brigade,  182;   Davis'  division,  172;    Dicks' 
brigade,  183;   Dodge's  brigade,   181;  Grose's  brigade,  182;   Ha- 
zen's  brigade,  68,  182,  194;  Johnson's  division,  172.  182;   King's, 
E.  A.,  brigade,  183;  McCook's  brigade,  198,  200;   Negley's  divi- 
sion, 173;   Palmer's  division,  182;   Reynold's  division,   172,   183; 
Scribner's    brigade,    179;    Stanley's    brigade,    34,    169;     Stark- 
weather's brigade,  182;  Turchin's  brigade,  183,  200;  Van  Cleve's 
division,  69,  183;  Van  Derveer's  brigade,  177,  178,  179,  203,  204; 
Willich's  brigade,   181. 

Fighting  ground  at  Chickamauga  of  Confederate  organizations: 
Bate's  brigade,  183;  Breckinridge's  division,  34.  169,  iq8,  199, 
200;  Brown's  brigade,  183,  294;  Cheatham's  division,  181,  182; 
Clayton's  brigade,  183;  Cleburne's  division.  45,  182;  Ector's  bri- 
gade, 177,  179;  Forrest's  cavalry.  177,  178,  179;  Govan's  bri- 
gade, 181,  200;  Jackson's  brigade.  181;  Law's  brigade,  37,  183; 
Liddell's  division,  177,  178.200;  Manev's  brigade,  181;  Smith's, 
Preston,  brigade,  181;  Stewart's  division,  45,  183;  Strahl's  bri- 
gade. r8i;  Walker's  division.  177,  178;  Walthali's  brigade,  177, 

178,  181,  200;    Wilson's  brigade,  178;   Wright's  brigade,  181. 
First  day's  battle  lines,  best  route  around,  176. 

Forrest  and  Croxton  open  the  first  day's  battle,  34. 

Forrest  at  Union  hospitals.  Cloud's,  198. 

Fulton's  Brigade  attacks  Van  Cleve  south  of  Brotherton's,  176. 


INDEX.  303 

GLASS'  Mill,  affair  at,  between  Breckinridge's  and  Negley's  troops, 
34,  169;  affair  between  Crook's  and  Wheeler's  Cavalry,  169; 
John  Beatty's  and  Stanley's  Brigades,  Helm's  Brigade,  Eli 
Long's  Cavalry  Brigade,  169. 

Grade's  Brigade  carries  a  salient  on  Snodgrass  Hill,  t;6. 

Granger,  Gordon,  at  Cloud's,  moves  from  Cloud's  to  Snodgrass  Hill, 
198;  at  Snodgrass  Hill,  190,  192. 

Grant  arrives  at  Chattanooga,  November  23d,  101. 

Guide  to  Chattanooga  Field,  207;  Lookout  Mountain,  cars  to,  207; 
views  from,  207;  Wauhatchie,  Brown's  Ferry.  Moccasin  Point, 
Chattanooga,  Orchard  Knob,  and  Missionary  Ridge,  seen  from, 
207-213;  to  Orchard  Knob,  Sherman  Heights,  and  Bragg's 
Headquarters  by  street  cars,  213. 

Guide  to  the  Chickamauga  Field,  167;  approaching  from  Crawfish 
Springs,  167;  Crawfish  Springs  and  vicinitv,  167;  composition 
«  of  the  line  the  second  day,  186—189;  Confederate  forces,  move- 
ments of,  into  Saturday's  battle,  183;  Brannan's,  Baird's.  and 
Johnson's  Divisions,  movements  of,  into  Saturday's  battle,  172; 
Davis',  Wood's,  and  Sheridan's  attack  at  Viniard's,  175;  Glass 
Mill  position,  167;  Harker  s  Brigade,  vital  stand  of,  190;  night 
attack  of  Cleburne  and  Cheatham  on  Baird  and  Johnson,  182; 
night  march  of  Rosecrans'  army,  170;  Palmer's  and  Van  Cleve's 
division  in  action  at  the  center,  175,;  Reynolds'  division  in  ac- 
tion at  Poe's,  172;  routes  to  the  field,  167;  Snodgrass  Hill — Con- 
federate attack,  192,  193;  Union  line  on,  189;  Thomas  arrives  at 
Kelly  Field,  170. 

Guide  to  the  Chickamauga  Field,  approaching  from  Chattanooga, 
195;  approaching  by  Missionary  Ridge,  195;  Cloud  House  and 
hospitals,  198,  Kelly  Field,  lines  and  movements  about,  201,  204; 
Snodgrass  Hill  from  Kelly's,  201;  from  Brotherton's,  201;  Union 
left  and  Confederate  right,  Sunday,  198;  Saturday's  line,  how 
best  to  visit,  201;  withdrawal  from  Snodgrass  Hill,  206;  from 
Kelly  Field,  204. 

HARKER'S  brigade  gains  rear  of  Bushrod' Johnson,  176. 

Hazen's  brigade  on  Snodgrass  Hill,  68. 

Historical  tablets,  4;  specimens  of,  5-10,  296,  297,  298. 

Hooker  arrives   at  Bridgeport,  September  3Oth,  with  nth   and   i2th 

Corps,  93;    his  column  at  Rossville,  215;  see  chapters  IX,  X. 

and  p.  1 16. 

JACKSON'S  brigade  at  Missionary  Ridge,  216. 
Jav's  Mill  and  vicinity,  178. 

KELLY'S  brigade,  captures  by,  57. 

Kelly  Field,  Confederate  attacks  upon,  202-204;  John  Beatty's, 
Stanley's,  and  Van  Derveer's  brigades  in,  203;  lines  around, 
September  20,  202;  occupation  by  Confederates,  204;  operations 


304  INDEX. 

about,  202-204;   Stovall  and    Adams'  brigades  gain   the  Union 
rear  in,  203;   Sunday's  line  about,  186. 
Kelly  House  to  Snodgrass  Hill,  201. 

LEE  and  Gordon's  Mill  line,  173. 

Lee  Mansion,  Rosecrans'  Headquarters,  169. 

Lines  of  battle  about  Snodgrass  Hill,  189-193. 

Lines  of  battle  at  Chickamauga,  September  20,  morning,  Union  and 

Confederate,  186-189. 
Losses    at  Chattanooga:   Orchard   Knob,  137;  Lookout  Mountain, 

137,  138;    Missionary  Ridge,  137,   138. 
Losses,  Union  and  Confederate  at  Chickamauga,  227-229;  compared 

with  European  battles,  257. 
Lytle,  Gen.  W.  H.,  killed,]^. 

MCAFEE'S  Church,  197,  198. 

McCook's,  D.,  brigade  (Morgan's  division),  at  Jay's  Mill,  178,  179. 

McDonald's  to  Snodgrass  Hill,  201. 

McLemore's  Cove,  movements  in,  21;  Bragg  orders  attack  on  Rose- 
crans'center,  21;  Negley  at  Davis' Cross  Roads,  21;  failure  to 
execute  Bragg's  orders,  23;  Bragg  orders  attack  on  Union  left, 
23;  another  failure  to  carry  out  orders,  Bragg's  disappointment, 
24:  Rosecrans  hastens  concentration  of  his  army,  24,  25;  con- 
centration accomplished,  25. 

Missionary  Ridge,  positions  of  Confederate  divisions  upon,  215. 

Missionary  Ridge,  position  of  Union  divisions  on  Thomas'  line,  215, 
216. 

Monuments  of  8-inch  shells  where  general  officers  were  killed,  11, 
31,  173,  175,  182,  187.  (For  E.  A.  King's  monument,  see  List  of 
Illustrations.) 

Moore's  brigade  at  Missionary  Ridge,  216. 

NATIONAL  Park,  general  description  of,  i;  approaches  of,  i,  2; 
boundaries  of,  i,  2;  main  boulevard,  2;  minor  purchases,  Bragg's 
Headquarters,  De  Long  spur.  Orchard  Knob,  Tunnel  Hill.  2, 
13;  restoring  the  fields,  3;  observation  towers,  3;  historical 
tablets,  4;  specimen  tablets,  5-10;  marking  battery  locations,  n; 
restoring  works,  n;  marking  lines,  u;  table  of  distances,  12; 
pyramidal  monuments  to  general  officers  killed,  n. 

National  Park,  work  of  establishing  it,  272;  Secretary  Proctor  or- 
ganizes the  work.  272;  commission  appointed,  272;  Major  Frank 
G.  Smith,  U.  S.  A.,  succeeds  Col.  S.  C.  Kello<rg,  U.  S.  A.,  273; 
subsequent  support  of  Secretaries  Elkins  and  Lamont;  273;  As- 
sistant Secretaries  Grant  and  Doe  active  friends.  273;  engineers 
of  the  Park  and  their  work,  273;  the  assistant  in  Confederate 
work,  274. 


INDEX.  305 

Night  march  of  Union  army  September  iSth,  and  movements  into 

battle,  igth,  170-175. 
Ninth  Ohio,  recaptures  regular  battery,  35. 

OATES,  W.  C.,  attacks  near  Brotherton,  176. 

Observation  Towers.     See  List  of  Illustrations,  3,  17^,  177,  192,  211. 
Occupation  of  Chattanooga,  first  Union  troops  to  enter,  19,  20. 
Opening  of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  Brannan,  Forrest,  Walker, 

177. 
Orchard  Knob,  2,  213,  214. 

PARK  Project,  history  of,  219;  suggestion  of  the  scheme  first  in- 
dorsed by  Society  Army  of  the  Cumberland;  committee  of  the 
Society  meets  in  Washington.  220;  Joint  Memorial  Association 
agreed  upon,  221;  meeting  of  Union  and  Confederate  veterans 
at  Chattanooga  to  consider,  222;  addresses  by  Gen.  Rosecrans, 
Gov.  Marks,  and  W.  A.  Henderson,  222,  232,  239;  project  ex- 
plained by  Gen.  Boynton,  223—232;  indorsement  of  Confederate 
Veterans,  242;  barbecue  at  Crawfish  Springs,  243;  addresses  of 
Gov.  Gordon  and  Gen.  Rosecrans,  243-247;  organization  of 
Chickamauga  Memorial  Association,  248;  incorporators,  direc- 
tors, and  officers  elected,  248-250. 

Park  Project,  plan  changed  to  a  National  Military  Park,  251;  the 
matter  before  Congress,  251;  bill  to  establish  the  Park,  2^1; 
Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor  introduces  it,  251;  favorable  report  bv 
House  Committee  on  Military  Affairs,  2^2-259;  bill  passed 
unanimously  by  both  houses,  260;  signed' bv  President  Harrison, 
260;  text  of  bill  establishing  the  Park,  261-266;  active  friends 
of  the  measure  in  Congress,  267-268;  friends  in  the  press  at 
Washington,  268-269;  m  tne  War  Record  Office,  268;  bill  for 
the  national  dedication  of  the  Park,  269;  regulations  for  monu- 
ments, tablets,  and  markers,  270. 

Plan  of  battle,  Bragg's  for  Chickamauga,  25,  26. 

Plan  of  Chickamauga  campaign,  Rosecrans',  16;  of  battle  of  Chat- 
tanooga, Grant's,  109. 

Poe  House,  176;  Reynolds'  operations  about,  176. 

Points  of  discussion  and  dispute,  287;  prompt  re-inforcement  of 
Bragg,  287;  delav  in  aiding  Rosecrans,  287;  Grant  urges  send- 
ing troops  to  Rosecrans,  288;  transfer  of  Longstreet  from  Vir- 
ginia, 288;  Bragg's  troubles  with  subordinates,  289;  Rosecrans 
forced  off  the  field,  290;  Union  troops  involved  in  Sunday's 
break,  291;  stopped  at  Rossville,  292;  Rosecrans'  concentration 
east  of  Lookout,  292;  Confederate  criticism  of  Bragg,  293; 
Thomas'  success  at  Missionary  Ridge,  294;  Bragg's  holding  on 
to  Missionary  Ridge,  294. 


306  INDEX. 

REED'S  Bridge,  Confederate  crossing  at,  31,  184;  Bushrod  Johnson's 
division,  Robertson's  brigade,  31,  184;  Minty's  Cavalry,  Wilder'* 
Mounted  Infantry,  184;  Wilder  assists  Minty  at,  31. 

Regulars,  at  Chickamauga,  282;  at  Chattanooga,  283. 

Regular  Battery  II,  5th  U.  S.  captured,  35;  recaptured  by  Ninth 
Ohio,  35. 

Re-opening  the  Tennessee  River:  battle  of  Wauhatchie,  105;  Hooker 
arrives  at  Brown's  Ferry,  105;  Geary  halts  at  Wauhatchie, 
Longstreet  makes  a  night  attack  on  Geary,  105;  Hood's  division 
the  assaulting  force,  106;  Union  troops  successful  and  the  line 
of  supplies  by  the  river  and  adjacent  roads  opened,  108. 

Re-opening  the  Tennessee  River:  the  Brown's  Ferry  affair.  99;  Rose- 
crans  ready  to  execute  his  plan  upon  Hooker's  arrival,  99; 
Hooker  delayed  by  non-arrival  of  his  trains.  Rosecrans  relieved, 
101 ;  his  plan  carried  out  by  Thomas,  103;  Gen.  W.  F.  Smith 
executes  it,  101;  Hazen's  brigade  moves  in  boats  to  Brown's 
Ferry,  Turchin's,  by  land,  103;  the  Michigan  Mechanics  and 
Engineers,  103;  Hooker  co-operates  from  Bridgeport,  104; 
Law's  brigade  defends  the  ferry,  104. 

Restoring  the  fields,  3. 

Restoring  works,  n. 

Reynolds'  division,  charge  of,  September  2Oth,  200. 

Rosecrans  crosses  the  Cumberland,  17;  crosses  the  Tennessee  River 
and  Mountains  beyond  to  McLemore's  Cove,  16-19;  concen- 
trated in  McLemore's  Cove,  25;  interposes  by  night  march  be- 
tween Bragg  and  Chattanooga.  27;  attacks  right  and  rear  of 
Bragg  at  Jay's  Mill,  opening  battle  of  Chickamauga,  27;  takes 
position  at  Chattanooga,  September  22,  90;  relieved  October  19, 
101;  Thomas  put  in  command,  101. 

Rossville  Gap,  Rosecrans'  lines,  September  2oth,  midnight,  and  Sep- 
tember 2ist,  89,  90,  197. 

SHELL  Monuments,  to  whom  erected,  n. 

Sherman's  column  reaches  Lookout  Valley,  November  18,  94. 

Sherman  Heights.  213. 

Snodgrass  Hill,  base  of,  positions  of  Confederate  lines,  193. 

Snodgrass  Hill,  crest  of,  position  of  Union  lines,  193—194. 

Society  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  first  to  indorse  Park  project,  220. 

State  Commissions,  275,  277. 

State  troops,  183,  184. 

THOMAS'  Headquarters  at  Kelly's  Field,  171. 
Thomas  in  command  on  the  field  at  Chickamauga,  52. 
Thomas  succeeds  Rosecrans,  October  19,  101. 
Thomas'  withdrawal  from  Kelly's  Field,  204. 
Thomas'  withdrawal  from  Snodgrass  Hill,  206. 


INDEX.  307 

Trigg's  brigade,  captures  by,  56. 

Troops  of  the  states  at  Chickamauga,  283;  at  Chattanooga,  284. 

Tunnel  Hill,  13. 

Turchin's  brigade,  charge  of,  September  20,  200. 

UNION*  army  reaches  Chattanooga,  89;  formation  of  the  lines,  90. 

Union  army,  roster  of,  at  Chickamauga,  with   movements  of  each 

division  in  both  days'  battles,  60-72. 
The  same  for  the  battles  at  Chattanooga,  140-154. 

Union  hospitals  at  Cloud  House,  Church  and  Spring,  198;  at  Craw- 
fish Springs,  169. 

VIDITOE  House,  173. 

Viniard's,  battle  lines  about,  175. 

WALTHALL,  opposes  Hooker  at  Lookout  Mountain,  117,  209;  op- 
poses Baird  on  Missionarv  Ridge,  136,  21 

Wauhatchie,  battle  of,  105-108. 

Widow  Glenn's,  Rosecrans'  Headquarters,  173. 

Wilder's  brigade,  in  front  of  Hood,  September  iSth,  31,  32;  at  Vin- 
iard's, September  igth,  38,  184;  at  Widow  Glenn's,  173,  188. 

Winfrey  House  (E.  C.  Reed's),  181. 

Withdrawal,  Union  troops  from  Snodgrass  Hill,  193;  Kelly's,  204. 

Woods  and  clearings  as  they  were  in  1863,  29. 


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